Champ de Mars. Champ de Mars, Paris. Champ de Mars - Indaba

Ngo eziningana emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni wonke endaweni ngaphansi kwegama babezizwe Field Mars. Kusho ukuthini?

Zonke lezi zindawo zibizwa Campus Martius lasendulo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuqonda incazelo ka-emikhakheni eminingi-Mars, ngaphandle ngokujulile uhambo ku umlando, asikwazi ukukwenza. Asizwise lokhu lapho lesi simanga usephendukele, onjani sekuyinto namuhla.

Champ de Mars: Umlando

Ezikhathini zasendulo, akekho ngaphandle yabalindi, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba emzini ngesibhamu. Kodwa kuthiwani ibutho? Ukuze wakhe, eqinisweni, ezakhiwe emabhalekisini ngaphandle kwezindonga. Empeleni, kwaba amadolobha lempi yangempela: ngaphezu emabhalekisini lapho esibhedlela, wenzela izikhali workshop, nendawo yokugcina, ngendawo ukusebenzisa futhi ukuqeqeshwa izimpi. Konke lokhu Campus ndawonye ngokuthi (campus Latin). Kusukela ekamu elalihlala kwezempi ngaphambili, akakwazi kwaba ngaphansi ukusekelwa unkulunkulu impi - Mars. ERoma le ndawo isendaweni ibhange kwesokunxele River Tiber, bangazihluphi emathafeni phakathi kwamagquma Capitol, le Pincian futhi Quirinal. Inombolo yomhlaba wonke yesikhungo campus kwaba encane altare unkulunkulu lezidlamlilo.

Ngemva ngenkathi Tarquins, ikakhulukazi phakathi republic ngasekupheleni, yempi ishintshile isimo salo futhi ukubukeka. Izulu laqala ukuhlela imihlangano yomphakathi, ngezinye izikhathi labetibambile yamathanga lempi, ezemidlalo (comitia centuriata), ngisho eyenziwa ukubulawa. Ayegubha minyaka yonke iholide equirria ne kuzuba kanye ebihambisa wezinqola. Kusukela ensimini yayinkulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo sasiqhutshelwa a izenzakalo ezimbalwa, futhi izibukeli eziningi ungase ukuthole ukuzijabulisa angayithandi.

I okunye isiphetho Champs de Mars

Lapho iRoma laba umbusi Yuliy Tsezar, idolobha lempi iyiswe entabeni Celio. Inkambu Mars baqala ukuhlala abazihlelele abavamile komuzi. Kodwa igama walondolozwa emagameni indawo. Ngemva kwalokho, lesi sikhala omkhulu esime ucwezana ubelokhu lakheke. Yakhiwa izakhiwo eziningi ezithakazelisayo lathumela, ezifana onkulunkulu. Njengoba nsimu ingxenye yokuqala ekamu lezempi emathuneni lapho kuchithwa khona umlotha zigcinwe amasosha awile izwe lakubo esikhathini izakhamuzi esizayo aqhubeka edumisa amaqhawe abo kule ndawo, futhi kungani kokwakhiwa kwethempeli onkulunkulu, okuyinto ihlobisa Champ de Mars. Rome elahlekile isikhala esikhulu singenamuntu, kodwa ewubheka imemori kule ndawo ekhazimulayo.

Okunye Amasimu, anikezelwe namaqhawe awile

Ngu Isifaniso ne "Campus Martius" eRoma izindawo ezifanayo Kwamiswa amadolobha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekuqaleni injongo yabo kwaba okufanayo njengoba kule Lomuzi Waphakade. Benza umsebenzi wezempi ngenxa amasosha sokuprakthiza futhi yamathanga ngokwesiko. Futhi kuphela ke, emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, ababebheka njengoba nezikhumbuzo kube inkazimulo bawa njengezitha zezwe lokhokho namaqhawe.

Kwamanye amadolobha nezindawo ezifana ovuthayo i ilangabi okuphakade. Ngokwemvelo, ezindaweni esinjalo esakhiwe altare okushisela Mars, kodwa igama ezintendeni. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi ayengatholakali ama fashion kangako ngezinto zasendulo. Ngakho, emkhakheni elalinikezelwe god of war, futhi kwakukhona kude kakhulu eRoma amazwe. Ngayiphi amadolobha abe Champ de Mars? Paris, Athens, eNuremberg ngisho Petersburg. Ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngokuya emlandweni futhi yokwakha - Champ de Mars enhloko-dolobha French. Kodwa ezifundisayo kakhulu - emzini laseJalimane eNuremberg.

Paris umbukiso umhlabathi aqondisa lempi

Ngo-1751 inkosi yaseFrance , uLouis XV wayala ukuba kwakhiwe ngebhange kwesokunxele Seine esikoleni lempi. Isifundo kukhona abafana kusukela imindeni abampofu yizicukuthwane (kuyaziwa ukuthi omunye amasosha kule ndawo abasha Napoleon Bonaparte). Ukuze esikoleni adjoined enkulu enkangala flat eyenzelwe umzimba ezempi. Lapha, inkosi wathatha yamathanga. Lesi sikhala Awukude Louvre uye wabizwa ngokuthi iNsimu Mars.

Paris uyazicabangela kule ndawo enkulukazi, efanelekayo ukuhlangana inani elikhulu labantu. Lapha isifungo umthethosisekelo kuqala. Eminye imicimbi ye-French Yenguquko 1791 kwenzeka kulo mkhakha. Isikhala esikhulu singenamuntu cishe maphakathi baseParis isetshenziselwe izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Lapha, hhayi kuphela labetibambile mkhosi, kodwa futhi baba ukuhlolwa kuqala ku ukuqondwa kahle le wezasemoyeni. Ngo-1784, ne Champs de Mars wathatha lifika esibhakabhakeni ngesikhathi ukulawuleka ibhaluni iphayona kulo mkhakha Blanchard.

Ngaphezu eyimpumelelo. lesikhumbuzo ngokubabazekayo

Champ de Mars, amanga esingamahektare engaphezu kwamashumi amabili eduze quai Branly, ngokungafani Roman ayekanye nawo uhlala ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele. It abadlale indima emjahweni emadolobheni eminyakeni 1833-1860, bese-ke waqala ukuqhuba imibukiso Izimpumelelo ngokwesayensi emhlabeni. Ngakho lapho Gyustav Eyfel wanika Paris okusalungiswa yayo basembhoshongweni, kwanqunywa ukuba ngibuye ngilakhe nje ngaleso Champs de Mars. Iron openwork design kufanelekile phakathi Akumangalisi oluhlaza edging utshani. Ukuze ubuke futhi wenze izithombe i-Eiffel Tower kusukela Champ de Mars, manje zithuthelekela izigidi idolobha zezivakashi. Umkhawulo engokwemvelo emkhakheni kukhona Dome yegolide Invalides isakhiwo kanye School Military. Ngakho-ke, abantu baseParis uthanda ukuhlela namanye esake sawenza sisendleleni otshanini utshani, uyeza enkundleni, ngisho ebusuku nge amakhandlela.

Champ de Mars e-Athens

Lesi isikhumbuzo kulimi ngesiGreki sanamuhla libizwa Πεδίον του Άρεως (Pedion Areos). Yakhiwa ngo-1934 ukuhlonipha amaqhawe wenkululeko revolution kazwelonke ka 1821. Ngu Isifaniso ne waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha Champs de Mars lesikhumbuzo sanikezelwa unkulunkulu impi - Areos. Kuyini ephawulekayo ukuthi awukaze ubone uDagoni, futhi ebekiwe umqhele wenkazimulo yesikhumbuzo statue uPallas Athena. Ngokungafani esinendawo eluhlaza, inhloko-dolobha isiFulentshi, lokhu lesikhumbuzo kuyinto epaki wesihlahla. I microclimate isikhala eliluhlaza enkabeni yedolobha (kungakho kungenzeka Omonia square ikhilomitha) wukuthi ehlobo ekushiseni okungaphezu ezimbili ngaphansana kwenye indawo e-Athens. Ngaphambi main yokungena gqizisa esifanekisweni weNkosi ngesiGreki uConstantine mina ngehhashi. Lesi siqiwu ngaphandle busts amabili nanye iqhawe inguquko kukhona ithuna amasosha aseBrithani, Australian naseNew Zealand abashona izimpi Greece.Abaningi ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili.

Umlando Champs de Mars Petersburg

Eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemva kokuba yayisekelwe Petersburg, yempi sidalwe kuleli dolobha. Nokho, ekuqaleni lalibizwa ezihlekisayo, ngoba indawo ongakasetshenzwa labetibambile imikhosi ku Shrove ngoLwesibili. Laliqhele nje ngasentshonalanga Summer Garden. Ekhulwini XVIII, kule ndawo sabizwa ngokuthi Big Meadow.

Igama, futhi umsebenzi esihlalweni washintsha lapho ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi iNdlovukazi Elizaveta Petrovna. Field steel ngenhlonipho khulisa Tsaritsyn Lug. Wabamba Izibuyekezo ezempi kanye yamathanga. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi Russia bekulokhu fashion Paris, ekuqa- XVIII-XIX eminyaka kwanqunywa sibala Tsaritsyn Meadow Field Mars. Paul I yayala ukuba kocingo ingxenye ngokushesha lakhiwa isikhala esangweni lensimbi, epaki utshani nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Ngo 1801, i-oda kaKesari ezikhumbuzo ojenene Suvorov futhi Rumyantsev efakiwe.

Ukuguqula kwezindawo zezikhotha endaweni

Kwakukhona eminyakeni, Petersburg iye yathuthukiswa futhi nalo izinguquko ezenziwe kanye Field Mars. ukubaza ababili zokuhlobisa it bathuthela kwamanye izindawo edolobheni. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhumbuzo umkhuzi wezempi PA Rumyantsev umakhi V F. Brenna washukumiseleka e 1818 kuya Vasilyevsky Island. Futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-mina uMbusi u-Alexander ngathuthela esifanekisweni omkhulu Field Marshal. Manje imele phambi zintathu Bridge, eduze Marble Isigodlo kanye Ukubala Saltykov ekhaya. Empeleni, lokhu kubuye ingxenye Tsaritsyno ezimfundeni, kuphela bathinteka endaweni ehlukile, yaqanjwa Field Marshal.

Suvorov lesikhumbuzo phezu Champ de Mars, phezu Moika, kuyafaneleka kokukhuluma ngokwehlukile. Ngaphansi koMbuso isiRashiya, kwaba lesikhumbuzo lomuntu lokuthoma uncrowned. Umqophi wemifanekiso, MI Kozlowski, obesebenza lesikhumbuzo ngesinqumo somthetho Paul mina kule minyaka 1799-1800, hhayi ukunakekela mayelana portrait ukufana eziqoshiwe kanye yasekuqaleni. Kunalokho, iqoqo, isithombe oludumile umlawuli-winner. Isibalo zethusi esisekelweni begqoke izivatho lasendulo. Esandleni sakhe sokunene yena lisiphatheleni inkemba ngakwesokunxele - isihlangu. Suvorov elisivulekelayo ezishaya unkulunkulukazi u-Mars, god of war.

Ukuguqulwa eSikhumbuzweni Inkazimulo

Ngemva Champ de Mars izikhumbuzo izinduna ezimbili, akukho okunye kuboniswa ratio le ndawo impi kanye izimpi. Nokho, igama ezintendeni. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuphakama umbuzo mayelana lapho yokungcwaba abantu abafa phakathi Februwari Revolution kuka-1917, saphinde wayengekho: ethuneni elilodwa elikhulu kufanele esisogwini Campus Martius. Kamuva yaqala ukubonakala abasebenzi yokungcwaba entsha dlulisa Yaroslavl kuvukela Ehlobo lika-1918, sokuzivikela salo muzi iqhaza kusukela Yudenich amasosha, kanye izisulu inguquko izibalo M. Uritsky, V. Volodarsky, riflemen Latvian nabanye. Memory of the amaqhawe, kwanqunywa ukuba ukuzoqhubekisela yesikhumbuzo. Yakhiwa egwadle grey and pink. Ukuvulwa elalinikezelwe weminyaka le-October Revolution yesibili. Kepha insimu ngokwayo saqanjwa Plaza we Revolution Izisulu.

Arena ukunqoba, okuyinto eyaba yindawo sehlazo

Ngo-March 1935, iJalimane lobuNazi wanquma ukuthola Champs yabo de Mars. Kwakufanele nje indawo aqondisa futhi sokuprakthiza amabutho Wehrmacht. Khona-ke ehlelelwe ukubamba congresses party, kanye umbukiso yokudumisa wenkululeko wezwe kusukela "isifo ubukhomanisi ukubusa we lwamaSemite". Futhi ngoba kwakufanele abe iphrojekthi kwekhulu - kekulu e-Europe, i-Champ de Mars. Izithombe leyo minyaka abonisa ukuthi zabelwe isikhala phansi elilingana nenkundla ayisishiyagalombili zebhola! Ngendlela efanako, megalomania nezinti zezitsha yayiklanyelwe izibukeli 250,000. Arena kwadingeka ukuba azungeze kwemibhoshongo amabili nane (nanye wabo ezakhiwa ngo-1945), kanye platform we sokudumisa - ukushada statuary ukunqoba unkulunkulukazi uVictoria amasosha. Futhi kulokho okwakufika ngakho? Vele ukusho ukuthi grand umbukiso phansi ngoba yamathanga Ukhulelwe eNuremberg, lapho, njengoba wazi, aphethwe ikhomishana inqubo osolwa obugebengu aphambene nobuntu kanzima ngamaNazi. Ngiqinisile inganekwane eziyizixwayiso!