Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Iminyaka kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni

Mikhail Fedorovich baba lo Tsar wokuqala Russian we Romanov lwamakhosi. Ekupheleni Februwari 1613 wayekhethwe kumbusi umbuso Russian Zemsky Sobor. Waba yinkosi ifa hhayi ejwayelekile, hhayi ekuthatheni izintambo, hhayi wakhetha. Mikhail Fedorovich wakhethwa uNkulunkulu nabantu, futhi ngaleso sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu-16 kuphela ubudala. Ukubusa kwakhe kwaba nzima kakhulu. Mikhail Fedorovich njengoba isiphetho kwadingeka abhekane nezinkinga ezinzima kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe: izwe aphume nezinxushunxushu lapho kwakungemva kokuba Nezinkinga, ukuphakamisa futhi uqinise emnothweni, ukugcina Insimu lawobaba, udwenguliwe. Kodwa into - ukubamba futhi silungise endlini ka Romanov sobukhosi Russian.

Romanov lwamakhosi. Mihail Fedorovich Romanov

I Romanov umndeni ube Boyar Fedora Nikiticha, kamuva owaba uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Filaret, futhi Xenia Ivanovna (Shestova), Julayi 12, 1596, wazala indodana. Baqamba igama lakhe ngokuthi uMikayeli. Romanov umndeni sihlobene ne lwamakhosi Rurikovich futhi wayecebe kakhulu futhi odumile. Lokhu imikhaya boyar ephethwe izigodi enkulu, hhayi kuphela engxenyeni esenyakatho ne-central Russia, kodwa futhi phezu uDon ku Ukraine. Ekuqaleni, uMichael ngahlala nabazali bakhe e Moscow, kodwa 1601 umkhaya ayenawo behlelwa lokungamukelwa futhi yabekwa ngehlazo. Vakaza ngenkathi Boris Godunov yatshelwa ukuthi Romanovs ukulungiselela ngesakhiwo futhi ufuna ukumbulala ngosizo a Potion magic. Ukubulawa balandela ngokushesha - Kuboshwe amalungu amaningi omkhaya Romanov. Ngo-June 1601 emhlanganweni we Boyar Duma sinqumo sasithi: Fedor Nikitich nezingane zakubo: Alexander, uMichael, Vasily no-Ivan - kufanele emthethweni impahla, baphoqwa ukuba usike indela, wadingiswa futhi wagqunywa ejele ezindaweni kuhluke enhlokodolobha. Fedor Nikitich wathunyelwa Antony uSiya Monastery, esemgwaqweni endaweni engenabantu, endaweni eyihlane, 165 zamakhilomitha ukusuka iNgelosi Enkulu, emfuleni Dvina up. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi uyise Mikhail Fedorovich okuqoqiwe e izindela okuthiwa Filaret. UMama autocrat esizayo, Xenia Ivanovna, wamangalelwa ngokuthi iyathinteka ubugebengu ngokumelene nombuso futhi bathunjwe ku Novgorod wesifunda, e Tol-Egoryevsky emathuneni okwakungokwenkosi Vazhitskomu sezindela. Lapha agundwe e indelakazi, igama lakhe nguMarta, futhi begqunywa ejele e-esakhiweni esithile esincane, sizungezwe uthango oluphakeme.

Xhumanisa Mikhail Fedorovich ukuba Byelozero

Little UMichael, owayedla kwaba ngaleso sikhathi ngomnyaka wesithupha, abadingisiwe kanye oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili udadewabo Tatyana Fedorovna futhi obabekazi, Marfoyu Nikitichnoy Cherkassky, Ulyanoy Semenovoy no-Anastasia Nikitichna ku Beloozero. Lapho, umfana bakhulela ezimweni ndawo ebandayo kakhulu, abangondlekile, bahlupheka futhi ukuswela. Ngo-1603, uBoris Godunov sashintsha umutjho bese bavunyelwe Michael umama, uMarta Ivanovna, woza Beloozero izingane. Ngemva kwesikhashana autocrat bavunyelwe yawoyise ezithunjweni Yuriev-Polsky wesifunda, edolobhaneni Klin - bomdabu fiefdom Romanovs. Ngo 1605, u-Isaya walisebenzisa amandla Amanga Dmitry mina, ithanda ukuzithetha nokuzwelana zabo isibongo Romanov wabuyela abasindile BaseMoscow nabameleli bayo ekudingisweni, kuhlanganise umndeni kaMikayeli, njalo kanye yena. Fedor Nikitich wanikezwa Rostov archdiocese.

Smoot. Isimo ekuvinjezelweni eMoscow, owayezoba inkosi yakwa

Ezikhathini ezinzima ezivela 1606 kuya eminyakeni 1610, imithetho Vasiliy Shuysky. Ngalesi sikhathi kwaba nezenzakalo eziningi ezivusa amadlingozi kwenzeka eRussia. Kubandakanya uvele futhi lakhula ukunyakaza "amasela", lelo tulo ongumlimi, okwaholela I. Bolotnikov. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, lapho Wajoyina nge pretender entsha, "Tushino" Amanga Dmitry II. waqala kokungenela Polish. amabutho Commonwealth ethumba Smolensk. Boyars Shuisky liketulwa livela esihlalweni sobukhosi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ngamawala waphetha Sweden Vyborg inkontileka. Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, abaseSweden wavuma ukusiza Russia ukulwa Dmitry Amanga, futhi ukubuya wathola Peninsula Kola. Ngeshwa, kube isiphelo sesimiso inkontileka Vyborg Akumsindisanga Russia - nabasePoland wanqoba ibutho Russian-Swedish empini Klushinskoy yavula uqobo Tindlelanchubo eMoscow. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-boyars, ekuphatheni izwe, no afunge allegiance indodana yenkosi yase-Commonwealth Sigismund, Vladislav. Izwe ihlukaniselwe amakamu amabili. Esikhathini kusuka eminyakeni 1610 kuya 1613 ka kokubhikisha kwango-anti-Polish abantu uvukile. Ngo-1611 lenzeka izidlamlilo ngaphansi kobuholi Lyapunov, kodwa wahlulwa emaphethelweni eMoscow. Ngo 1612 kudala abezempi yesibili. Kwakuthinta eliholwa Dmitry Pozharsky futhi Kuzma Minin. Ngo Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1612 kwaba khona kwemphi lematima, okwakubekelwa iwine amabutho Russian. Hetman Chodkiewicz selibalekele Vorobiev ezintabeni. Ekupheleni kuka-October ibutho Russian usule eMoscow kusukela nabasePoland ezingxenyeni ke, elinde usizo Sigismund. boyars isiRashiya, kuhlanganise Mikhail Fedorovich nonina uMartha, babanjwa, bahlushwa indlala ukuswela, abangu agcine ekhululiwe.

ukubulala Fyodor Mikhailovich

Ngemva kokuvinjezelwa kanzima eMoscow, Mikhail Fedorovich waya Kostroma fiefdom. Lapha, njengeNkosi yesikhathi esizayo wasinda ebulawa lezigebengu nabasePoland eyasala sesitimela-Borovsky sezindela futhi ngifuna indlela Domnino. Spas UMikhail Fedorovich ongumlimi Ivan Susanin, abazinikela ngokuzithandela ukubonisa amasela indlela enkosini esizayo futhi kwaholela uhlangothi, ukuba emaxhaphozini. Inkosi esizayo baphephela esigodlweni sezindela Yusupov. Ivan Susanin wahlushwa, kodwa akazange ukudalula indawo Romanov. Yileso wakhula kanzima futhi nkathi abe inkosi yangesikhathi esizayo, oneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, ngenkani zahlukana nabazali bazo futhi aphile ngokuhluzeka kayise kanina baba uyintandane, useke wabhekana nobunzima engayodwa nezwe, ezethusayo lokuvimbezela nendlala.

Zemsky Sobor 1613 amakhetho Mikhail Fedorovich

Ngemva ukuxoshwa abahlaseli boyars futhi izidlamlilo ze-eholwa Prince Pozharsky senziwa isinqumo ukukhetha senkosi entsha. Februwari 7, 1613 okhethweni owandulelayo yesikhulu kusukela galich okuphakanyiswe esebeka indodana yakhe Filaret, Mikhail Fedorovich. Of bonke abazobhapathizwa ukuthi nokuzwelana kwaba esiseduzane umndeni Rurik. Emadolobheni amaningi kwathunyelwa izithunywa ukuthola umbono abantu. Februwari 21, 1613 okhethweni lokugcina yayiqhutshelwa khona. Abantu banquma: "Ukuba eNgophezukonke Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov." Ngalesi sinqumo, Embassy projectile ukwazisa amakhetho Mikhail Romanov Tsar. Mashi 14, 1613 amanxusa, ephelezelwa udwendwe, wafika Ipatiev Monastery futhi washaywa brow indela uMarta. Long lokukholisa ekugcineni ophawulekayo, futhi Mihail Fedorovich Romanov bavumelana ukuba ngibe yinkosi. 2 kuphela Meyi 1613 afeza yokungena omangalisayo onzulu eNgophezukonke eMoscow - uma, ngokombono wakhe, inhloko-dolobha, futhi ezibiyele wayesekulungele ukwamukela ke. Julayi 11 wagcotshwa nokubusa kwenkosi entsha - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Lo mkhosi onesizotha owawusedolobheni Assumption Cathedral.

Ukuqala nokubusa koMbusi

Mikhail Fedorovich wathatha izintambo ziklebhukile, babhujiswe futhi mpilo lizwe. Ezikhathini ezinzima abantu kwakudingeka nje autocrat ezinjalo - esivulekile, uthandeka kanjani, mnene, onomusa nophanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo ezimfanelweni komphefumulo. Shono abantu bambiza ngokuthi "mnene." Ubuntu inkosi kwaqinisa amandla Romanovs. Domestic Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe, yayihloselwe ekubuyiseleni oda kuleli zwe. Umsebenzi obalulekile ukushabalalisa yamaqembu we baphangi anobudlova yonke indawo. Nge isikhulu Cossack Ivan Zarutsky zalwa impi yangempela, ezaholela ekumiseni kwe-bamba iziboshwa nasekubulaleni okwalandela. izinkinga olunamandla abalimi. Ngo 1613, ukusatshalaliswa emazweni yomphakathi kudingeka iye yenziwa.

Izinqumo ezibalulekile amasu - a kuthula Sweden

Foreign Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha ukuthi wagxila isiphelo sesimiso i ukuxolelana Sweden futhi ukuqedwa impi ne Poland. Ngo 1617 wayethethelela ehlotshisiwe Stolbovsky inkontileka. Lo mbhalo ngokusemthethweni uqede nempi Sweden, eyathatha iminyaka emithathu. Manje amazwe Novgorod yahlukaniswa phakathi kwamabutho Empire Russian (wabuyela edolobheni ethumba: Veliky Novgorod, Ladoga, Gdov, Porkhov, Staraya Russa futhi Sumerskaya esifundeni) futhi uMbuso Sweden (efika Ivangorod, Koporje, Yam Korela, Oreshek, Neva). Ngaphezu kwalokho, eMoscow kwakudingeka akhokhe isamba abalulekile Sweden - ayizinkulungwane 20 ruble esiliva. izwe Stolbovsky uyonquma lizwe kusukela oLwandle iBaltic, kodwa eMoscow ephetha le kuthula kwavunyelwa ukobana kuragele phambili impi zabo ePoland.

Ukuqedwa impi Russian-Polish. Ukubuya Umbhishobhi Filaret

impi Russian-Polish eyathatha, ngempumelelo obuhlukahlukene, kusukela ngo-1609. Ngo Ngo-1616 amabutho, eliholwa Władysław Vasa futhi hetman Yanom Hodkevichem, lihlasela isiRashiya, abafisa yokugumbuqela isihlalo sobukhosi semibuso Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Kungaba ukufinyelela kuphela Mozhaisk, lapho okwesikhashana. Kusukela ngo-1618 kuya ibutho wazihlanganisa ibutho Ukraine Cossacks Hetman P. Sahaidachny uyaphi. amabutho ahlangene bona ahlasela eMoscow, kodwa wehluleka. amabutho Polish zinhlanga futhi wahlala eduze zintathu-uSergiyu Monastery. Ngenxa yalokho, amaqembu bavumelana ukuxoxisana kanye ukuxolelana esasayinwa edolobhaneni Deulina Disemba 11, 1618, okwaphela empini Russian-Polish. Imigomo yesivumelwano babe ezingezinhle, kodwa uhulumeni waseRussia bavumelana ukwamukela kubo ukuze ayeke nokuntengantenga yangaphakathi futhi kwakhiwe kabusha izwe. Ngaphansi inkontileka, Russia lags ngemuva Rzeczpospolita Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk, Novgoro-Seversky, Chernigov, Serpeysk nakwamanye amadolobha. Futhi ngesikhathi izinkulumo kuvunyelwene ukushintshashintsha iziboshwa. Julayi 1, 1619 ku emfuleni Polyanovka abatshelana iziboshwa Filaret, uyise wenkosi ekugcineni wabuyela ekhaya. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, wamiswa inzalamizi.

Diarchy. Isinqumo abahlakaniphile ezimbili ababusi bomhlaba Russian

Umbuso Russian wawuyomiswa okuthiwa ombaxambili. Ndawonye noyise, inzalamizi Mikhail Fedorovich kwaqala ukulawula. Yena, njengo inkosi ngokwayo, wanikezwa isihloko "umbusi omkhulu". Eminyakeni 28, Mikhail Fedorovich washada Maria Vladimirovna Dolgoruky. Kodwa ngemva konyaka washona. Lapho elithuma okwesibili, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich washada Evdokii Lukyanovne Streshnevoy. Phakathi kweminyaka ethile beshadile wamzalela izingane eziyishumi. Ngokuvamile, Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha futhi Filaret iye okuhloswe ngazo yinye kwamandla, ukubuyiselwa umnotho bese ugcwalisa yengcebo. Ngo-June 1619 kwanqunywa ukuthi izwe izintela ezibhuqiwe iyothathwa sentinel noma Cadastres. Kwanqunywa ukuba afeze yokubala abantu labantu futhi ukusungula ubukhulu esiqondile eziqoqwayo. Endaweni ithunyelwe babhali dozorschiki. Ngo wokubusa Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova yokuthuthukisa uhlelo intela kwakhiwa umbhali izincwadi ezikhiqizwa kabili. Kusukela 1620 emkhakheni babemiswa kwababusi abadala, ukuba zigcine ukuhleleka.

Ukubuyisela eMoscow

Phakathi nokubusa Mikhail Fedorovich kancane kancane abuyiselwe enhlokodolobha neminye imizi, abhidlizwa ngesikhathi Nezinkinga. Ngo 1624 yayakhiwe Stone kwetende zakuletha iwashi yesiteleka phezu Spasskaya tower ne belfry eyakhelwe Filaret. Eminyakeni 1635-1636 ezakhiwa izindlu itshe inkosi inzalo yakhe esikhundleni izinkuni elidala. amasonto 15 sekwakhiwe phezu Insimu Nicholas eSangweni Spassky. Ngaphezu kabusha imizi, inqubomgomo Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova yayihloselwe kokugqilazwa okwengeziwe abalimi. Ngo-1627, umthetho yadalwa ukuthi avunyelwe izicukuthwane umhlaba beshiyela abanye babo (inkosi yasetshenziselwa ukwenza lokhu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqoqo ukuhlola abalimi abahlanu esasibalekile, okuyinto 1637 ladluliselwa iminyaka 9, futhi 1641-m - kuze kube iminyaka engu-10.

Ukudala regiments entsha ibutho

Umsebenti ebalulekile Mikhail Romanov kwaba ukudalwa bayibutho kazwelonke njalo. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 30. XVII ekhulwini kwakukhona "emashalofini isimiso esisha." Phakathi kwabo siqanjwe izingane boyars 'futhi abakhululekile, nabezizwe ezazamukelwa isikhundla sokuba izikhulu. Ngo 1642 ke waqala ukuqeqesha angaphandle abantu lempi phakathi kwababusi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baqala ukwakha amasosha Reitarska nabamahhashi dragoon regiments. Futhi akhethwe regiments ezimbili eMoscow zadalwa, okuyinto kamuva ababizwa ngokuthi Lefortovo futhi Butyrsky (kusuka nemizana, okuyinto atholiwe).

ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha

Ngaphezu ukudalwa yebutho ukuba yinkosi Mihail Fedorovich Romanov wazama ukuthuthukisa yezandla ezahlukene kuleli zwe. Uhulumeni waba ukubiza abakhiqizi angaphandle (abafuna, abasunguli, gunsmiths) ku ngaphansi kwezimo ezimvunayo. E-Moscow, komnikazi German yasungulwa, lapho ababehlala futhi besebenza kuzo wobunjiniyela nakwezempi emazweni angaphandle. Ngo 1632 sihlahla ukusakaza cores nezibhamu eduze Tula lakhiwa. Ukuthuthukisa textile umkhakha: Velvet egcekeni wavula eMoscow. Kube kwenziwa ukuqeqeshwa velvet icala. Ngo Kadashevskaya Sloboda umkhankaso yendwangu yokukhiqiza.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov wafa eneminyaka engu-49. Kwathi 12 Julayi, 1645. Umphumela imisebenzi yayo zikahulumeni kwaba isimo ezolile, Nezinkinga ayethukuthele, ukusungulwa kwamandla eyodwa, ingcebo, ukuphakamisa, ukubuyisela umnotho, umkhakha kanye ukuhweba. Phakathi nokubusa Romanov wokuqala imise nempi Sweden nasePoland, ngaphezu, enobudlelwane nge emazweni Europe sezisunguliwe.