Schlieffen ukuhlela kafushane. Yayiyini Schlieffen Hlela? Schlieffen Plan - lokhu ...

Ekupheleni kwe-XIX lempi ekhulwini theory usebhekene isilinganiso sina futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wathola yisisusa esinamandla nokuthuthukiswa. Ukuvela izinhlobo ezintsha amabutho, ukuxhumana, isakhiwo lwemikhumbi enamandla armored, ayehlome ezinkulu-osezingeni wezikhali, izindiza nemikhumbi nezindiza wenza ojenene yamazwe amaningi ukucabanga ngalokho kuyoba yimpi ngekusasa. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke, ngo-1891, i-Austro-Hungarian Jikelele Abasebenzi waqala ukusebenza ngokusebenzisa kwaqashwa Schlieffen Hlela. Lena umkhiqizo impi German ke, emashumini amabili ngemva kokunqotshwa eziyichilo, futhi ukuphila kwakhe kwakusengozini like a ghost, it has a entsha nolaka eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma inqubomgomo kanye dispositions. Isifundo lekusasa awuhambanga.

Umlando ngeke kulibaleke, izophila ukhumbuze abafundi ezimbi okwamanje. Leli phephandaba ngeke kubekwe kafushane Plan Schlieffen, njengoba kubekiwe efomini kwakuzothatha isikhala esiningi, futhi imininingwane kulesi simo akubalulekile kangako. Okusemqoka essence yayo kanye nezimo kwezombusazwe ezaholela Count, uMphathi Abasebenzi, kokukhumbula Napoleon.

Inganekwane Nibelungs

Kukhona inganekwane mayelana "German wempi," babe kucace futhi ononya, ehleleke kahle futhi esekelwe bendabuko isiyalo zamaJalimane. Ukuze udale le image, yebo, isandla isiko, ikakhulukazi abenzi mafilimu, owadubula amabhayisikobho amaningi lapho amakholomu omkhulu "yensimbi Caputo" kwabaphoqelela ezinwabuzelayo phambili ngesikhathi umculo esibi, futhi amasosha e nezigqoko esinezimpondo kulinganiswa ijubane, enza uthuli. Nokho, uma ngomqondo ovulekile cabanga ngala maqiniso, kuba sobala ukuthi kuze yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye ibutho lamaJalimane ngandlela-thile ayiphethwe ukumboza ngokwakhe azithele ngabandayo wenkazimulo wezempi, uma kuphela ngoba njengesizwe eJalimane ukhona, ngezindinganiso zomlando, eside kakhulu, futhi yilawa ababusi izifundazwe ngazinye futhi iphutha njalo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, kunentuthuko kwaba (ngazo kamuva), kodwa akhulume militancy okukhethekile Aryan kungaba ngaphansi umbono etholakele Wagner sika opera Nibelungs mayelana futhi Valkyries.

Njengoba for the kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, khona-ke yebo, amaJalimane wayevelele. Baqala izimpi umnyuziki zezwe ezimbili, futhi womabili lahluleka kwasani. Zikhona izincazelo eziningana. Abasekeli technocratic futhi umbono icala lokuphindaphinda umlando bathi isizathu iyona amashwa ka kusilela laseJalimane ezibonakalayo nasengcebweni yabantu. Fans of the iphuzu zemilingo ukuba isikhundla okungekuhle izinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Kwakukhona-mbono eziphathelene Uzungu somhlaba wonke sokumelana amaJalimane smart, eqinile kodwa kalula. Namaqiniso futhi abone isizathu sokuba Ngokuwa "impi umshini German" kuzo zombili izimpi zezwe ukuthi ngesinye, umhlaseli linqotshiwe.

Noma kunjalo, cabangela imizamo ukwakha uhlelo okhazimulayo ekunqotshweni emazweni angomakhelwane ithakazelisa kakhulu. Ziyakwazi kuthi akufane nokwenzeka amaphrojekthi motion esiqhubekayo noma ucinge itshe sefilosofi sika. Manje kusobala ukuthi azinakho yokuxazulula le nkinga, kodwa zenza ilukuluku, kanye ngisho elithile inhlonipho ukuba nezeluleko ezinhle yingqondo yomuntu ngesikhathi isikhundla senqubo yokucabanga evamile. Ngakho, yini esiyaziyo mayelana Schlieffen Hlela?

Izizathu sethemba nethemba

Out of elula ilukuluku theorists azisebenzi isu. It hhayi ithuba yasungulwa kanye Schlieffen Hlela. Lo msebenzi isayensi lezempi-theory imangalelwe kobuholi imibuso emibili.

kwemizwelo enamandla wezempi German ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka kwakubangelwa izici ezimbili. Okokuqala, Austro-Hungary babengenalo amakoloni, okuyinto kungakhungathekisa kakhulu iqembu elibusayo ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. ezibonakalayo Overseas abekade eFrance, eSpain, ePortugal, eHolland, Denmark ngisho encane, Belgium kancane ngendlela ebonakala ingenangozi, ingasaphathwa "ukhukhuva kwezilwandle," UK (ngaleso sikhathi kwaba zwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, okungaphezu Empire Russian ). Sense yokungeneliseki, obizwa nangokuthi ngezinye izikhathi umona, ihlushwa Wilhelm II Hohenzollern. Kodwa akugcini lapho, futhi kwaba izimo yesibili. Ngenxa Army German kwadingeka anqobe ezimbili samuva nje, okuyinto kunemibandela yayingase ibizwe ngokuthi ekhaliphile. Ngo-1866, amaphela ngaphansi kokuqondisa von Moltke Omdala (the Moltke elikhulu) wanqoba uMbuso Austro-Hungarian. Victoria kwaba won nangaphezulu France (1870-1871). isiboshwa Khona-ke ngisho umbusi Napoleon III sathathwa (Sedan), kanye nalo, 549 izibhamu amasosha 104.000. Lokhu uphefumulela nethemba lokuhle ngiqaphe futhi ngihlakaniphe ithemba ngokunqoba esizayo. Uma wake kwaba sobala ukuthi kungaphazamisa impumelelo futhi athuthukise? Ingabe ukuthi ukuntuleka uhlelo webutho lezempi omuhle. Yiqiniso, kakhulu okudingeka uthuthukise kwezempi nezempi, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu - theory. Ikholomu lokuqala omasha lapha, kwesibili - lapho etc ...

eyinkimbinkimbi

Nokho, kwezinye izimo musa ugqozi nethemba. Kwakuthinta iyawakha nge-akhawunti yazo ye-Schlieffen Hlela. Lena ngokuyinhloko, isidingo elwa nezimpi ezimbili. Futhi von Bismarck futhi Marshal von Moltke babekholelwa ukuthi kuleli cala wokugoqa is ngenakugwemeka. Iphuzu liwukuthi kakade isikhathi echazwe impumelelo empini incike imithombo yendalo. Ngaphansi lo mqondo kusho bezikhali ukugqugquzela, kuhlanganise abantu, izimboni kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Kodwa kule ndaba, futhi-Austria-Hungary noma German Reich ngokuchichima ekhethekile ayikwazanga ozibongayo. Empeleni, ngenxa ekuthumbeni imithombo, futhi yahlelwa Schlieffen Hlela. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi ukulwa udinga ngokushesha futhi victoriously.

Russian Empire neFrance: main isitha ezingaba kwala mazwe womabili oshiwo. Omunye - eNtshonalanga, elinye - eMpumalanga. Kulokhu, ngasemngceleni ohlangothini French kahle nasezinsikeni lonke obuphelele.

iqhinga zamaJalimane

Schlieffen Uhlelo ngokuthi yokuziphatha impi nezimpi ezimbili, naphezu izincomo esiqhubekayo Bismarck. Ukubhuka kwaba okufanayo: Esimweni esinjalo kufanele nayo ibingaba eyesikhashana. Ukukhuluma ngokuqondile, ngenxa yesenzo oshisekayo Triple Alliance ingenye abaphikisi main wahlulwa ngesikhathi esifushane bese ushintshele Kufanele nakanjani neyesibili, okungaba ayisekho ezisheshayo, Nokho, futhi akufanele ungajahi. Indima esasizibekele yona kuqala nolokubhujiswa Schlieffen Uhlelo ngokuthi France. Njengoba sekushiwo, kwaqinisa umngcele wayenamandla ngempela, futhi okuqondile Ukuhlasela kwakuyovela akusebenzanga. Nokho, nangemva kokuba ezamile wahluleka ukuthola inhlanhla eNtshonalanga, e-Austria-Hungary naseJalimane aqinisekisiwe ogibeni ukungqubuzana eside, okungakwazi bavunyelwe, ngoba lena yindlela ukunqoba. Kwakubonakala alikho ikhambi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, sasinjani Schlieffen Hlela, - lenkinga eyinkimbinkimbi indlela elula. Luphindze Hitler ngo-1939.

Speed, ukuhlaselwa nokukhohlisa

Belgium Yizwe hlangothi, ukulondeka kwawo sasiqinisekiswe eBrithani, eRussia, France, e-Austria-Hungary, futhi ngenhlanhla le Prussia kakhulu (manje eJalimane). Kunjalo of Luxembourg. Hola amasosha ngokusebenzisa womabili la mazwe kokungathathi hlangothi wabiza Schlieffen Hlela. Kuyinto ukwephulwa okhohlisayo we samazwe onke ka 1839 weyengenandaba nombhali umbono. Wayazi ukuthi ngokushesha ngemva ekuthatheni Belgium empini nakanjani uyongena Britain, kodwa esigxotsheni oyinhloko ngokushesha. Umthelela kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi ujabulise nenhliziyo - kuleli cala e-Paris. Ngemva kwalokhu, ukufika amabutho British iba yinkinga, ibutho French aboshezelwa workaround bayiswa imvelo, futhi kuze kube yilapho zisashisa Russian hushazela njengoba ijahe ... Bekusele kancane nje ukuba, futhi wonke amandla Empire Austro-Hungarian, hit nabo futhi ngeke zime. Lokhu kwaba okushiwo Schlieffen Uhlelo ngokushesha, izinsuku 40-50 izoqeda neFrance, eBrithani push kude nasolwandle bese uvula maqondana Russia. Zonke bamba yayo akudingekile - yinde kakhulu futhi kuyabiza, futhi ngempela noma yini (kwakucatshangwa) - kodwa abanye endaweni Western, ikakhulukazi Poland futhi aseBaltic, kungase futhi asuse.

Ngubani kwadingeka alwe

Schlieffen Uhlelo wabiza ezilwa nolaka ngokumelene amazwe amathathu, kokweqa imithombo futhi amabutho Triple Alliance. IBrithani iye yaba labetibambile enamandla kunazo zonke emhlabeni Navy, Germany uhlulekile ukwakha. Ngaphansi koMbuso isiRashiya kwakuwulimi bayibutho elikhulu, okuyinto eye kabusha uqalise, omuhle kakhulu isizinda ukudla (isabelo amakhadi awazange owethulwa ngisho nalapho enikeziwe labantu lonke States ezilwayo) kanye nemboni yezokuvikela, akwazi cishe noma yikuphi uhlobo isikhali. France nayo yayilungiselela impi. Schlieffen Uhlelo wabiza ukuchotshozwa okusheshayo isixhumanisi weakest ethiyetha ezweni impi. standoff Marine neBrithani kwabonakala isiwombe esisodwa sokuphathwa i empini, hhayi ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi amabutho isiRashiya, ngokusho kwakhe, kwadingeka kuphela ukugcina elayinini Galicia - eningizimu yePoland.

entwasahlobo Pierian

Jikelele u-Alfred von Schlieffen, owayehola Jikelele Abasebenzi isiJalimane, wayengekho isu kuphela, kodwa futhi mlando sezempi. isiqephu yathe ayeyithanda kusukela ebusheni bakhe kuqhubeke wayekholelwa Cannes impi (216 BC), ngesikhathi lapho Hannibal wanqoba amabutho amaRoma, esehlanganise iqhinga kwazo ngesibindi phezu ezinhlangothini esiyingini double. Enkabeni yalo, Plan Schlieffen iphindwa kafushane leli qhinga, ukudala ukunyakaza azilingani wamabutho kusukela ukusika kakhulu kwezinhloko zamaviyo French evela emithonjeni ukunikezela, ukuvinjelwa yabo futhi nomaka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sayiswa njengoba izibonelo eminye imisebenzi eyenziwa ekuqaleni Bonaparte XIX leminyaka. Lezi zindlela abasakwazi ezifanele phakathi isinyathelo yaseshashalazini European zemisebenzi, libhekene amabanga elincane futhi inethiwekhi aminyene nojantshi ngokuya ubunikazi isinyathelo zamasu. Ekugcineni, Schlieffen Uhlelo yamukelwa ukuba umyalo isenzo amabutho angumfelandawonye-Austria-Hungary, i-Italy neJalimane, siqala njengoba ezinye izinguquko. Iqiniso lokuthi umlobi bawela lokungamukelwa. Wagudluzwa post yakhe, futhi esikhundleni kuholele Big Jikelele Abasebenzi esimisiwe, uLieutenant General Moltke. Kungenzeka Wadlala indima igama yakhe edumile.

Umnikelo ka-Jikelele Moltke

Akwaziwa ukuthi ngempumelelo savela operation amasu ku icala uma uhlelo Schlieffen ayizange ithuthuke. Njengoba ekuqaleni yakhelwe, amandla lomcoka lemali wamabutho eziyisikhombisa baphuthuma Paris, kuyilapho ngokumelene neRussia kwase embukisweni eyodwa kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umyalo wayezazi ukulahlekelwa ithuba (isikhathi) of Alsace, uLorraine Eastern Prussia. Lokhu "gambit" Wena sithole isikhathi okudingekayo ukuze kuqedwe kokunqotshwa France. Nokho Moltke kubhekwe ukhuluphele kasikhombisa West phambi ngokweqile futhi inciphise inani wamabutho kwalo ezintathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wagcizelela isiqondiso empumalanga (futhi, ngenxa amabutho kuhloswe ngaso Paris). Schlieffen Uhlelo kwavunyelwana kanyekanye nezinguquko ezingabe zenzeke ukuthi uhlelo wokuqala cishe lutho kwesokunxele. Kulindeleke ukuthi ngesitimela kungaba op ukudlulisela phambili Russian uquqaba olukhulu amabutho, kwaba futhi ayilungile. Ekugcineni, kwaba khona futhi okwakunjengezwi babesaba kangaka Schlieffen. Blitzkrieg liphele, Austrians kuthiwa abasuke bengene shí emseleni ezimpini. Kungaba kuphela ukuqeda behluliwe.

Kwakuwusuku oluhle iphepha ...

Uzokwenza kufanele wakhumbula ukuthi akukho uhlelo lempi emlandweni umuntu akazange wakwazi abaqapheli ngokugcwele. Izizathu bathole njalo izaba, futhi, futhi bona babehlangene no mgomo iningi yabo. Khona-ke hit ngokuzumayo abandayo, kunalokho, udaka nokungcola. Ukulindela ukuthi ibutho Russian kungaba Umphikisi ababuthakathaka, kunemibhalo eyayihunyushwe kabi futhi eyisiphukuphuku, bekungeyona. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ayisishiyagalombili yokwenza iqembu senkulungwane kwagcizelela izikhundla ukuzivikela Austrians kuhlasela babengakwazi ayeke, bakhula ngokushesha futhi kubangelwa ukukhathazeka ukuthi Berlin ziyokuwa ngokushesha kunezinsuku ngibe namandla ukuba sibanqobe France. 1st ibutho Russian emzini laseJalimane Gumbinnen kudluliswa ibutho VIІІ German. Ukuhluleka Schlieffen Uhlelo laliya ezisobala.

U-Alfred von Schlieffen ukuhlupheka

Umbhali onesimo okhandlayo ngesineke unit ngayinye lempi, ukuhamba kwayo futhi kwezikhathi izenzo. Schlieffen Uhlelo eMpini Yezwe I - iyona isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu ekutadisheni ngokucophelela yonke imininingwane kungenzeka, ukuthandwa ngaleso sikhathi yayingekho mhlawumbe. Umsebenzi ku kwaba eminyakeni embalwa, futhi ukubala wanikezwa abashisekela we ezincisha injabulo yeqiniso noma Maniac. Ngezinye izikhathi wenza sengathi uhlanya, kunoma iyiphi landscape kulungiselelwa enhle zokubona kuphela iqhinga Tactical eqonda emfuleni noma echibini njengoba amanzi izingozi, okwakukhona ukuwela. Schlieffen akazange aphile impi, kodwa ukucabanga kwalo njalo. Ngokusho izindaba zabantu useduze naye, yayifa ngo-1912, wanxusa luntengantenge amabutho phezu flank kwesokudla. Ngokusobala beza esikhundleni sakhe Moltke babengakuqondi ngokugcwele lokho kwaba Schlieffen Hlela, njengoba kungaba yingozi njengoba izinguquko ezenziwe kulo. Nokho, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi idokhumenti yalungiswa kahle. Kungenzeka ukuthi iphutha, futhi uhlelo.

Ngezingozi ukukhohlisa

Schlieffen wayeyindoda wezempi kwezombusazwe wayenolwazi oluncane. Ngenxa technocrat weqiniso, ngomdlandla waqoqela imisebenzi ehlukene, ngokukhathazeka kancane mayelana "side effects" imiphumela. Belgium ethunjwa isidingo amasu, waba uphawu we nolaka we Triple Alliance, futhi eqinisweni kwaba isenzakalo nokuvinjelwa-Austria-Hungary naseJalimane. ukungena British empini futhi kanzima libukelwa phansi izisekelo kwezomnotho lamazwe lezimpahla ancike ukunikezela, kanye iRoyal Navy babenza konke okusemandleni ukuze zithiye ilungiselelo kwezokuxhumana zasolwandle. umthelela ezinkulu nezingokwengqondo owayeneminwe ukwazi osopolitiki German Schlieffen Hlela. kwakungenakwenzeka nekuwusebentisa ekubulaweni zokuqala zaseYurophu, kodwa kwaba khona umuntu obengayembethe banquma ukuzama futhi. Umzamo ngo-1939 yaphela iminyaka eyisithupha kamuva omunye ukunqotshwa okuphelele eJalimane. Ngezinga elifanayo futhi wabekwa Ukusabalala okusheshayo (sikhathi zokwakheka esikhulu armored) nombani ukucindezelwa yokumelana isitha. Kwakubonakala kancane kakhulu, futhi isitha tshoda. Impi nezimpi ezimbili futhi kwaholela enhlekeleleni. Inkolelo ku omnipotence ka Blitzkrieg odlale iqhinga ezingcolile, ikakhulu endabeni wokuba kuhlaselwe Russia. Kungakhathaliseki esifundweni waya ukuze isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo?