"Umlando" ka uHerodotus: Ucwaningo lokuqala yesayensi komlando womhlaba wonke

"Umlando" ka uHerodotus - isazi sesayensi esidumile isiGreki isihambi - ubhekwa umsebenzi wokuqala emhlabeni yesayensi zomlando. Ukubuthana endaweni zakhe ezibonakalayo olunzulu umsuka, geography, izinganekwane, nokuphila kanye namasiko abantu ahlukahlukene, wabhala umsebenzi eliyisisekelo, okuyinto kuze kube namuhla, omunye wemithombo eyinhloko komlando wasendulo. Ukunemba eziningi ulwazi olunikezwe ngumlobi yesiGreki ayisishiyagalolunye-emakhasini umsebenzi, iye ngokuphindaphindiwe waqinisekisa abavubukuli, izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu, futhi zokuma kwendawo ye zukulwane.

I bakaCharles uHerodotus: logographs

Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuvela emlandweni njengoba isayensi kwenzeka e umphakathi lasendulo. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, abantu bazama izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuchaza izinto ezenzeka ngaphambili (zibonelo ochungechungeni lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, imilando ehlukahlukene zemihla). Le misebenzi, kwandulelwe incwadi yomlando yesayensi, ngokuthi "historiography".

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kwalotshwa "umlando" uHerodotus, temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba zomlando yamaGreki asendulo yayimelelwe ngemisebenzi logograph - Ababhali, ihlanganisa isethulo izenzakalo sangempela tinsumansumane, tinganekwane incazelo ezindawo lendawo, lapho lwenziwe ke. logograph wokuqala wagabadela Cadmus laseMilethu, owayehlala e-VI ekhulwini BC. Namuhla isayensi futhi uyazi amagama Hecataeus laseMilethu, Akusilaya Argos, Charon ka Lampsacus, Xanthus kaLidiya.

Imisebenzi nalaba ababhali Kwakudida zobuciko. Nakuba bezingalotshwa temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, ugcine eziningi mbumbulu isiGreki inkulumo senkondlo. Imithombo logograph babe yezinganekwane oludumile kanye izinkondlo, zemihla zendawo imilando kanye imibono yabo siqu, kanye izindaba lezihambi, abathengisi, amatilosi abavakashele Ukuzula ezikude. ngokwakha Kwezikhathi Zawo wancika logographs zazinzima olungalungile, kodwa babengesibo ngowokuqala lisetshenziswe incazelo zomlando izenzakalo uhlu lwamakhosi kanye izikhulu, wasungula umqondo othi "yobudala", ilingana iminyaka eyikhulu noma "izizukulwane" ezintathu. Ukunakisisa kakhulu izinganekwane nezindaba zolibo, nazo ziphathwe impahla zomlando ocebile, kakhulu lwajula ezicini ezihlukahlukene ethnological nokuma kwezwe. Nokho, into esemqoka ngabo yayingakakulungeli usesho weqiniso zomlando kanye art yokukhuluma ngamazwi, ngakho imisebenzi logograph namanje kubhekwa non-yesayensi, futhi lelandzisako eqanjiwe.

UHerodotus: Biography

Umsebenzi wokuqala ukuthi ubhekwa zomlando, wadala usosayensi ngesiGreki sefilosofi esingumGreki uHerodotus. Umlando uye walondoloza ukwaziswa hhayi kangaka mayelana biography of lo muntu omkhulu.

Inkathi zokuphila kwakhe ubhekwa 484 (5) - 425 eminyakeni BC. Wazalwa emzini Doric of Halicarnassus (entshonalanga ye-Asia Minor) emkhayeni ocebile futhi muhle. Lapho esemusha, waba nengxenye emzabalazweni wezombusazwe waleli Izicukuthwane ngokumelene umbusi-umashiqela, akazange aphumelele kuleli, kanye nabanye abaningi waphoqeleka ukuba niye ekudingisweni.

Ekuqaleni, uHerodotus ixazululwe esiqhingini Samos - omunye ezinethonya kunazo futhi elicebe seziqhingi Ionian, ukulawula yonke ingxenye esentshonalanga ye-kahle noLwandle LwaseMedithera. ngokushesha Intelligent futhi wafundiswa insizwa wafunda umlando, ulimi, uhulumeni kuleli zwe angahlala kahle ku Samos ukuphila - kodwa wakhetha ukuya ukuhamba phambili.

travel uHerodotus

Ngokuqinisekile amacebo kwakufanele abhale umlando uHerodotus izimpi isiGreki WasePheresiya. Wayefuna ukuvula izimfihlakalo Persian ibutho amabutho - ukuqonda ngqo ukuthi lokhu Sebawoti multi-ethnic multi-lingual bakwazi ukukhulumisana kahle kakhulu. Efuna ukusho ukuthi awazi nokuthi yini akashongo abanye ososayensi, wayenobuhlobo esiningi ayichitha wokujikeleza - ukubukela, ukucabanga, echaza, nokuxhumana nabantu.

Ekuqaleni waya eKhupro kulo iThire, lapho wakhuluma nabapristi, bese sahamba saya ezweni eningizimu - e eGaza Strip, okuvela kulo waya eGibhithe. Ukuya ukukhamba ngesikepe emlanjeni iNayili ukuba Siena, esendleleni eya eLwandle Olubomvu, ukubona, ukuzwa, futhi ubone ngamehlo akho ngangokunokwenzeka ngezwe - eqinisweni ekufunisisa uHerodotus.

Indaba ngohambo lwakhe lwaqhubeka eMpumalanga: usosayensi othile uye ukunqoba kude eLibya-Asiriya, iBhabhiloni kanye Akimetha. Ngemva kwalokho, wabuyela e-Asia Minor, eminye kuya kwesokudla yaseHellespont, nasezweni ogwini Northern Sea, wabe kuze kube Olbia - koloni eSamo naseMilethu. Ngivakashele uHerodotus amadolobha aseGrisi emazweni aseBalkan. zakhe, wawafeza amagama abantu ababona kulezo zindawo. Ngo 444 BC waya Olympics e-Athens, lapho efunda esidlangalaleni imisebenzi yabo. Ngenxa yalesi aluthola amaGreki umvuzo omkhulu kulabo izikhathi - onamathalenta ayishumi (kunamasonto angaba amakhulu amathathu amakhilogramu zegolide).

Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo, yathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo owasungula amakoloni YesiGreki Furiyah. Ehlabeke umxhwele ngenxa yezinguquko amasiko abantu, waba umsekeli oshisekayo uhulumeni wabo, wathatha yisakhamuzi futhi waphila endaweni abahlala kuyo. Kungenxa Furiyah endaweni ethile phakathi iminyaka 430-425 BC, wafa engashiyanga eyodwa kuphela, kodwa emsebenzini omkhulu kunayo yonke ungowokuqala usosayensi-mlando abawaziyo - uHerodotus.

"Umlando": isifinyezo

Imiphumela zemisebenzi yabo usosayensi kuhlanganiswe zibe munye umsebenzi ngakuthathu, Ubhalwe, ulimi ephapheme ezimibalabala, eqinisekisa izinga umlobi yayibhekisela wekhono uhlobo art kwendaba. ukudala imisebenzi ngenkathi abacwaningi bathola cishe kuphela, phakathi neminyaka engu-427-421 BC.

"Umlando" ka uHerodotus ngesimo lapho siyazi ukuthi namuhla, yakhiwa izincwadi ayisishiyagalolunye kanye (ngokomthetho) urhulumende olulodwa. Incwadi ngayinye osesikhundleni emva omunye Muses ngesiGreki. Ukuhlukaniswa umbhalo encwadini kwenzeka kamuva ngenxa imisebenzi zolimi Alexandria ukucubungula. Isingeniso siqukethe ulwazi mayelana negama lombhali umsebenzi futhi wembula injongo eyinhloko yomsebenzi wakhe.

Umbhalo uHerodotus izimpi namasiko abantu basendulo babengazi yamaGreki WasePheresiya. Liqukethe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nomlando we emazweni lasendulo (linguLidiya, Media, eGibhithe, ePheresiya, ISCYTHIA), ubuhlobo babo kwamaGreki nomunye. Ukuhlanganisa incazelo izenzakalo nemicabango yakhe okungenhla, "uyise womlando" uHerodotus lokuqala asabela ngayo ngokuhlolisisa ukuze imithombo wancika ekulotshweni umsebenzi wakhe, kanye amaqiniso systematized. Ukuchaza enkulu asides yendawo anthropological waqale wasebenzisa lokho okwaphawulwa eyedwa.

"Umlando" ka uHerodotus: Inani

Labor uHerodotus ngokuthi sengqondo kuyadida zalabo ngalandela ezinyathelweni zakhe, ngokuqhubeka ukuthuthukisa isayensi nomlando. Ezinye ngokuthi umbhali olukhulu oluthi "uyise womlando", abanye bammangalela ngokuthi amanga, ekutholeni amaphutha kanye nemicimbi kabi.

Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo eziningi zesayensi olwenziwa ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, futhi - ngaphezu kwakho konke - le imivubukulo baye babonisa ukuthi ukwahlulela iningi uHerodotus ezichazwe "Umlando" yakhe, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi kuyiqiniso. Namuhla, umsebenzi wakhe ongowenani elikhulu, hhayi kuphela zomlando, kodwa futhi lobuciko, kwamasiko, umqondo wokubhala, uHerodotus kwenza omunye wabalobi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu yasendulo.