Ukukhwabanisa eChina ngo-1850-1864

Ukukhwabanisa eChina (1850-1864 gg.) - esinye sezigameko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezwe. Yisiphi isizathu sokuqala kwempi yezilwane futhi lo mcimbi wathinta kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kombuso? Funda kabanzi ngalokhu.

I-China ekupheleni kokuvukela

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, i-China yangena esikhathini esibucayi esiyinkimbinkimbi esamukela yonke imikhakha yokuphila kahulumeni. Ukubonakaliswa kwayo kwezombangazwe kwakuyikukhula kwamazwi aphikisana noManchurian (kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 umbuso weQing, oholwa yinkosi yaseManchu, wawusemandleni) kanye nokuphakama kwezinguquko. Le nkinga yaba isizathu esikhulu sokuvalwa "kwezwe ngokuhweba nabathengisi baseBrithani nabamaNdiya. Ukuzihlukanisa kwe-China kwaholela eMpini Ye-Opium yokuqala ne-England. Ngenxa yezenzo ezinonya zase-European states ngenqubomgomo "yokuvala" sekuphelile. I-China yaqala ukuphenduka ikoloni elincane.

Ukunqotshwa kweMpi Ye-Opium yokuqala kanye nokuhlasela okuqhubekayo komnotho wezwe ngendlunkulu yangaphandle kwakunqanda ukuhlonishwa kobukhosi obubusayo. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi e-China ukuthi kuzalwa imbono entsha yokuphikisa, oyise u-Hun Xiuquan.

I-Ideology ye-Taiping

I-Hong Xiuquan ingumholi omkhulu we-movement ye-Taiping. Wazalelwa ngo-1813 eduze kwaseGuzhou. Uyise wayengumphathi waseShayina ohluphekile. Umholi wesikhathi esizayo wovuko lwaseTaiping wazama ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuphawula ukuhlolwa okhethekile ukugcwalisa okuthunyelwe kombuso. Nokho, yonke imizamo yakhe ayiphumelelanga. Kwakuyizikhathi zokufunda kwakhe e-Guangzhou ukuthi wajwayele imibono yobuKristu eyenele ukungena kuleli zwe ngemisebenzi yezinkonzo zaseYurophu. U-Hun Xiuquan waqala ukutadisha inkolo engajwayelekile. Kakade ngo-1843 wadala inhlangano yobuKristu ebizwa ngokuthi iNhlangano kaBaba waseZulwini.

Ake sicabangele imibono eyisisekelo yezimfundiso zeHung Xiuquan.

1. Kwakusekelwe embonweni woZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uHei Xiuquan wazibandakanya ekubunjweni kwakhe njengomfowabo omncane kaJesu Kristu. Ngokuqondene nalokhu, wahumusha zonke izenzo zakhe ngokuthi "ukubikezelwa kukaNkulunkulu."
2. I-Hong Xiuquan nayo yahlatshwa umxhwele umqondo wamaKristu 'wombuso kaNkulunkulu.' Ihambisana nemibono yasendulo yamaShayina "yomphakathi onobulungisa". Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, amaTaipin athuthukisa umqondo wokulingana nobuhlobo obuseduze.
3. Isici sesici somqondo weTaiping kwakuyi-orientation yayo yokulwa noManchurian. Ezintshumayelweni zakhe, wathi ubukhosi bamaKing kumele buqotshwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Taiping ifuna ukubhujiswa ngokomzimba kweManchuria.
4. Abalandeli bakaHiijing Xiuquan baphikisana noConfucianism nezinye izinkolo ezingezinye, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo baboleka kuzo imibono ethile (isibonelo, umqondo wokuthi "ukuzinikela kocansi").
5. Umgomo oyinhloko wenhlangano ukudala iTaiping Tianguo (Izwe laseZulwini leNtuthuko Enhle).

Ukuqala kokuvukela nokwaziswa kwesikhathi

Ehlobo lika-1850, ukuvukela kukaJingtian kwaqala. I-Taiping ithole lesi simo ezweni elihle ngenkulumo evulekile emelene nombuso wezwe, owawunqotshwa ubukhosi be-Qing. Izihlubuki ezingu-10 000 zagxila endaweni yaseJintian Village eningizimu yeSifundazwe saseTuxixi.

NgoJanuwari 11, 1850, lo mbuso wamemezelwa ngokomthetho.

Esigabeni sokuqala somzabalazo, iTaiping yafakwa njengomgomo wayo oyinhloko wokukhulula iChina. I-Qing (ubukhosi, obusa lapha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100) bubizwa ngokuthi isitha futhi kufanele buqotshwe.

Ngokuvamile, abacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi ukuvukela eTaiping eChina kwahamba ngezigaba ezine eziyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni kwayo:

Isigaba 1 sihlanganisa iminyaka 1850-1853. Lesi yisikhathi sokuphumelela okukhulu kwebutho laseTaiping. Ngo-September 1851, wathatha umuzi waseYun'an. Bekulapha lapho izisekelo zombuso weTaiping zibekwa khona.

Iminyaka emibili - 1853-1856. Ukuqala kwenkathi entsha yomzabalazo kubonisa ukuthunjwa komuzi waseNanjing ngabashushisi. Ngalesi sikhathi ama-taipians athumele amabutho amakhulu ukuze bandise isimo sabo.

Isikhathi sesithathu sempi yezilwane eChina saqala kusukela ngo-1856 kuya ku-1860. Ngesikhathi ihambisana ne-Second Opium War.

Isigaba 4 sihlanganisa iminyaka 1860-1864. Kwabekwa uphawu lokungenelela kwezempi kwamandla aseWestern Europe eChina nokuzibulala eHiijing Xiuquan.

Isigaba sokuqala sempi

Ngo-1851, iTaiping yathuthela enyakatho yeT Guangxi. Lapha bahlala edolobheni laseYun'an, lapho bakha khona uhulumeni wabo.

Ekhanda lombuso omusha waba nguYan Xiuqing. Wathola isikhundla esiphakeme ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "iNkosana yaseMpumalanga" (futhi wathola isihloko esithi "umemezeli kaNkulunkulu") futhi wagxila ezandleni zakhe ukuphathwa nokuhola kwebutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhloko yombuso weTaiping kwaba ezinye izikhulu ezintathu (eNtshonalanga - Xiao Chaoguy, North - Wei Changhui naseNingizimu - Feng Yunshan) nomsizi wabo uShi Dakai.

Ngo-December 1852, i-Taiping Army yasuka eMfuleni waseYangtze, empumalanga yezwe. NgoJanuwari 1853, bakwazi ukuhlala esifundeni esibalulekile - iTricitye Wuhan, ehlanganisa imizi efana neWuchang, Hanyang neHankou. Impumelelo yezempi yeTaiping Army yaba nomthelela ekuthandeni kwemibono kaHiijing Xiuquan phakathi kwabantu bendawo, ngakho-ke lezi zinhlu zezigameko zazilokhu zigcwaliswa. Ngo-1853, inani labahlubuki lidlula abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-500.

Ngemva kokuthunjwa kweWuhan Tricity, ibutho elihlubukile lathuthela esifundazweni sase-Anhui futhi lahlala imizi yalo ebaluleke kakhulu.

Ngo-March 1853, iTaiping yahlasela elinye lamadolobha amakhulu kunawo wonke e-China, eNanjing, okwakusenhloko-dolobha yezwe lawo. Lo mcimbi wabonisa ukuphela kokuqala nokuqala kwesigaba sesibili sempi yezilwane.

Inhlangano yombuso weTaiping

Impi yezilwane e-China yaqala ngo-1850, futhi ngonyaka kamuva eningizimu yezwe isimo saseTaiping sakhiwa. Ake sicabangele izimiso eziyisisekelo zenhlangano yayo ngokuningiliziwe.

• Kusukela ngo-1853, inhloko-dolobha yombuso kwakuyi-Nanking.
• Esikhathini saso, uTaiping Tianguo wayengumbuso.
• Ngokwemvelo - umbuso ongokwasezulwini (abahlukumezi bafuna ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwesonto kanye nezikhungo zamandla).
• Iningi labantu laliyizilimi. Izidingo zabo, njengombuso, zagcwaliseka nguhulumeni.
• Inhloko ephakanyiswayo yombuso kwakunguHun Xiuquan, kodwa empeleni wonke amandla ayesezandleni ze "Prince WaseMpumalanga" nethi "isikhulu sikaNkulunkulu" u-Ian Syutin.

Ngo-1853 idokhumenti ebaluleke kunazo zonke yashicilelwa enesihloko esithi "I-Land System System yaseNtshonalanga". Eqinisweni, yaba nguMthethosisekelo wesifunda saseTaiping esanda kumiswa. Lo mthetho awuqinisekisi nje kuphela izisekelo zomgomo wezolimo, kepha futhi nezimiso eziyisisekelo zenhlangano yokuphatha yezwe.

"Uhlelo lomhlaba weDynasty yaseZulwini" luhlinzekelwe ukuhlelwa kwemiphakathi yama-paramilitary patriarchal. Ngakho-ke, yonke imindeni yamazwe angama-25 yakha umphakathi ohlukile. Kusukela emndenini ngamunye, umuntu oyedwa kwakudingeka enze umsebenzi wezempi.

Kusukela ehlobo lika-1850, uhlelo oluthiwa "amagumbi angcwele" lwasungulwa phakathi kweTaiping. Kulabo, abahlukumezi nemikhaya yabo bathola ukudla, imali kanye nezingubo. "Isitoreji esingcwele" sigcwaliswa ngenxa yokukhishwa kwesigodi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, impahla yangasese yayivinjelwe eMbusweni waseTaiping.

UMthethosisekelo omusha woMbuso waseTaiping, empeleni, wawuhlanganisa amaphupho abahlali ngokuphathelene nokulingana nokubhujiswa kwezindawo ezinkulu ezihlala phansi. Noma kunjalo, le dokhumenti yabhalwa ngolimi "lwezincwadi", elingaziwa kubantu abaningi. Yingakho uMthethosisekelo awuzange ube yisisekelo senqubomgomo yangempela yabaholi bokuvukela kukaTaiping.

Isigaba sesibili sempi

Ukuvuka kukaTaiping kusukela ngo-1853 kuthola amandla amasha. Ukuqala kwesiteji esisha sempi kubonisa ukuthunjwa kwabahlukumezi ngedolobha elikhulu kunazo zonke laseChina lakwaNanking. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-Taiping yayinomzabalazo osebenzayo wokwandisa imingcele yombuso wayo omusha.

Ngo-May 1853, kunqunywe ukuqala iNorthern Expedition. Umgomo wayo oyinhloko kwakuwukuthi uthathe iBeijing, inhloko-dolobha yaseChina. Amabutho amabili athunyelwa eNyakatho Expedition. NgoJuni, ukuthunjwa kwe-Huayzia okungaphumeleli kwenzeka. Khona-ke amasosha athuthela esifundeni saseShanxi, bese - uZhili.

Ngo-Okthoba, ibutho laseTaiping lafika eTianjin (indawo yokugcina eya eBeijing). Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi amabutho ayebuthakathaka kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakubusika obukhulu. AmaTaipin ahluphekile hhayi kuphela emakhazeni, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinhlinzeko. I-Taiping Army yalahlekelwa ngabaningi bezempi. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekunqothulweni kwezihlubuki emkhankasweni waseNyakatho. NgoFebhuwari 1854, lezi zinqola zashiya esifundazweni saseTianjin.

Eqinisweni, ngesikhathi esifanayo neNyakatho yaqala umkhankaso waseWestern we-Taiping Army. Amandla okuhlubuka aholwa nguShi Dakai. Inhloso yalo mkhankaso ukukhulisa imingcele yombuso waseTaiping entshonalanga yeNanjing bese uthatha amasimu amasha phakathi noMfula iYangtze. NgoJuni, lezi zihlubuki zakwazi ukubuyisela umuzi olahlekile we-Anqing, bese-kanye namanye amaphuzu abalulekile. Ebusika ngo-1855, ibutho laseShi Dakaya laphinde lanqoba imizi yaseTrekhograd, iWuhan.

Ngokuvamile, umkhankaso waseWestern waphumelela kakhulu eTaiping. Umngcele wombuso wabo wanda kakhulu entshonalanga yedolobha laseNanjing.

Inkinga yombuso weTaiping

Naphezu kwenqwaba yemikhankaso yempi ephumelelayo, ngo-1855 inhlekelele yaqala embusweni osanda kumiswa, owawuthola yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi. Izindawo zaseTaiping zivukile futhi zihlangene nokusekelwa okuthandwa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, abaholi bakhe behlulekile ukuqaphela izinhlelo zabo eziningi, futhi uMthethosisekelo wezwe waba, ngokuyinhloko, ongabambalwa.

Ngalesi sikhathi, inani lezikhulu landa kakhulu. Ngo-1856, babengasekho 4, kodwa bangaphezu kuka-200. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaholi baseTaiping baqala ukuzihlukanisa nabantu abavamile. Phakathi nempi, akekho owayekhulume ngokulingana jikelele nobuzalwane.

Inkinga ibambe futhi isistimu yamandla. Eqinisweni, amaTaipins abhubhisa isistimu yesifunda esidala futhi ngokubuyisela ayengakwazi ukuhlela uhlelo olufanele. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwavela ukungezwani phakathi kwababusi. I-apogee yalokhu kwakuyi-coup coup d'état. Ngobusuku ngo-September 2, 1860, u-Ian Syucin nomndeni wakhe babulawa. Leli zwe libhekene nokuthuthumela. Akubhubhiswanga kuphela abalandeli baka-Ian Syutin, kodwa amanye amaVans (Shi Dakaya). I-coup de état ka-September 2, 1860, yayiyingxenye yokushintsha emlandweni wempi yezilwane futhi yabonisa ukuqala kwesigaba sayo sesithathu.

I-Second Opium War

Ukuqala kwesigaba sesithathu somzabalazo weTaiping ngokumelene nenkosi yaseManchuriya kwaphawulwa yiMpi Ye-Second Opium. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvukela kukaTaiping kwalahlekelwa amandla, futhi umbuso osanda kumiswa waphoqeleka ukuthi ube khona ezimweni zokuhlukunyezwa kwezempi zase-Western.

Isizathu sokugqashuka kwempi kwakuboshwa umkhumbi waseBrithani u-Arrow eChina.

Ngo-1857, amabutho ase-Anglo-French ahlangene athatha i-Guangzhou. Ngemva konyaka bahlala eTianjin - iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu elikude eBeijing.

Ngo-1858, isivumelwano seTianjin Peace Treaty sisayinwe. UMbuso WamaQing waphoqeleka ukuba uthinte. Kodwa-ke, ngaphambi nje kokugunyazwa kwesivumelwano sokuthula, umbusi waseChina wamemezela ukuqhubeka kwempi.

Ngo-Agasti 1860, amasosha ase-Anglo-French aphinde ahlala eTianjin. Impi enqabile yaba khona ngoSeptemba 21 eBaliciao Bridge (endaweni yaseTongzhou). Ibutho lamaShayina lahluleka. Ngo-Okthoba 1860, amabutho ase-Anglo-French ahlangene eBeijing. Uhulumeni waseShayina waphoqeleka ukuba aqale izingxoxo.

Ngo-Okthoba 25, 1860, kusayinwe iSivumelwano saseBeijing. Imiphumela yaso eyinhloko yayilandelayo:

1. I-England neFrance bathola ilungelo elikhethekile lokudala abameli babo eBeijing.
2. E-China, kwavulwa amachweba amahlanu amasha okuhweba ngaphandle.
3. Abafokazi (abathengisi nabadibanisi) banelungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekile ezweni lonke.
4. UTianjin wabizwa ngokuthi idolobha elivulekile.

Isigaba sesine nokuphela kokuvukela

Ukuvukela kukaTaiping ngo-1860-1864. Wayengasenamandla kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso osanda kumiswa waphoqeleka ukuba usuke emisebenzini yempi ekhuthele ukuze avikele. Isikhathi sesine sempi yezilwane e-China sibonakala ngokuguquka kwe-United States, iBrithani neFrance ukuvula ukungenela kwezempi ezweni.

Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60, naphezu kokubuthakathaka kwebutho, iTaiping yaphumelela ukunqoba ukunqoba okuyinhloko. Amasosha aholwa nguLi Siuchen aya ezifundeni ezisogwini. Lapha bakwazi ukuwina amachweba amakhulu - idolobha laseHuangzhou nezinye izikhungo zaseZhejiang naseJiangsu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iTaiping yenza uhambo oluya eShanghai. Kodwa-ke, bebengakwazi ukuwuthatha umuzi.

Ngo-1861, ukuhlaselwa kwamandla okuphikisana nakho kwaqala.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iBrithani, i-France ne-United States bathuthele ekuvulelekeni ukuvukela iTaiping. Ngo-1863, ogwini olusenyakatho loMfula waseYangtze lwalulawulwa yinkosi yaseQing. AmaTaipines ayephoqeleka ukuba ashiye zonke izifundazwe ezisogwini.

Ngo-1864, ukuhlukana kwamaManchu, kusekelwa amabutho aseWestern Europe, kwazungeze iNanking. Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphezu kuka-100 000 iTaipingas yabhujiswa. Kwavela indlala enamandla edolobheni.

U-Hong Xiuquan waqaphela ukungazelelwe kwalesi simo wazibulala. Ngemuva kokufa kwakhe, ubuholi bukaNanjing bubekwe ezandleni zikaLi Xucheng. NgoJulayi 1864, amabutho empi aphakamisa izindonga zedolobha futhi awela enhloko-dolobha kaTaiping Tiangu. ULi Xucheng nombutho omncane wakwazi ukuhamba eNanjing. Nokho, ngemuva kokuthunjwa nokubulawa.

Ngakho-ke, ngo-1864, impi yaseTaiping yaphela. Amandla abo amakhulu abhujiswe, futhi abaholi bovuko babulawa. Izikhumba zokugcina zokumelana namabutho empi zazixoshwa ngo-1868.

Imiphumela kanye nemiphumela yempi ephikisayo

KuMbuso We-Qing, ukuvukela kukaTaiping kwaba ukushaqeka okukhulu. Lanciphisa izisekelo ze-feudal system kanye nomnotho wezwe. Imizi kanye namachibi amakhulu kwabhujiswa, ukuvukela kwaholela ekubhujisweni kwabantu abaningi baseChina.

I-Taiping Tianguo yaba yilapho kuhlolwa okukhulu kwezenhlalakahle, lapho izixuku eziningi zezilwane zazibandakanyeka khona.

Impi yezilwisana nayo yaba nethonya elikhulu esimweni sobukhosi be-Qing. Isikhundla sakhe ezweni sazamazama, futhi ukusekelwa kwabantu kwalahleka. Ukuze kucindezeleke imibhikisho eminingi, i-elite ebusayo yaphoqeleka ukuba iphendukele kubanikazi bamazwe amakhulu ukuze basize. Lokhu kwaholela ekuqiniseni isikhundla sabanikazi bezindlu. Ngenxa yalokho, isizwe samaHan Chinese (isiShayina) saqala ukuhlanganyela kuhulumeni wezwe, futhi kulezi zixhobo zombuso inani lamanchuras lahlehla. Ema-60. E-China, amaqembu wesifunda ayaqinisa. Lokhu kuholela ekutheni amandla okwakhiwa kukahulumeni ophakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nekhulu le-XIX emlandweni waseChina kwaphawulwa ezinye iziphakamiso ezinkulu.

Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18, impi yabantu baseMiao endaweni yaseGuizhou yaqhubeka. Ngo-1862, ukuvukela okukhulu kwabantu baseDungan kwaqala, okwasusa izifundazwe zaseShanxi naseGansu. Ngo-1855, kwaqhamuka impi ephikisana nohulumeni endaweni yaseYunnan. Ukubamba iqhaza kuwo kwakuthathwa ngabantu baseHui, abathi bangamaSulumane. Zonke lezi ziphakamiso zithonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni phambili kweChina kanye nobuhlobo bayo namazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu.