Inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela. Inkulumo futhi ukucabanga kwengane. zhan Piazhe

Lo mkhuba inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela wengane kahle futhi sasivame ukuxoxa kwengqondo. Uma sikhuluma inkulumo nhlobo, yabeka izici zangaphandle, yangaphakathi futhi ibe nokuzwela komuntu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uqonde lokho ingane icabangani, kuvele ukuthi ayilo ngaphakathi, kufanele sinake ukuthonya ezindebeni zakhe.

Abanye abazali baqala ukukhathazeka lapho ingane yabo ithi akuhlobene ngaphakathi okushiwo amazwi, sengathi mindlessly ukuphinda konke kusuka othile wezwa. Kungaba akhululeke uma uzama ukuthola ukuthi wayekusho nganjongoni lokhu noma ukuthi izwi, futhi ingane umane abakwazi ukukuchaza lokho. Noma lapho ingane ikhuluma interlocutor, njengokungathi ngodonga, ngamanye amazwi, cishe noma kuphi, futhi ngaphandle kokulinda noma iyiphi impendulo, ingasaphathwa baqonde. Abazali kungase kudingeke imicabango mayelana nentuthuko ezinsana zabo e nokugula ngengqondo kanye nezingozi ukufihla ngaphansi uqobo ifomu yokukhuluma.

Iyini Inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela, ngempela? Futhi noma Ungakhathazeki uma uqaphela izimpawu yayo ingane yakho?

Kuyini inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela?

Omunye ososayensi lokuqala owachitha omningi isikhathi sokucwaninga inkulumo zezingane loya muntu owayezicabangela, wavula lo mqondo, kwaba Zhan Piazhe - wezengqondo zisuka eSwitzerland. Waba bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe siqu kule ndawo futhi baqhuba uchungechunge ucwaningo abandakanya izingane ezincane.

Ngokusho lokho ayekutholile, omunye sobala ukubonakaliswa sangaphandle izikhundla loya muntu owayezicabangela ekucabangeni somntwana ngokunembile inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela. Umnyaka lapho ke ngokuvamile baphawula - kusukela eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. Kamuva, ngokuvumelana Piaget, lesi simanga ubalekela cishe ngokuphelele.

Ngikuphi okuhlukileko ngalokhu ukuziphatha kusukela evamile ingane kokuxoxa ngabo nje? inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela - ke ukhuluma kwengqondo, ziqondiswe yena. Ezinganeni, kwenzeka lapho zikhulunywa ngokuphimisela, ngaphandle asebenzise umuntu, zibuze lo mbuzo futhi akabanga esabheka ukuthi ungatholi impendulo kubo.

Zona yomhobholo ichazwa Psychology njengoba okugxile nezifiso siqu, imigomo, nakho, ukuntula orientation okuhlangenwe nakho kwabanye abantu futhi wonke amathonya zangaphandle. Nokho, uma ingane yakho siwulalela lo mkhuba, uvalo akudingekile. ocace kakhudlwana futhi ngeke esabekayo ngokucabangela ezijulile ucwaningo Psychology kule ndawo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokutholakele Zhana Piazhe

Zhan Piazhe encwadini "Inkulumo futhi ukucabanga kwengane" uzama embule impendulo yombuzo othi lokho kudingeka uzama ukuhlangabezana ingane, ukhuluma ngokwakhe. Phakathi nocwaningo, wafika esiphethweni eziningana ezithakazelisayo, kodwa omunye amaphutha akhe kwaba egomela ukuthi ukuqonda ngokugcwele ukuhlaziywa eyanele yesithombe imicabango wengane kuphela inkulumo yakhe njengoba amazwi ngqo libonise senzo. Kamuva, ezinye izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ziye kwenqaba umbhedesho okubi okunjalo, futhi lo mkhuba ulimi loya muntu owayezicabangela ekuxhumaneni izingane wawucacile ezijulile.

Lapho Piaget uphenyo ngale ndaba, bathi ezinganeni, njengoba ngempela futhi abadala, akukho kuphela ukuxhumana imibono, kodwa futhi unalo ezinye imisebenzi. Ngokuhamba ucwaningo futhi ucwaningo kwenziwe ukuthi "Indlu nabancane," Jean-Jacques Rousseau noJean Piaget wakwazi ukucacisa izigaba obusebenzayo yokukhuluma zezingane. Phakathi nenyanga, saba amanothi olunzulu futhi enemininingwane yalokho ingane ngayinye wathi. Ngemva ukwelashwa ngokucophelela impahla eqoqwe zokusebenza kwengqondo ziye zakhomba amaqembu amabili ayinhloko yokukhuluma zezingane: inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela futhi adle ingevu.

Yini ongakusho lokhu mkhuba?

inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi, zithi ingane akanandaba ubani uyamlalela nokuthi umuntu akayilaleli. ulimi loya muntu owayezicabangela owenza leli fomu, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukhuluma kuphela mayelana nami, lapho ingane akusho sizame ngisho nokuzama ukuqonda umbono interlocutors yabo. He dinga isithakazelo sobala kuphela, nakuba inkohliso ngokuba kuqondakala futhi wezwa, ingane kungenzeka kube khona. Wabuye akalingi inkulumo yakhe ukuba alinake umthelela ngomthombo, ingxoxo siku bona.

Izinhlobo yokukhuluma loya muntu owayezicabangela

Ngokuthakazelisayo futhi neqiniso lokuthi, njengoba kuchazwe Piaget, inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela nayo izigaba eziningana, ngayinye ngaphambilini nezakhi ezihlukene:

1. Ukuphindaphinda amagama.
2. Monologue.
3. "I Monologue abantu ababili."

Lezi zinhlobo ulimi loya muntu owayezicabangela zezingane esetshenziswa izingane ngaphansi isimo esithile futhi sinakekele izidingo zabo zesikhashana.

Uyini uphinda?

Impinda (echolalia) encompasses ukuphindaphinda cishe okungenangqondo kwamagama noma amaqoqo ezinhlamvu. Ingane Ekwenza khona ngenxa injabulo etholakala inkulumo, akazange oziqonda ngokugcwele izwi futhi awusebenzi noma ubani into ukhonkolo. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa siyizinsalela usana Babble futhi ayiqukethe kancane orientation nomphakathi. Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yokuphila kwengane uthanda ukuphinda amazwi wezwa, ukulingisa imisindo amaqoqo ezinhlamvu, ngokuvamile ngaphandle imali kulo ayikho injongo ekhethekile. Piaget ikholelwa ukuthi lobu umhlobo wekulumo ongafaneleki ukufana ezithile nge umdlalo, ngoba ingane iphindwa yemisindo noma amazwi ngenxa ukuzijabulisa.

Uyini Monologue?

Monologue njengoba inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela we ingane ingxoxo naye, njengomuntu imicabango elikhulu ngokuzwakalayo. Lokhu uhlobo inkulumo is hhayi iqondiswe interlocutor. Kulesi simo, izwi ngomntwana elihlobene ne-senzo. Umbhali ikhomba eliphezulu elandelayo kule, kubalulekile ukuqonda kahle monologues wengane:

• esebenza, ingane (ngisho nge ngokwami) baye ukusho futhi ukuba ahambe umdlalo kanye nokunyakaza ezahlukene futhi amazwi ukumemeza;
• lokuhambisana amagama nezenzo ukuthi kid ongaguqula isimo sengqondo isenzo noma asho okuthile ngaphandle ngalo ayikwazanga kube yiqiniso.

Siyini "Monologue ndawonye"?

"Monologue ngoba ababili", eyaziwa nangokuthi Monologue collective, uphindze uchazwe imininingwane ngemisebenzi Piaget. Umbhali ubhala ukuthi igama ifomu kuthatha inkulumo yezingane loya muntu owayezicabangela kungase kubonakale kancane eziphikisanayo, ngoba njengoba Monologue kungenziwa kwenziwe inkhulumomphendvulwano nomuntu? Nokho, lesi simo uvamise kubonakala izingxoxo zezingane. It kuzibonakalisa yokuthi phakathi nengxoxo zonke ingane inamathela kwamanye isenzo yayo noma ukucabanga, is ningayifuni izwakale ngempela futhi waqonda. Ngokusho interlocutor ukuthi ingane ayikaze uyakucabangela, ngokuba liyisihlalo uhlobo abaphikisi iyona ejenti causative of a wedwa.

Piaget ubiza Monologue lilonke ifomu social loya muntu owayezicabangela inkulumo izinhlobo. Ngemva ngokusebenzisa lolu hlobo ulimi umntwana ukhuluma azigcinanga ngokulethela yena yedwa kuphela, kodwa abanye. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingane ungalaleli lezi monologues, ngoba iphendulwa, ekugcineni, wena - aphume izinyane elikhulu uyacabanga izenzo zabo futhi ihlose ukuba badlulisele noma imuphi umcabango ukuze interlocutor.

imicabango yabantu eziphikisanayo sokusebenza kwengqondo

Ngokusho Piaget, thina ngoba ingane encane, ngokungafani omdala, ngisho ithuluzi yokuxhumana njengoba isenzo ezihambisana futhi imitative. Kusukela ngombono wakhe, ingane eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila kuyinto isicelo ku esiyi avaliwe. Piaget, esekelwe yokuthi inkulumo wengane loya muntu owayezicabangela senzeka, kanye eziningi ucwaningo, iza kulesi siphetho: Ukucabanga umntwana loya muntu owayezicabangela, okusho acabanga azigcinanga ngokulethela yena yedwa, engafuni ukuba baqonde, futhi ningayifuni ukuqonda indlela yokucabanga interlocutor.

Ucwaningo iziphetho Lva Vygotskogo

Kamuva, ucwaningo enjalo, Abacwaningi abaningi baye bathola ukulahlwa esiphethweni ethulwa ngenhla Piaget. Ngokwesibonelo, Lev Vygotsky - usosayensi Soviet kwengqondo - wagxeka ngokubona Swiss okungenangqondo obusebenzayo yokukhuluma loya muntu owayezicabangela ingane. Ngokuhamba ucwaningo lwakho siqu, njengalezo ekhiqizwa Zhan Piazhe, wafika esiphethweni kwabanye ephambene ngezinga imvume yokuqala wezifo Swiss.

Ukubuka entsha at lomkhuba yokukhuluma loya muntu owayezicabangela

Phakathi umhlala Vygotsky amaqiniso mayelana lo mkhuba egocentrism wengane kungenzeka acabangele okulandelayo:

1. Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza letivimbela imisebenzi ethile wengane (isibonelo, wathatha ngenkathi ukudweba amapensela ezithile umbala), sokucasuka inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela. umthamo wayo kulezi zimo kwandisa cishe kabili.
2. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukuchithela imisebenzi luyingxenye umsebenzi ekhululekile futhi yokuthi inkulumo wengane loya muntu owayezicabangela uvame ukuhambisana umdlalo noma ezinye izinhlobo imisebenzi zezingane, futhi kungaba neqhaza ezahlukene. Leli fomu yokukhuluma encompasses umsebenzi wokufundisa uhlelo ukuxazulula inkinga noma umsebenzi, ekubeni ngaleyo ndlela indlela eyingqayizivele yokucabanga.
3. inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela kuyafana kid ngaphakathi kwenkulumo omdala engqondo. Sinenkosi Kuningi ukufana okukhona phakathi: ikhono lokusungula, inkambo mfushane yokucabanga, ukungakwazi ukuqonda interlocutor ngaphandle komongo. Ngakho, enye izici eziyinhloko lesi simo sibangelwa ukudluliswa yokukhuluma inqubo kumiswa kusukela ngaphakathi kuya ngaphandle.
4. Eminyakeni eyalandela, onjengawo ingabe usekhona kodwa iba ukucabanga loya muntu owayezicabangela - inkulumo kwangaphakathi.
5. umsebenzi Intellectual zalesi simo ayikwazi kubhekwa umphumela walo oqondile waba egocentrism yokucabanga zezingane, ngoba phakathi imiqondo le, kukhona nhlobo uxhumano. Eqinisweni inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela masinya kuba uhlobo izindlela ngomlomo yokubhaliswa ukucabanga enengqondo encane.

Indlela aphendule?

Le miphumela babonakale njengabakhulekeli okunengqondo okuningi futhi usize ukuba ungakhathazeki ngokweqile uma ingane yakho ikhombisa izimpawu amafomu loya muntu owayezicabangela yokuxhumana. Phela, leli Hlobo luni lokucabanga olukhuthazwa alikhulumi focus kuphela ngokwakho noma maladjustment social, futhi ngakho ayisekho ukungasebenzi ingqondo okungathí sina yini, ezifana eside ngephutha ukudida ngayo izenzo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. inkulumo loya muntu owayezicabangela isigaba zesikhashana e ukuthuthukiswa ukucabanga okunengqondo wengane, futhi ekugcineni liphenduka wezangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo eziningi zanamuhla zithi ifomu loya muntu owayezicabangela yokukhuluma akufanele azame ukulungisa noma ukwelapha - kuba ngokuphelele evamile.