Xinhai Revolution e China: intuthuko futhi umphumela inguquko

Xinhai Revolution eChina siwumphumela engokwemvelo Inkinga wezwe ezijulile oye kwahlasela khona kule 19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi baba isidingo esisobala izinguquko ezinkulu profound kuleli zwe, kodwa ke uhulumeni kwaba kancane ukuba kabusha, nakuba ezinye izinyathelo Namanje ezithathwe kule siqondiso. Iningi ngokushesha andulela Icebo lika kuvukela enamandla kuzophinde lanyakazisa ubudala uhlelo kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe.

Movement for Reform

Xinhai Revolution e China, isimiso, sona sasingagwemeki uma sicabangela iqiniso lokuthi uye eside uMbuso waba ziyawohloka. Lokhu ngokusobala wawubonisa izenzakalo kwekhulu esandulele, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kwembulwa ubuthakathaka ukungakwazi isimo ukuze simelane kokubili izinxushunxushu zangaphakathi kanye ukuhlaselwa zangaphandle. Sikhuluma mayelana Taiping Rebellion kanye le-opium Izimpi. Lezi uthuthumele ezinkulu ezimbili wathola nobuthakathaka kuhulumeni, kodwa futhi kwaholela ukugcwaliseka ingxenye nezazi isidingo setingucuko esiphuthumayo imodeli Western Europe, kodwa ukulondolozwa amasiko okungokwesiko eChina naseNdiya imikhuba.

Izinguquko emnothweni

Xinhai Revolution e China kwabangelwa isidingo zomlando ukushintsha sonke isimiso kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. izinkomba abasekeli ngokuthi "ukuzithiba ukunikwa amandla" Kungenxa yokuvuselela olukhulu emphakathini uvele. ideologist wayo ayeyikhathalela ngokuyinhloko kwakuwukusiza Kang Yu-Wei. Kugcine wagxeka uhulumeni yasebukhosini kanye izingcingo ukuze umsebenzi wokwakha kabusha virtual kwalesi simiso esidala. Umsunguli wale nhlangano, ngokuvamile, zihlanganisa esifundazweni lendawo, lapho umongameli imizamo eqinile ukuze intuthuko kwimikhakha kwezomnotho. Bona industrialize, ukwakha izimboni, ukuthuthukisa emkhakheni wezezimali. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, isikhungo wahlala kancane ongangeneki, nakuba ngamagama ngisho kwezinye izimo, eqinisweni, asekelwe ukunyakaza ashisekela izinguquko. Nokho, Xinhai Revolution e China sasingagwemeki yingenxa uhlelo endala isiManchu lwamakhosi uye abaselona usizo walo. Ngesikhathi kwekhulunyaka ke zigcinwe sitfunti salo ngenxa onegunya Empress Cixi, kodwa ngisho umshana wakhe Guangxu ezathatha esihlalweni sobukhosi, kodwa kwaba ngaphansi kokunakekela kwakhe, kwaba inxusa ushintsho olukhulu.

kokubhikisha kwango

Isimo kuleli zwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu, zaba zimbi yi ukunganeliseki wendawo labantu Ukungena ezweni labantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Okokuqala, kumayelana izithunywa zevangeli, kanye ibhizinisi kanye zezimali izibalo. Izakhamuzi China babekholelwa ukuthi ithonya elithile eNtshonalanga Yurophu Uphatha kabi ukuthuthukiswa yezwe. Lezi zisho amazwi eziye zaholela yokuthi lonke izwe waqala ukuhlushwa nokuhlasela abafokazi, ekugcineni okuholele Boxer ukuvukelwa 1900.

ukunyakaza IMisa ukuze kulondolozwe kutati ephawula China e-Asia Awakening isikhathi. Xinhai Revolution baba ukubonakaliswa yayo yesiteleka kakhulu, kodwa kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe esingathí sina izinxushunxushu zangaphakathi zezombusazwe kuwo wonke umbuso. Nokho, Ekuqaleni, uhulumeni Qing mathintanyawo ngabe ukusekela lokho kuvukela, ekugcineni, lawela ohlangothini lwakhe. Ezweni lonke, yaqala nokuxoshwa bezinye izizwe. Kodwa ehola uthi Western Europe ngokushesha wabutha bayibutho elikhulu ukungasebenzi inkulumo futhi Cixi hulumende wente nokubuyisana. Kodwa kwakumane nje phefu yesikhashana ngaphambi ekuqhumeni entsha futhi ukuwa yokugcina yombuso.

Ngobusuku obandulela le Icebo lika

Xinhai Revolution e China ezihambisana negama Sun Yat-Sen, ngaleso kwekhulunyaka futhi ingeyamakhosi ukunyakaza Reform. Nokho, ngesikhathi izenzakalo ngenhla phakathi kwakhe abasekeli self-ukunikwa amandla kwakungelona ebucayini ephelele. Wayeyindoda abafundile kakhulu futhi wayenesithakazelo kugucuka olukhulu emazweni akubo. Lapha-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kule minyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kokuwa sokugcina umbuso isikhundla intsha Chinese isibe ekhuthele kakhulu, okuyinto, kokuba imfundo etholwe zesiLungu European, ukuba balwele ukuba Ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo okuphelele lonke uhlelo.

Njengenjwayelo, eminyakeni wesimo ezweni lonke baqala ukuvela umphakathi nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezazisekela isiqubulo wezinguquko. Lokhu kwakuba umehluko eliyisisekelo kusukela Boxer, owenza ngendlela hhayi izinguquko, futhi ukuqedwa ithonya sabafokazi okungukuthi, eqinisweni, wawususa iyiphi ezintsha e imodeli West Europe, kuyilapho adalwe Sun Yat-Sen Union wamemezela isidingo lokushintsha lwamakhosi ubudala kanye nokuvuselelwa kwazo ngokugcwele ohlelweni lonke.

kwekuhlela kabusha isikhungo

Kulezi zimo, uhulumeni akakwazanga ukuhlala sibukela. Eqaphela ukubaluleka kwalesi elwela izinguquko, kwahamba kuchungechunge izinyathelo (kodwa hhayi sisikhulu kakhulu) ukuze ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka emphakathini futhi lokubonisa ukuthi bazimisele ukushintsha. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, othathe izinyathelo ezimbalwa nesimanje impi, emajaji, kukhanselwe bendabuko luhlolo system for iqoqo bureaucracies futhi osungulwe izikole uhlelo. Babuyiselwa ekuthunjweni, futhi bathethelelwe ezinye abasekeli kunazo asebenzayo we ukunyakaza self-eqinisa, abaye bahlupheka ekuqaleni kwekhulu (abanye babulawa, kuyilapho abanye abangu ngaphansi hlaza, futhi baxoshwa ezweni). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthethosisekelo ochitshiyelwe lakhiwe futhi abeke phambili isiphakamiso abize ephalamende. Kodwa zonke lezi zithembiso azizange uzwakale obukholisayo kakhulu, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1908, i-Empress Dowager Cixi baba kwesiphetho sobala zokuvukela umbuso.

Ukulungiselela kanye Icebo lika

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, Xinhai Revolution e China ezihambisana negama Sun Yat-Sen. Waba umholi walo ngemibono kanye umhleli oqondile. Layidalile umfelandawonye abalandeli bakhe, okuyinto kancane kancane kwashesha njengoba ekwandeni inhlekelele yama-mbuso. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, edala imibono kohlelo esizayo. Sun uklame izimiso ezintathu eziyisisekelo okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo imfundiso yakhe ngekusasa China "ubuzwe" - kokugumbuqelwa engumfokazi, isiManchu lwamakhosi, "intando yeningi" - ukusungulwa oda republic-yeningi futhi inhlalakahle yabantu isimiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wadala inhlangano entsha ebizwa nge Tunmenhuey, eyaba ukusekelwa yibo bonke abasekeli ushintsho olukhulu. Ngu-1911 uMbuso kwakukhona isimo esikahle sokuxoxa eqhingeni lokuketula umbuso. Abalimi, akazange asijabulele lesi izinkinga zezomnotho, ngezikhathi wathatha izikhali. I-Centre, esikhundleni salokho, bamukela uchungechunge izinyathelo ukoma ukulawula sabantu, okwabangela ukunganeliseki nakakhulu. Xinhai Revolution e China senzeka ngo-1911: kwaqala eningizimu yezwe wathatha shanela ububanzi. Nokho, okokuqala Icebo lika umzamo, wehluleka, kodwa ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, umbuso wawa.

Isigaba sokuqala

A indima enkulu kuleli Icebo lika kudlalwa ibutho elisha, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona i inkulumo-ze asebenzayo ngokumelene umbuso. Kodwa okwabangela isinyathelo ahlomile wakhonza njengephayona Iqiniso ukusungulwa isimo omunye yezinkampani ezinkulu ku ukwakhiwa zinomsebenzi kwaloliwe. Lokhu kwabangela esinokuduma bothola ukunganeliseki, acute ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukuphazamiseka lamazwe angangeni ezindabeni zangaphakathi yezwe. Xinhai Revolution e China ngokuthi umcimbi, ezaqala ngo-omunye izifundazwe zaseningizimu Sichuan Empire ngo-September 1911. Ekuqaleni, lezi zihlubuki ehlaselwa iziteshi zamaphoyisa kanye umnyango intela, Nokho, ngemva mass komlandeli we-ukuboniswa bengahlomile endaweni kuso sonke isibalo sabantu uvukile, okuyinto ngisho akwazi ukuthwebula main city centre. Impumelelo ukusebenza kubangelwe ithonya imiphakathi eyimfihlo, okuyinto ngezikhathi zeziyaluyalu ngokuvamile esebenzayo. Nokho, izindleko ukulahlekelwa omkhulu uhulumeni namanje ayodambisa ukuvukela, kodwa anti-isiManchu inhliziyo eMbusweni namandla.

umlenze wesibili

Xinhai Revolution eChina, iminyaka 1911-1912, okuyinto, baqhubeka ngempela enamandla ukusebenza entsha division emzini Wuchang. Iphinde inkhulumo lengakalungiselelwa, kodwa baqala ukwazi kusengaphambili. Waqala nokubulawa baboshwe ke ecasula lidlule wonke Abezempi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-October 1911. Abavukeli wathatha zonke Tricity, kwakhiwa uhulumeni ayo, wabiza kokugumbuqelwa Qing BakwaHan, futhi isimo ngokwayo kwathiwa i-republic.

Izakhamuzi uhulumeni ashaqa nazo zonke amasheya emhlabathini, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, wakwazi ukunqoba phezu amalungu ibutho elisha, okuyinto iqhaza ngezindlela eziningi waqinisekisa impumelelo ukuvukela. Lesi sikhungo kwaba sina isikali bayazesaba ukunyakaza bememezana ekuthunjweni abanamakhono jikelele Yuan Shikai, uhulumeni wamthembisa ukuze ayodambisa ukuvukela, kodwa, njengoba usomaqhinga ezinhle futhi wenqaba ngoba akubukeki sengathi ibutho. Khona-ke uhulumeni ezama abize ephalamende bese uhulumeni, kodwa lezi zinyathelo ungazange kwaholela lutho. izenzo Tough iziphathimandla e nokucindezela eziningi namadolobha usethe abantu nakakhulu ngokumelene isikhungo, futhi ekugcineni Supreme Council Chamber abe esehlanganyela naye Republican, bafune ukuphiwa uphenyo.

Isigaba sesithathu

Xinhai Revolution eChina, izimbangela zazo - esibucayi ojulile zezombusazwe kanye buthakathaka kombuso, imzuzele okwandile ngemva lapho izifundazwe eziningi eningizimu bajoyine amavukelambuso. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, isikhungo futhi wazama ukuxoxa Chicane. Wafuna ukubuya ngenxa yosizo lwakhe kwale mibandela elandelayo: a ushwele jikelele, ukudluliswa kuye wawo wonke amandla, ukubiza ePhalamende kanye iKhabhinethi. Nakuba zombili zazisemhlabeni lezi zingxoxo, sokuvukela entsha Kwagqashuka Okthoba ngawo lowo nyaka e Shijiazhuang, okuyinto kusondele senyukele umkhankaso jikelele ngokumelene Beijing ngoba kokugumbuqelwa lwamakhosi. Lesi senzakalo asizange ivumelane Shikai, owayenganikela angasondeli. Kuphela ngemuva kokuthi kubulawe omunye wabaholi entsha ibutho mutiny imisiwe okwesikhashana.

Esigabeni sesine

Xinhai Revolution eChina, kulandele inkulumo emfushane ku nezikhathi zako ezisemqoka, lakhula ngokushesha engxenyeni enkulu ngenxa yokuthi Amavukelambuso wajoyina amabutho ibutho. Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo ku inhloko-dolobha yombuso waqala ukwethuka: amalungu amaningi isiManchu izikhulu ngokuxhamazela zihambile. Ngalesi sikhathi, sibalo Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile atholwe Shikai, okuyinto, empeleni ngu kokuvala igunya kaKesari, wagabadela amandla umbusi ophakeme, undunankulu.

Nokho, ukuvukela laqhubeka landa ngesivinini. Ekupheleni kuka-October, ngemva kwenye waqala ibutho labavukeli we Nanyang. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, Shikai bacela ukusekelwa athile Western, ababenethemba alibeke phansi ukuvukela. Nokho, ngokuvamile ngokwakhe ayengeke ekujaheni ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo, ngoba ukuze silondoloze amandla nethonya yabo, ngekhono ezazinamandla phakathi Republican kanye kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla. Zombili izinhlangothi zafuna ukuba acele ukusekela kwakhe, futhi kwaphela isikhathi esithile akangenanga ukukulungisa evulekile ahlomile, enethemba lokuthi isiphetho esinokuthula. Shikai futhi besatshiswa asebukhosini kungenzeka ukubhujiswa ngokomzimba kanye Republican ezisengozini nokucindezela kuvukela. Wafuna isidingo lapho sebebuswa inkosi ngokomthethosisekelo, kodwa Abashokobezi yafuna republic, ukwamukela iqiniso lokuthi jikelele yena abe ngumengameli. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uMbuso baqhubeka le nqubo yokuzihlukanisa kusukela maphakathi eziningi izifundazwe.

izenzo Shikai

Xinhai Revolution eChina, esibonakala by izinkathi nezinsuku ozinikeziwe kakhulu, ongene isigaba eziningana okwathatha isikhathi eside kangako ekwindla 1911 ngenxa izingxoxo phakathi kwezinyunyana nondunankulu omusha, iziphathimandla yasebukhosini kanye Republican. Nokho, eqaphela ukuthi i-nasekuqiniseni kwegunya layo, kubalulekile ukuba ugxumele, wahlela uhambo ingajezisa kuya eningizimu ukuze ukusabisa izihlubuki, futhi ambonise amandla akhe. Ukuthatha Hanyang, wanquma ukuyeka lapho, njengoba ukunqotshwa okuphelele Republican kwakungeyona ingxenye izinhlelo zakhe, ayecabanga ukuthi uyoyithola ukuqhubeka ukuwuqondisa phakathi kwawo amabutho yasebukhosini.

Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, kusho uNdunankulu usephendukele ebucayini lezi zihlubuki: waphetha isivumelwano nabo, owawuthi Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye ezimbili: enyakatho, lapho amakhosi ohlanga oCwebileyo, futhi eningizimu, lapho Republic yasungulwa. Shikai kubhekwe kanye Republican ithuba lokuba umfundi umongameli, ngenkathi kancane kancane kungagcini amandla negunya kubaholi yasebukhosini. Akhe submission owayengumbusi anti zombusi, ababengakholelwa ukujabulela ithonya. Isifundo "Xinhai Revolution e China" Kuyathakazelisa ngoba ikhombisa swiftness we kombuso, futhi irreversibility ngokuwa kwalo mbuso. Nokho, Republican mbuso zehlulekile sifinyelele ubunye obugcwele. Lokhu kwakufaneleka ikakhulukazi kunjalo phakathi nezingxoxo ngoDisemba 1911, lapho i-Nyakatfo ukwenza cohesively, kuyilapho eningizimu lahlukaniswa. Ngenxa yokuthi ezingxoxweni yadonsa nge Chic, Republican wasinika amandla ukuze le Sun Yat-Sen, kodwa isimo ukuthi ukunikeza post yakhe uma ngowokuqala azivumelani. Isikhathi esifushane ehhovisi, wakwazi hlanganani amabutho eningizimu ndawonye bese udala iSigele ukulawula yesikhashana. Khona-ke Shikai wathi mayelana isidingo sokulondoloza yokubusa kwamakhosi, kanye eningizimu, esikhundleni salokho, babemsongela nge yombango.

ukusungulwa republic

Imiphumela Xinhai Revolution e China ibalulekile kakhulu esikhathini esizayo balelizwe, njengoba zaholela kokugumbuqelwa Qing BakwaHan. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-February 1915, futhi jikelele ezamenyezelwa nguMengameli wakuleli.

Sun Yat-sen ngentshisekelo ubumbano lukazwelonke wakhala igunya lakhe Chicane Jikelele, obize ephalamende enyakatho. Nokho, lokhu umzimba uhlulekile ukwakha uhulumeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, umbusi omusha sizame ukubuyisela umbuso oye aphikiswa eqinile kuleli zwe. Imiphumela Xinhai Revolution e China kulinganiselwa ehlukile-mlando, abaningi babo bathi bikho kohlelo olulodwa kusuka nabavukeli, jikelele iqembu kubumbana.

Shikai 1915 yazibeka umbusi futhi ngesizotha ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele esigodlweni, ngokumemezela isidingo ukubuyiselwa oludala. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ukusebenza iningizimu entsha Republican. Ngemva Xinhai Revolution e China washintsha isimo sangaphandle zezombusazwe kuleli zwe. Omunye imiphumela yalo ebaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukuhlukana isimo Mongolia, okuyinto ithola uzibuse walo.