I-Social Revolution

Ukuguquka kwezenhlalakahle yinguquko eguquguqukayo, esheshayo futhi enobudlova emphakathini , kanye nezinhlelo eziyisisekelo zokubaluleka ezikhona emphakathini. I-revolution ingenye yezindlela zokuvuselela umphakathi osungulwe, osesigaba sesiguquko.

Ezikhathini ezihlukahlukene zomlando, i-geography yenqubo yokuguqula yanda. Ukuguqulwa kwamabhuntshi eYurophu kwasakazwa ngale ndlela elandelayo: Holland - 1566-1609; I-England - 1640-1660; I-France - 1789-1794. Ekhulwini le-XIX, inani lezinguquko landa, futhi lisakazeka ezindaweni eziningi.

Ukuguquka kwezenhlalakahle kubangelwa ngenxa yesimo sezinkinga ezinkulu, ngenxa yokuthi isimo esifanayo siyadalwa. Njengombuso, iphuzu elibucayi liza ngenxa yokunqotshwa kwemisebenzi yezempi, umsebenzi wezepolitiki ongaphumelelanga, obangela ukunganeliseki emphakathini omkhulu.

ENgilandi ibhekene nenkinga enkulu yezezimali ngaphambi kokuguquka. Isimo sezenhlalakahle sasivezwa ukuzingelwa okukhulu kwamaPuritan, aphikisana ne-absolutism futhi alwela ukuguqulwa kwe-bourgeois ukuze enze isonto elisha elizozimela ngaphansi kwamandla amakhosi. Kodwa ikamu labaphikisayo lalingabumbene futhi lihlangene. Phakathi kwamaPuritan phakathi ne-revolution, kwavela izimo ezintathu: i-Presbyterian (i-bourgeoisie enkulu); Izinduna (ubukhulu obuphakathi nendawo encane, i-strata ephakathi yedolobhakazi); Levellers (abalimi abampofu kakhulu kanye ne-proletariat).

I-Presbyterian yamanje ifuna izidingo zokuvimbela ukulungiswa kombuso kanye nokusungulwa kobukhosi bombuso. Bawuthatha isikhundla esiphambili futhi bawagcina esikhathini esukela ngo-1640 kuya ku-1648, ngokushintshwa kokuthuthukiswa okunokuthula kwezinguquko empini yombango.

Ama-Independent, aholwa nguCromwell, alwela ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko yezikhonzi zabo, ekuqedeni ukugxilwa kwebandla kanye nokwakhiwa kwemiphakathi yenkolo yendawo. Umphumela wezenzo zokuguqulwa kwaba ukuqedwa kobukhosi kanye nokusungulwa kweRiphabhuliki (1649-1653).

I-Levellers iphakamise umbono wobuntu, ukulingana, ukungahambi kahle kwempahla yangasese, kanye nokumenyezelwa kwe-republic. Bahluleka ukuthatha amandla, kodwa amaphuzu ambalwa ohlelweni lwawo amukelwa nguhulumeni omusha.

Ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalakahle eFrance kwakungenxa yenkinga eyandulela yona ngo-1789. Umgcinimafa wombuso wawungenalutho ngenxa yenkunkuma eminingi yegceke, emkhakheni wezemboni kanye nokuhweba, ukuguqulwa kwaphawula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-1789 yisikhathi sokuqala kwendlala ebangelwa isivuno esibi. Ngakho-ke, ngoJulayi 14, 1789, abantu baseFrance bavuka ukuze balwe, okuqeda ukuba khona kwenkosi yobukhosi.

Ama-radicals-uJacobins abamba amandla avela eMhlanganweni oPhetheko ngethemba lokukwakha isimo sobuhle nobulungiswa. Ngaleso sikhathi, uMtsetfosisekelo wamukelwa, lokwahlukaniswa nemtsetfo wekusebentisa intando yeningi yemitsetfo yayo. Ukunyakaza okukhulu kwadala umphakathi wokulingana. Ukufeza umgomo osetshenziselwa izinyathelo ezinzima kakhulu: ukwesaba, ukucindezelwa, ukuboleka okuphoqelelwe kwabacebile, ukusungulwa kwezintengo eziqinile zezimpahla, izinga lomholo omkhulu. I-Convent, eyashintsha uhlelo lukaJakoin, yaqeda izinqumo eziningi zeziphathimandla zangaphambilini, futhi yaqala ukungalingani kwezenhlalo.

Izimpikiswano eYurophu zakha kanje: kusukela ekubuseni kombuso wase-republic kuya ekulawuleni umbuso wamabutho, futhi kusukela kulo kuze kube kubuyiselwe ubukhosi. Ngakho, eNgilandi kwenzeka ngo-1660, eFrance - ngo-1814-1815.

Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwezenhlalakahle eNgilandi kwaholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla alobukhosi, futhi eFrance, naphezu kokugcina indima yayo ehola, ekuqothulweni kwe-absolutism.