Yini imisebenzi kuseli enze nucleic acid? Sakhiwo umsebenzi acid nucleic

acid nucleic zidlala indima ebalulekile kuseli, ukuqinisekisa kusebenta kwato nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha. Lezi izindawo enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ngokuthi biomolecules ebaluleke kakhulu ngosuku lwesibili ngemva amaprotheni. Abacwaningi abaningi ngisho ukukhipha i-DNA ne-RNA kwasekuqaleni, okusho ukubaluleka esiyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila. Noma kunjalo, kumelwe bathathe indawo yesibili ngemva amaprotheni, ngokuba isisekelo ukuphila nje polipetidnaya-molecule.

acid nucleic - lena ezingeni ezahlukahlukene empilweni ithi ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana futhi ezithakazelisayo ngenxa yokuthi uhlobo-molecule ngamunye has a umsebenzi ethize wakhe. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze baqonde kabanzi.

Umqondo we acid nucleic

Zonke nucleic acid (DNA ne-RNA) kukhona yemvelo polymers heterogeneous okuyinto zingafani inani lezifunda zezinye. DNA kuyinto double balahleke-molecule polymeric okuqukethe ulwazi kwezakhi zezinto eukaryotic. Isiyingi DNA kungase aqukethe ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo amanye amagciwane. Lokhu-HIV futhi adenovirus. Kukhona ekhethekile uhlobo 2 DNA: mitochondrial futhi plastid (atholakala chloroplast).

RNA Ubuye zinhlobo olukhudlwana ukuthi kubangelwa ezahlukene nucleic acid imisebenzi. Kukhona i-RNA zenuzi, equkethe ulwazi zofuzo lamagciwane kakhulu, matrix (noma isithunywa RNA), ribosomal nezokuthutha. Bonke zinengxenye noma ukugcinwa kolwazi zofuzo, noma isakhi sofuzo inkulumo. Nokho, lapho imisebenzi kuseli usebenze nucleic acid kuyadingeka ukuze baqonde ngokuningiliziwe.

Kabili balahleke molecule ye-DNA

Lolu hlobo lwe-DNA - kuyinto uhlelo esiphelele ukugcinwa kolwazi zofuzo. Kabili balahleke molecule ye-DNA kuyinto ingqamuzana elilodwa ehlanganisa monomers heterogeneous. Umgomo wabo kumiswa hydrogen isibopho phakathi nucleotide eyomunye ngamaketanga. Self -DNA monomer siqukethe base-nitrogen, le orthophosphate ezisalayo kanye ezinhlanu-carbon monosaccharide deoxyribose. Kuye ngokuthi uhlobo olunjani base nitrogen kwesisekelo DNA monomer ethize, it has igama layo siqu. Izinhlobo monomers DNA:

• moiety deoxyribose ne orthophosphate futhi base adenylic nitrogen;
• thymidine base-nitrogen kanye deoxyribose moiety orthophosphate;
• cytosine base-nitrogen ne-orthophosphate zinsalela desoksiriboza;
• orthophosphate nge deoxyribose kanye nitrogen-guanine ezisalayo.

Le ncwadi ngoba yokuncishiswa wesifunda isakhiwo DNA ezisalayo adenylic ezikhonjiswe "Umsebenzisi", i-guanine ne - "G", thymidine - "T" ne-cytosine - "C". Kubalulekile ukuthi ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo udluliselwa kusukela DNA kabili balahleke ku isithunywa RNA. Umehluko omncane wakhe: lapha njengoba moiety carbohydrate ayizange deoxyribose futhi ribose, futhi esikhundleni thymidylic nitrogen base uracil kwenzeka e-RNA.

Sakhiwo umsebenzi DNA

DNA yakhiwe phezu kwesimiso polymer begazi, lapho omunye uchungechunge kudalwa kusengaphambili lapho esibona siwubonisa predetermined kuncike ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo yeseli umzali. DNA Nukleodidy axhunyiwe ngezibopho covalent. Khona-ke, ngokuvumelana isimiso complementarity kuya nucleotide yezinhlayiya owodwa balahleke kuthiwa belekelelwa nucleotide. Uma olulodwa-balahleke nucleotide-molecule is bethula oqala adenine, wesibili (aphelele) wesifunda ke kumelwe ilingane ne-thymine. Guanine kuyinto ongumphelelisi cytosine. Ngakho, kabili balahleke DNA yakhiwa. Kungenxa ikhenela futhi igcine ulwazi eyifa ufakwe codons - ezintathu we-nucleotide. Imisebenzi DNA kabili balahleke:

• Saving eyatholakala kusukela cell umzali Imininingwane lezinceku;
• isakhi sofuzo inkulumo;
• isithiyo ukushintsha ubunjalo wezakhi.

Meaning of amaprotheni acid nucleic

Kukholakala ukuthi umsebenzi amaprotheni futhi acid nucleic ezivamile, okungukuthi, ababandakanyeka ukukhubazeka kwezakhi ezithile zofuzo inkulumo. Nucleic acid ngokwayo - kuba yabo indawo yesitoreji kanye amaprotheni - kuwumphumela ukuphela ukufunda ukwaziswa okuvela zofuzo. Gene kukodwa ingxenye ebalulekile eyodwa molecule ye-DNA zahlanganiswa ngo-chromosome, lapho ulwazi irekhodwe ngalokuhlelekile nucleotide indlela akheke ngayo iprotheni ethile. Omunye isakhi sofuzo buqonda ukulandelana acid acid wamaprotheni eyodwa kuphela. Lokho amaprotheni uzoqalisa ukusebenza Imininingwane sitholwa njengefa.

Ukwahlukaniswa izinhlobo RNA

Imisebenzi of acid nucleic kuseli zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Futhi ziningi kakhulu esimweni RNA. Nokho, lokhu multifunctionality namanje isihlobo ngoba njengoba omunye uhlobo RNA unesibopho omunye wemisebenzi. Kulokhu, okulandelayo izinhlobo RNA:

• zenuzi RNA amagciwane namagciwane;
• -matrix (ulwazi) RNA;
• RNA ribosomal;
• isithunywa RNA plasmids (the chloroplast);
• chloroplast RNA ribosomal;
• mitochondrial RNA ribosomal;
• mitochondrial-matrix RNA;
• uthumele i-RNA.

RNA imisebenzi

Lokhu kuhlukaniswa inikeza izinhlobo eziningana RNAs okuhlukaniswe kuye ngendawo. Nokho, ngokulandela ukusebenza, kufanele ihlukaniswe 4 izinhlobo zonke: ku zenuzi, ulwazi, ribosomal nezokuthutha. Ribosomal RNA umsebenzi amaprotheni zamagama ngokusekelwe ukulandelana nucleotide gijimi RNA. Ngakho-amino acid "Tray" ukuze RNA ribosomal "ahlukaniswe" phezu RNA isithunywa, esebenzisa ukudluliswa ribonucleic acid. Ngakho zamagama isukela yimuphi umzimba lowo ribosome. Sakhiwo umsebenzi acid nucleic futhi ahlinzeke ekulondolozweni nesidoda okunikelwe, nokwenza amaprotheni zamagama inqubo.

Mitochondrial nucleic acid

Uma lokho imisebenzi kuseli enze nucleic acid elise-nucleus noma cytoplasm ephelele cishe zakho konke ezaziwayo, kolwazi mitochondrial futhi plastid DNA, kuncane. Iphinde wathola ribosomal ethize futhi isithunywa RNA. I acid nucleic DNA ne-RNA asekhona ngisho nezinto eziphilayo okuthiwa Autotrophic kakhulu.

Mhlawumbe nucleic acid ingena iseli nganoma symbiogenesis. Lo mzila kubhekwa ososayensi njengoba kungenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka izincazelo okunye. Inqubo kubhekwa ngale ndlela: ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni isikhathi othile symbiontic avtorofnaya igciwane. Ngenxa yalokho, le akaryote uhlala ngaphakathi amaseli bese elinika amandla, kodwa kancane kancane ukudleka ziphele.

Ezigabeni zokuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, cishe yenuzi-free-bacterium iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana wathutha izinqubo mutational e -nucleus yengqamuzana aphethe. Lokhu kwavumela izakhi zofuzo ezibangela nokugcina ulwazi mayelana nokwakheka amaprotheni mitochondrial ukuze ukungena nucleic acid yeseli aphethe. Nokho, kuyinto ngalokho imisebenzi kuseli enze acid nucleic Lokudabuka mitochondrial, ulwazi olungekho ngisho.

Mhlawumbe ingxenye amaprotheni mitochondrial kwemiqondo kabani isakhiwo ongakabi okubhalwe DNA wenuzi noma RNA aphethe. Libuye kungenzeka ukuthi lo mshini efanele wamaprotheni zamagama kuyadingeka kuphela ngoba kuseli amaprotheni amaningi kwemiqondo kule cytoplasm, awukwazi ukuthola ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi double we mitochondria. I organelles idatha ukukhiqiza amandla, futhi-ke esimweni isiteshi ethize noma Transporter wamaprotheni kubantu ngokwanele yayo motion ezinto ngokumelene umyela okuhlushwa.

Plasmid DNA ne-RNA

Ngo plastids (chloroplast) Ubuye DNA yayo, okuyinto cishe unesibopho ekusebenziseni imisebenzi efana njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-mitochondrial acid nucleic. Kukhona futhi ribosomal, matrix kanye ukudluliswa yayo RNA. Futhi plastids, nahlulele ngenani ulwelwesi, kunokuba ngenani ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, nzima ukuthola. Kwenzeka ukuthi plastids abaningi nge 4 ulwelwesi ungqimba, echazwe yizazi ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Enye into icacile: umsebenzi nucleic acid ku amaseli esezihloliwe kuze kube manje insufficiently. Akwaziwa ukuthi sibaluleke kangakanani mitochondrial amaprotheni Kuhlanganisa uhlelo kanye efana hloroplasticheskaya wakhe. Libuye akucaci yini ukuthi kungani amangqamuzana kudingeka mitochondrial nucleic acid, uma amaprotheni (ngokusobala akubona bonke) sebavele okubhalwe ku-DNA yenuzi (noma i-RNA, kuye umzimba). Nakuba amanye amaqiniso bephoqeleka ukuba wamukele ukuthi amaprotheni Kuhlanganisa mitochondrial futhi chloroplast uhlelo obangela imisebenzi efanayo DNA nucleus futhi cytoplasm RNA. Bona ukulondoloza ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo, sakhe kabusha ayidlulisele amaseli indodakazi.

isifinyezo

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi iyiphi imisebenzi kuseli enze nucleic acid zenuzi, plastid futhi imvelaphi mitochondrial. Lokhu kuvula up amathemba eziningi ngesayensi, ngoba indlela iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana, owawuthi babebaningi eziphilayo Autotrophic ezingaba ukukhiqiza kabusha namuhla. Lolu chungechunge luyonikeza uhlobo olusha amaseli, mhlawumbe ngisho womuntu. Nakuba amathemba ukuqaliswa mnogomembrannyh plastid organelles kumaseli kusasekuseni ukuqagula ukuthi lokhu.

kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba siqonde ukuthi kuseli acid nucleic obhekene cishe zonke izinqubo. Lokhu biosynthesis amaprotheni, bese ugcine ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo amaseli. Futhi okubaluleke, le nucleic acid usebenze umsebenzi ukudluliselwa impahla lezinceku amaseli kusukela umzali nengane. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuqhubeka izinqubo kwemvelo.