Ulwazi mayelana France. UMongameli French. Izici France Imvelo

France - ezweni elise esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Nasengxenyeni eseningizimu-ke omakhelwane bayo ne Andorra naseSpain, eningizimu-mpumalanga - ne Luxembourg and Belgium, empumalanga - ne Italy naseSwitzerland, empumalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga - ne Germany. Southern umngcele wezwe wageza ahambe ngasoLwandle LwaseMedithera, Western - Bay of Biscay, enyakatho-ntshonalanga - eStraits of Pas-de-Calais futhi kuyi-English Channel.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana France

Engaphansi yezwe imayelana. Corsica eMediterranean Sea, iminyango Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion kanye eFrench Guiana, kanye New Caledonia, Miquelon, Saint-Pierre, French Polynesia futhi abanye archipelagos Pacific.

Iyini indawo wase-France? Kuyinto ayizinkulungwane 551 amakhilomitha square. Izingxenye asentshonalanga nasenyakatho yezwe - ithafa enkulu enezindonga anamagquma round. Centre nasempumalanga - indawo ezintabeni medium-high, phakathi okuyinto Massif Central kanye Jura nezindaba Vosges. umngcele ongokwemvelo eSpain kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga yakha izintaba zasePyrenees. Iphuzu esiphezulu wathi entabeni uchungechunge kuyinto Pie de vignemale (3298 m). Famous French Alps eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwe.

Imifula main abizwa Seine, Laura Garonne. Imininingwane France ihlanganisa qiniso eliyimpicabadala: namachibi kuleli zwe elincane, futhi ezinkulu kunazo zonke kubo (Geneva) kuyinto ingxenye enkulu e-Switzerland.

The main kwemithombo yemvelo zihlanganisa zamalahle, zensimbi netshe, bauxite, zinc, ukhuni nenhlanzi. 32% yezwe umhlabathi olimekayo, 27% - ezihlabayo namahlathi, 23% - emadlelweni nezimfunda.

labantu

Kuthunyelwe olunye ulwazi nge-France ukusiza ufunde kabanzi mayelana abakhileyo kuleli zwe elihle. Ngakho, ensimini ka isimo inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-ayisithupha nane. I kwabantu bakhona abantu mayelana 104 square kilometre. Iningi labahlali - French (95%), namanye amaqembu abantu bendabuko yilezi Bretons, Catalans, Basques, amaJalimane, isiPutukezi, amaNtaliyane, Algeria, Moroccans nabaseTurkey.

Waqaphela njengoba ulimi olusemthethweni isiFulentshi. Abanye bathi e Basque, Alsatian, Breton, Catalan, Provençal, neCorsican. Amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye labantu abanamathela enkolweni yamaKatolika, abanye bangamaJuda, amaProthestani, amaSulumane. Nge Ngokuphathelene nobude besikhathi sokuphila, i-amadoda sekuyiminyaka 74 futhi abesifazane - 82.

izakhamuzi enamandla anesizotha baqashwe enkonzweni wemboni (61.5%), umkhakha (31.3%) kanye nezolimo (7.3%).

izici zezulu

Ngo iningi lamazwe sezulu kumiswa kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya obungapheli Atlantic emoyeni mass, ngakho-ke advantageously zinomswakama efudumele, alungise, futhi zasolwandle.

Kunomswakama kakhulu Brittany. Izinsuku kukhona ngokuvamile esinamafu, imimoya enamandla, phakathi ebusika kanye nasehlobo okushisa, umehluko mncane. Nokho, lena akuyona izimo ngempela evumayo zezulu libhekene anisoze lonke yeFrance. Isifinyezo ulwazi, isibonelo, kwi enhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe, ekhuthaza abahambi. Ngakho, ebusika e-Paris zithambile, izinga lokushisa kuyaqabukela sifinyelela emazingeni ase-zero. Okuningi kakhulu entabeni sezulu ye-Alps, ama-Massif Central, izintaba zasePyrenees - lapho imvula eningi, abandayo, umoya, iqhwa cishe never zehla.

emnene ebusika - kule ndawo esempumalanga ogwini, phezu zokungcebeleka ezingasogwini lolwandle. Amazinga isilinganiso ngoJulayi e Nice - 23 degrees Celsius, January - eziyisishiyagalombili ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa.

Imininingwane Meteorological mayelana France is kulekelelwa, kuvela elinye iqiniso: isilinganiso imvula yonyaka phakathi eziyisithupha eziyikhulu ngesisodwa ayizinkulungwane amamilimitha angu, futhi yasakazwa kulo lonke izwe ngokulinganayo. Okuwukuphela ogwini Mediterranean, caressed yilanga efudumele kaningi kunezinye izindawo.

Ulwazi mayelana ezimileni

Ngeshwa, manje-25% kuphela kuleli zwe imbozwe amahlathi, nakuba esikhathini esidlule, babengamaphesenti angu-90%. Amapheshana ngobukhulu zayo ezigcinwe kwezinye Northern Alps, Jura nezindaba Vosges. amahlathi French anesizotha ezakhiwe izihlahla lezihlahla. Iningi oki kanye beeches. Phakathi ngabameli softwood zikaphayini evelele. Engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe ayisibonelo beech namahlathi e-oki nge admixture we Alder, hornbeam birch. Esikhathini ntshonalanga ubuswa beech umswakama-onothando. Sici isici zone lemcoka Paris Basin - Amasimu nezimfunda, bangazihluphi emathafeni evulekile. nemithambeka eNingizimu-ntshonalanga Massif Central kanye Corsica kungaba ukuziqhayisa enhle onsundu ehlathini.

Ummeleli evamile zasendle semvelo sezimila zaseMediterranean - Maquis, okuyinto aminyene ongaphakeme amahlozi esingaweleki, okuyinto aqukethe efanele kwesihlahla se-okhi Holm, nombomvana, Oeander, zokhuni, utshani kanye zisetshenziswa xerophytic siluhlaza nezihlahla kanzima.

Izici nezilwane

Ekhulwini leminyaka eledlule, izwe liye laba amahlathi kancane, hhayi kuphela. EFrance nezilwane nakho mpofu. Lokhu kungenxa ukuzingela sokungacabangi izenzo zabantu futhi ziwohloka izimo zokuphila. Nokho, izilwane zasendle France kuba acebile kakhulu kunalokho kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

West Iberia siqiwu olwenzeka endaweni amane amabhere ansundu Vanoise Park (Savoie) yilona kuphela izimbuzi itshe yokukhosela. On insimu yezwe abahlala izimpungushe, izimbila imithini, genets, izingwejeje, amalulwane, emagundvwane, onogwaja. Corsica kungabonwa mouflon - amadlozi Cishe kwezimvu ezifuywayo. Izwe iyikhaya kwezinhlobo eziningi izinyoni, phakathi ezivamile - larks, grouse Swallows, partridges, e nemvelo reserves eningizimu Flamingo bukhoma. Lawa izici ubunjalo France.

Isimo kudivayisi, party yesimanje

The French Republic - igama elisemthethweni France. Ulwazi mayelana zwe kwenza ukuba ukwazi ukuthola ukuthi yini uhlobo uhulumeni - republic kamongameli. Ukwakheka endaweni wezwe amabili nambili elinakho. Nazo ngokufanayo, ihlukaniswe neminyango ayengamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesithupha. Inhlokodolobha state Paris.

Ngekhulu lesihlanu ke zakha umbuso Frankish. Ngo 1792, izwe lokuqala ezamenyezelwa. Umthethosisekelo zokugcina yokutholwa ngo-1958, ngo-July 1792 nane kwaba Bastille. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lolu suku kwaba zemikhosi.

UMongameli French amandla lokuqoka undunankulu - inhloko uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe.

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kwamandla zomthetho athweswe kwePhalamende bicameral. I-Lower House imelelwa yesiBethamthetho seNarha, futhi phezulu - iSigele. Phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu ezombusazwe yilezi ezilandelayo: i-Republican, isiFulentshi Socialist, amaKhomanisi, Rally yeRiphabhuliki, National Front kanye Union of Democracy French.

Mayelana emnothweni kanye ezokuthutha nezokuxhumana

Omunye emazweni acebe kakhulu emhlabeni - France. Ulwazi mayelana lizwe kuhlanganisa ulwazi olulandelayo: embonini main, ukwakha eyodwa kwezine GDP yonyaka - iyona yezimoto, amakhemikhali, zendwangu, izimayini, okulungisa ukudla, electronics, futhi yokusansimbi, izindiza kanye nemishini. Ngenxa izindawo ezinkulu evundile, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe zanamuhla futhi kuzo ukusekelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo we nohulumeni kuyinto umenzi eziholela yomkhiqizo wezolimo kusosonke eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Okwamanje, emkhakheni wemisebenzi isiqala indima ebalulekile emnothweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona kusebenzelana okukhulayo kwezomnotho ngaphansi izenzo EU. Ngubani wakha ethenga ubudlelwane France? Umkhakha nezolimo, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuchuma wezwe. Imikhiqizo yalezi izimboni manje nesithakazelo eJalimane, e-Italy, eSpain, iGreat Britain, iNetherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, nase-United States.

Ingxenye yesithathu yabo bonke kwezitimela wezwe gesi. A Ubude 34.568 amakhilomitha. Abangaphezu kwesigamu zonke imigwaqo kwavula ne-asphalt. Ingqikithi eyizigidi ezingama-1,5514 amakhilomitha. Ubude kwale misele kuyinto yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu kuphela amakhilomitha. Emachwebeni eyinhloko France - Dunkirk, Le Havre, Rouen, Bordeaux kanye Nantes-Saint-Nazaire.

Umlando omncane

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu lokuqala BC eGaul (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi insimu ka France yesimanje) benqotshwa kwamabutho aseRoma. Ekhulwini lesihlanu AD leminyaka, endaweni baba ekhaya Franks. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kancane kancane ezimfundisweni nabantu bendawo. Umbuso Frankish safinyelela iqophelo amandla phakathi nokubusa noKarla Velikogo - ummeleli lwamakhosi Carolingian. Welulele ngempumelelo ukholo lobuKristu esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, umbuso omkhulu waphela.

Lo mbuso onomoya ngonyaka 987 wafika amandla Capet. Bakwazi ukubuyisela isikhundla esibuthaka soMbuso nenkosi njengenhloko yombuso. ithonya French is kakhulu anda ekhulwini nantathu, phakathi nokubusa uPhilip II futhi Louis IX. Kugcine ngempumelelo abadlale indima arbiter uma kwenzeka impi phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu.

Ngemva indlalifa zokugcina kaFiliphu Fair waya kwelinye izwe, iziphathimandla zaziba Valois. Le nkathi emlandweni yezwe ayikwazi ngokuthi ukukhanya. France eye wenziwa buthakathaka hhayi kuphela iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Angamakhulu ', kodwa umqedazwe zezinhlupho nendlala. Nokho, kwaba khona-ke ukuthi kazwelonke lokuzibusa yezakhamuzi kakhulu kwaqinisa, sibonga Joan of Arc.

Kwelinye izwe waphawula liyanda ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha, lapho uhulumeni uLouis XIV. Ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, ngenxa Inkinga absolutism, amandla le nkosi sika lwalulinganiselwe eFrance. Izwe limenyezelwe republic e 1792.

Umengameli wokuqala France - Napoleon III - ebambe izintambo kwamandla kusuka 1852 kuze 1870, unyaka. Okwamanje, izwe uholwa Fransua Olland.

umkhakha Izithuthi

Izimoto ekhiqizwa eFrance, laziwa kabanzi futhi ethandwa ngaphandle kwezwe ngenxa kuthembeke futhi elihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zokuphepha wamanje. abakhiqizi abaningi ezinkulu - Renault futhi Peugeot Citroen. Laba balimi bafakela imikhiqizo yabo kuleli zwe, hhayi kuphela e-Europe kodwa futhi Asia US. Ngenxa yokuthi i-abakhiqizi ezinkulu kuleli zwe ezimbili nje, kumele kuphetfwe monopolization le mboni. izimoto French - lena 90% ukuthuthukiswa izinkampani ezimbili ngenhla. Ukuze Renault futhi Peugeot Citroen nkampani usebenzisa ingqikithi amabili futhi abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi nengxenye.

Naphezu ukuthandwa ngokuphelele ezijatshulelwa izimoto French ekhaya aphesheya, kubakhiqizi bendawo kufanele ezinye izinkinga. Futhi gqamisa, okuyinto ochwepheshe ukunikeza ukunakwa kakhulu, ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Njengoba abahlaziyi baye basikisela umehluko isilinganiso in izindleko imoto aseMpumalanga Yurophu futhi French kuhluka kumuntu eziyinkulungwane nengxenye euro. Ngokuvamile kuba intengo ekhangayo ngaphezulu isici kokunquma lapho uthenga imoto. Izindleko eziphezulu zokuthola izidingo izimoto French zingachazwa hhayi kuphela esiphelele izingxenye ikhwalithi izinto zokusetshenziswa, kodwa futhi abasebenzi okuqinile iholo, nezintela elinesithunzi.

umkhakha Izithuthi kuleli zwe okwamanje crisis. Lokhu kubangelwa ukwehla zabathengi isidingo, ubunzima ku abolekise kanye nezinye izinkinga zomnotho. Ukuze silondoloze ukukhathazeka ehamba phambili uhulumeni kanye ne-European Union isungule luhlelo ngezimali yenzelwe ukusiza ukusinda obumbi nokulahlekelwa sakugcina.

zokungcebeleka

IKhadi Lebhizinisi France - Yebo, i-Eiffel Tower. Yakhiwa ngo-1889 njengoba umhlobiso sekungeneni Fair Wezwe. Kwakuhlelwe ukuba ingenzele engamashumi amabili kamuva, kodwa, njengoba sazi sonke, yena Ubamba iso lezihambi kanye bendawo kuze kube yilolu suku. Futhi zonke sibonga obhekwe umsakazo: phezulu Eiffel Tower kanye ngangokunokwenzeka basondela ukuze ufake ephezulu amandla antenna.

Nale isakhiwo edume ixhunyiwe umkhonyovu enkulu yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lalihlelekile ngo-1925. Daredevil Victor Lyustrig bahlangana conclave we osomabhizinisi ezinonileyo zwe. Watshela ukuthi uhulumeni uhlela ukuthengisa umbhoshongo laqaqwa. Isimiso sonke kungaba ukuhlenga u-Andre Poisson. Wasinika umkhwabanisi isamba fabulous ngokheshi. Ngisho nangemva kokuba ukukhwabanisa esiteji, Poisson awuhambanga embuthweni wamaphoyisa ngoba bengafuni ukuba babe yinto yokuhlekwa usulu jikelele. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Lyustrig kwalokho, wathengisa lo umbhoshongo komunye Scrap umzingeli.

Ufuna ukuba emkhathini okunethezeka emangalisa? Iya Versailles. Lokhu esigodlweni itholakala amakhilomitha amabili nambili kusukela enhlokodolobha. It ekuqaleni ihlela ukwakhela i zingezona ezibonakalayo ukuzingela Lodge ngoba uLouis XII. Laqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1634. Ezalandela iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu Versailles yandile kwaba esigodlweni elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu. Wadlala indima esigodlweni kuze French Revolution. Okwamanje, esigodlweni uyisikhumbuzo somlando ivikelwe UNESCO. Minyaka yonke ke evakashela izivakashi eziningi.

Paris, yebo, liyisikhungo kwamasiko yezwe. sama laso eliyingqayizivele yezakhiwo ezakhiwe eminyaka. Naphezu inhlanganisela izitayela ezahlukene edolobheni wakwazi ukugcina ubunye kwezobuciko. Edumile emhlabeni esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo - lokhu Notre Dame kanye onkulunkulu, futhi Campus Martius, futhi Arc de Triomphe. Izigidi zezivakashi minyaka yonke ukuza kuleli zwe ukuba ukungcebeleka ngokusebenzisa Bois de Botanic Garden nehlathi, uthole adrenaline icala Eurodisneyland futhi ujabulele Montmartre.