Likuphi emfuleni iTigrisi. ITigrisi ne-Ewufrathe: umlando wabo kanye nencazelo

EMesophothamiya, noma eMesophothamiya abadumile - kulapha lapho itholakala umsuka impucuko eMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi West Asia. Lesi sifunda siyindawo evundile kakhulu futhi wenziwa ngesikhathi esifanele abantu yomsebenzi afana Afrika Nile - fed waphuzisa imiphakathi eminingi abantu.

Lapho kwazalelwa yamandulo

OMfula iTigrisi ingenye emifuleni kakhulu esilazayo-egcwele umhlaba. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izizwe ixazululwe kanye inkambo imifula emikhulu, futhi lokhu kwaba okufanayo. Kwaba esigodini futhi nalokho okwenzeka njengamanje kuze kube seMfuleni yesine yeminyaka BC, kwakheka izikhungo yezimpucuko kuqala. Kube laqiniswa kahle, kanye umnotho isakhula edolobheni. Ngo labantu babo ngokushesha walidla izinhlobo ezahlukene obuciko bokwakha. Isimo sezulu evumayo ivumela izakhamuzi izikhathi eziningana ukususa isivuno ocebile konyaka. Lokhu kwanika umkhiqizo ezisalayo kanye kungithinte ukuqhubeka futhi ukuvela nezinkampani zikahulumeni. EMesophothamiya, izinhlu Abadali we lizisho baba Sumerians. Umlando waleli abantu kwaqala esikhathini samanje ayiqondakali kahle futhi Ziningi amnyama. Engingakusho nje ukuthi ulimi lesisizwe ayibhekiseli ulimi umkhaya efanayo namuhla.

Umsuka emifuleni kanye nokwaziswa ezindawo

OMfula iTigrisi, njengoba ngempela nomakhelwane waso ezinkulu, i-Ewufrathe, kuthatha umthombo ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zezinkangala zase-Armenia. Kulapha zamaqhwa ukuncibilika zeminyaka sinike litsemba lemphilo emculwini kwemifula emikhulu emibili i ngobukhulu e-Western Asia. Tiger ubude engaba izinkulungwane ezimbili amakhilomitha (1890 km) kanye swimming pool - 378 square metres. km. Ewufrathe - ngaphezulu zonke nomfula omude kunayo. Ngulona logeleta ngoba cishe izinkulungwane ezintathu amakhilomitha (2790 km). Pool 1065 sq. km. Kusukela ezintabeni, emathafeni Naharayimi phezulu, akha esigodini enkulu. Bobabili emifuleni isiteshi ububanzi emabhange ezitshekile, okuyinto kwezinye izindawo akha ngeziphambeko sasivumela abalulekile futhi kontruklony. I-Tiger iwe nemingenela ezine eziyinhloko: i-Zab Omkhulu, Botan, Little Zab futhi Diyalá. Ngakho-ke, futhi yayo isheshe kuka Ewufrathe, okuyinto iyangena nemingenela ezilandelayo: Tohma, hexyl, Belih, Habur.

Hlanganisa emfuleni entsha

Lapho engena umfula nizhnemesopotamskuyu elisezansi kubambezela, ukwakha amaxhaphozi enkulu. Ezinamatshe eziphansi emifuleni awela izingalo eziningana ezinkulu nezincane. Lapha u-Ewufrathe cishe ongawamukeli amanzi kusukela nemingenela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amanzi emfuleni iTigrisi inikwa amandla yi Zagros. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje kuba okuningi esigcwele egeleza umfowabo. Amanzi emifula amabili avame nesichichimayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo bangakwazi kakhulu ukushintsha landscape kwendawo. Ngezinye 195 km kusuka ePersian Gulf, eduze kwedolobha Iraq Qurnah, imifula emibili uhlangane. Loku umgudu owodwa Shatt al-Arab. Kodwa kulokho izwe emfuleni iTigrisi luhlanganisa i-Ewufrathe! Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Shatt al-Arab uvele hhayi kudala, kakade ngesikhathi zomlando, futhi ixhunywe nge ukubaleka kancane kancane emanzini ePersian Gulf. Ogelezayo badabula leyo ndawo e-Iraq ne-Iran umngcele umhlaba, kuba edolobheni Iraq Al-Kishly agelezela bay ngenhla.

Yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene phakathi kweMilambo

Likuphi iTigrisi emfuleni, kwaba kanye nezimila ocebile ezilwaneni nasezimileni. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, umtfombolusito wemanti sabantu wanika eziningi izinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eduze ibhande eliluhlaza uvame zinhlobo ezahlukene ezincelisayo. umthelela yabantu ngesimo amadamu eziningi neziteshi, eziningi zazo ezakhiwe ayephuli zonke izinhlobo imithetho ziye zabangela bese uqhubeke kubangele umonakalo omkhulu somfula iTigrisi. Futhi emfuleni kukhishelwa ngokungemthetho amanzi angcolile ezindaweni nemizana ezinkulu. Amanzi aphuma naye manje simele usengozini ofayo ngenxa yokuba khona lapho ejenti izifo eziyingozi. River nezilwane lwabhidlika ngu umthelela ezibangelwe umuntu nezezimboni. Cishe walahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo zokudoba. Nakuba umfula namanje carps, catfishes, abantu besaba ukuba ulidle. Esikhathini Baghdad esifundeni Tigre, ungabuka ngamaduna oshaka, ngakanye kusukela ePersian Gulf.

Yithuluzi elibalulekile eMpumalanga Ephakathi

Ngakho lapho kuba emfuleni iTigrisi? Okwamanje, mfula omkhulu ogeleza ngokusebenzisa izindawo emazweni ayisithupha. Kuyinto Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, iSiriya no-Jordan. Imithombo yamanzi Uyi isidingo sokuba noma yisiphi isifunda Zomhlaba futhi yiliphi izwe emhlabeni. Kuyinto kule ndawo, ikakhulukazi emelelwa emazweni Arab, bayantuleka enkulu yalesi ingxenye ebalulekile ukuba aphile ukuphila okwanelisayo. Nazi ezomile izindawo eningizimu kanye ezingwadule inkulu, umfula ngakho lasendulo iTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe bona kubalulekile. Lezi imifula emikhulu e West Asia nemingenela eminingi, okuyinto egeleza emazweni ahlukahlukene esifundeni. Emaphethelweni aleli emfuleni ayisihloko ingxabano ebabayo phakathi e-Middle East. Ngo-1987 kwathiwa ngemvume isivumelwano ezinyunyana phakathi kwama-Aram, Iraq naseTurkey, owawuthi amaqembu uzibophezele abazihlinzeka ukuze kukhawulwe ukugeleza kwamanzi.

Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo kanye nezixazululo zabo

Muva nje, izwe ngokusebenzisa kabani indawo umfula iTigrisi, sina zakhonza okufezwayo yayo. Umonakalo odalwe ke, ngokusho kombiko kwangaphambilini ngochwepheshe-United Nations, abangaphezu kuka-84% we amandla ayo kokuqala. Sezadlula kwezinhlobo eziningi sekuphenduke umkhuba. Uma sicabangela isimo ezimbi kakhulu kwemvelo elisemcengezini ezakhiwe Trilateral Commission. Ngesikhathi isinyathelo Turkey yasungulwa Joint Water Institute, okuhlanganisa ochwepheshe abavela emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi. Ngokuqinisekile amacebo inhlangano kuhlanganise harmonization ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo wokubacindezela emfuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yakhelwe ukuqapha imali ngokucophelela kwemithombo yamanzi ngamazwe iqhaza. Iraq futhi zakhonza isimo emfuleni ngaphakathi insimu yalo. Ngo-2012, uhulumeni wezwe Arab yokutholwa uhlelo amanzi angcolile kukhishelwa endlini iTigrisi. Futhi inikeza ukwakhiwa eziningana izindawo amanzi angcolile e amadolobha amakhulu isimo. Noma kunjalo, likhona emhlabeni kwemifula emibili sisashubile ngempela. Izingxabano amazwe okuyiwona lezi nemifula flow, ungavumeli ukusungula ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kanye nokongiwa kwamanzi.