I-Orlov Alexander Mikhailovich (Leib Lazarevich Feldbin), isisebenzi se-USSR NKVD: i-biography

Ngo-1952, umagazini odumile waseMelika u-Life, washicilela uchungechunge lwezihloko ezaba nomzwelo. Kuzo, umbhali, owayengumphathi wezobuchwepheshe waseSoviet, futhi ngaleso sikhathi umsolwa owabalekela ngasese eNtshonalanga - u-Igor Konstantinovich Berg - wadalula amaqiniso afakaza ngobugebengu bobukhosi bukaStalin, awaziwa, njengoba ayebizwa, kusukela ngaphakathi, nalapho ayekhona khona ubuhlobo obuqondile. Ubani le ndoda futhi yini eyamenza ashiye izwe lakubo?

Isikrini sesikhathi esizayo sobusha

Igama lakhe langempela nguLeib Lazarevich Feldbin. Wazalwa ngo-Agasti 21, 1895 emndenini wamaJuda, owayehlala edolobheni laseBobruisk esifundazweni saseMinsk. Ngakho-ke wayeyophila konke ukuphila kwakhe kuleli dolobha elide ukusuka enhloko-dolobha, kodwa ngo-1916, ekuphakameni kweMpi Yezwe I, wathola amakhomishana futhi waphoqeleka ukuba agqoke isambatho sesosha. Kodwa-ke, izintambo ezineqhwa zezikhundla eziphakeme azizange zilinde le Leib Feldbin osemncane, owakhonza ngemuva kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kokuguqulwa kukaFebhuwari.

Ngokwehluleka kakhulu ekuthambekeni kwezepolitiki ezasusa iRussia ngemuva kokuwa kwezombusazwe, ngoFebruwari 1917 wajoyina i-United Internationalists party, eyayiyinye yezinto ezidalwe yiSo Social Democrats. Kodwa emaphethelweni ale nhlangano akazange ahlale isikhathi eside - ngemuva kokuba phakathi kwe-Red Army emaphethelweni weMpi Yombango, uLeib waba yilungu le-RCP (b).

Lev Lazarevich - isisebenzi esikhethekile somnyango

Njengoba efunde kusukela ebuntwaneni ubuhlungu bobumpofu nokuhlazeka kwezwe okwenziwe ngumthetho odumile ku-Pale of Settlement kumaJuda, wayekholelwa ngenhliziyo yonke ngemibono ephakeme iBolsheviks eyamemezela umgomo wemisebenzi yabo yezombangazwe. ULeib wayeseneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu nje kuphela, futhi ngakho konke okusemandleni akhe ebusheni wakhuphuka ekulweni nalabo, ngokusho kwezithombe zakhe, abavimbela ukuthokoza kwenjabulo yonke.

Ngo-1920, waba isisebenzi seCandelo eliKhethekile le-12 Army futhi wahlanganyela ekuvezeni nasekuqedeni izinhlangano eziphikisana nazo e-Ukraine. Ngalokhu okuvelele kuleli cala ukulwa okuvelele kanye nezimfanelo zenhlangano, uLeyba ukhethwa umphathi wonyaka ozayo wesonto elikhethekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ushintsha igama lakhe nesibongo, ngakho-ke kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuzo zonke izincwadi zibalwa njengoLevi Lazarevich Nikolsky.

Izigaba zokukhula okusemthethweni nokufunda eMoscow

Ngo-1921, leli qembu lathumela i-Lev Lazarevich ku-Arkhangelsk, ukuphatha ingxenye eyimfihlo. Lapha, ngesikhathi esifushane, uqokwa njengenhloko yomnyango wezobuchwepheshe kanye nophenyo futhi ugunyazwe ukuhlungwa kwalabo basebenzi be-whiteguard abanikezwa ithuba lokushiya eRussia.

Ngonyaka ofanayo, uNicolsky njengesisebenzi esithembisayo kanye nelungu le-RCP (b) uthola ukuthunyelwa ukuyofunda eMoscow, lapho iminyaka emine eqhuba khona njengomfundi weSikole Sencwadi, esungulwe ngesisekelo seMoscow University. Konke lokhu eziklasini zihlanganisa umsebenzi osebenzayo ezinkampanini zokuphoqelela umthetho, futhi ekuqedeni izifundo zakhe kuthiwa unomsebenzi womnyango wezomnotho we-GPU, oholwa ngumzala wakhe uZinoviy Katznelson.

Isevisi Yobunhloli Basezizwe

Umsebenzi we-Scout Lev Lazarevich waqala ngo-1926, ngokubhaliswa kwabasebenzi baseMnyango wezeMpilo we-OGPU. Okushiwo umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo kwamphoqelela ukuba aqhubeke ephila ngaphansi kwegama eliqanjwe ngamagama. Kusukela manje, imibhalo yakhe yayingu-Orlov Alexander Mikhailovich. Igama langaphambili negama lashiywa kuphela kumafolda amfihlo omnyango wezisebenzi.

Njengoba eseqedile ukuqeqeshwa okufanele nolwazi oluhle kakhulu ngezilimi eziningana zangaphandle, wenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emazweni amaningi aseYurophu naseMelika. Ngokuyinhloko, kwakungu-Orlov owasebenzisana ngqo noKim Philby, isikhulu esiphezulu se-intelligence saseBrithani esiqashwe izinkonzo ezikhethekile zaseSoviet. Siyabonga ku-Orlov, inethiwekhi yonke yama-agent asebenza eSoviet Union yenziwa eduze kwakhe. Lona kwakudume "i-Cambridge Group", eyangena emlandweni wezwe wezinsizakalo zobuhlakani.

Igolide le-Spanish

Ngo-1936 kwavela impi yombango eSpain, futhi u-Orlov Alexander Mikhailovich wathunyelwa lapho ukusiza uhulumeni waseRubhulikhi njengengcweti yokuphepha kwangaphakathi nokuqapha. Lapha, ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe, kwaqalwa ukuhlinzwa futhi kwaqhamuka ukuze kuthunyelwe eSoviet Union ingxenye enkulu yegolide laseSpain, okwaholela ngamathani angu-510 ensimbi eyigugu emasosheni aseMoscow, okubalwa cishe yi-73% yazo zonke izinto iSanki State Bank. Wenza neminye imisebenzi eminingi, awanika i-People's Commission of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

Isinqumo esinzima

Ngo-1936, uStalin unikeza inselelo enkampanini eyabangela esinye sezikhathi ezimnyama kakhulu emlandweni waseSoviet futhi owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Great Terror. Izwe ngalezo zinsuku lahlushwa ukucindezelwa okukhulu, izisulu zazo eziningi kakhulu zaba abantu abangenacala. Bathinta futhi ubuholi bezombangazwe nezombusazwe. Abasunguli abaningi kanye nama-veterans we-Cheka basuswa ekuthunyeleni kwabo, futhi kamuva baboshwa badutshulwa ngamacala okusobala. Phakathi kwabo kwakunabantu abaningi o-Orlov aqala ukukhonza naye.

U-Alexander Mikhailovich wayazi kahle ukuthi ngokushesha noma kamuva kwakuzofanelelwa isiphetho esifanayo. Ukuthembela kulokhu kwaphinde kwaqiniswa izibuyekezo eziningi zeziphakamiso ezivela phesheya eMoscow. Babethelwe ukuba bafike ebhizinisini elisemthethweni, baboshwa kanye namalungu omndeni esendaweni ye-gangway yezindiza. Ngo-Ephreli 1938, u-Orlov wagcina esevusa isinqumo sokuqeda umbuso, ohulumeni wakhe obheka ubugebengu futhi obonisa ingozi yokufa yena nomndeni wakhe.

Indiza ephoqelelwe

Ngalesi sikhathi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile kakhulu, inhloko ye-Orlov, inhloko yomnyango wangaphandle we-NKVD, u-Abram Slutsky, wafa ngokungalindelekile, futhi uS SM Spigelglas wamiswa endaweni yakhe. Ngo-Ephreli 17, u-Alexander Mikhailovich wathola umyalo wokuhlangana naye emkhunjini weSoviet othi "Svir", owafika e-Antwerp. Kodwa-ke, wayenesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi, esevukile esiteji, wayezobe eseboshelwe.

Emhlanganweni nomphathi wakhe omusha, akazange abonise. Kunalokho, ethathe umkakhe nendodakazi yakhe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-dollar ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha ezivela esikhwameni sesevisi, u-Orlov Alexander Mikhailovich wasuka ngasese waya eFrance, futhi esuka lapho wathuthela eCanada ngeCanada. ESoviet Union, wayenezihlobo. Ukuze abavikele ekucindezelweni okungenzeka okuhlobene nokubalekela kwakhe, u-Orlov wathumela incwadi ku-People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR. Kulo, waxwayisa ukuthi uma abantu abaseduze naye belimala, uzodlulisela kolwazi lwamazwe angaphandle ngamaphoyisa aseSoviet asebenza emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni.

Ukusabela kweziphathimandla

Lokhu kusongela, u-Orlov wakwazi ukuvikela umndeni wakhe kuphela, ongathinti ngempela ukuze agweme ukwehluleka okuthembisiwe, kodwa abaholi abaningi be-intelligence bahlupheka ngokubalekela kwakhe. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona uJakov Serebryansky, owayeyinhloko yeqembu elikhethekile lokusebenza futhi uqondise umsebenzi wezakhamuzi eziyishumi nesithupha ezindaweni eziningana ezisentshonalanga. Waboshwa kanye nomkakhe futhi wagwetshwa ukufa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingalindelekile, lesi sigwebo asizange siphoqeleke, futhi lo mbhangqwana waphinde wazithola ekhululekile, kodwa kunzima ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi bekufanele bakhuthazelele.

Izinto zokwakha ezishicilelwe ngu-Orlov

Ukuhlala eMelika ngaphansi kwegama lika-Igor Konstantinovich Berg, i-Orlov enyatheliswa ephepheni I-Life uchungechunge lwezihloko, ezishiwo ngenhla. Kuwo wachaza ngokuningiliziwe lezo zigebengu zombuso wamaKhomanisi, obani ubufakazi bakhe futhi abaphoqelele ukuhlanganyela naye ngesikhathi sokusebenza kule NKVD. Indawo enhle kule ncwadi yanikezwa indima kaStalin ekungenabulungisa kwe-USSR.

Kamuva, lezi zinto zafakwa encwadini eyanyatheliswa eNew York ngo-1953 futhi yahunyushwa ngezilimi eziningi. Ukwaziswa okukuwo kwakusetshenziswa abacwaningi abaningi ngisho nangaphambi kokushicilelwa eRussia ngo-1991. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, enye incwadi ye-Orlov yashicilelwa, eyenzelwe umjikelezo oqondile kakhulu wabafundi - kulokhu wabelane ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwempi yama-guerrilla kanye nenhlangano ye-counterintelligence service.

Isimemo esilandelayo

Ngesikhathi eseMelika, u-Orlov wayenesizathu sokwesaba ukuphindiselelwa kwamagunya aseMoscow kunabanye abahlukumezekile baseSoviet, ngoba wayazi izimfihlo eziningi zezinsizakalo zabo ezikhethekile. Ukuphila iminyaka eminingi ngaphansi kwegama eliqanjwe ngamagama futhi efihle ngokucophelela ikheli lakhe, i-NKVD, kanti i-KGB, yayingeke ifikelele.

Kuphela ummeli weSoviet phakathi kuka-60, uMikhail Feaktistov wakwazi ukuthola ukuthi ukhona kuphi. Kodwa-ke, izikhathi ziye zashintsha, futhi ulwazi olwenziwe i-Orlov lulahlekelwe ukuhambisana kwalo, ngakho-ke akukho lutho olungasongela impilo yakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uFeaktistov wavakashela umbhangqwana wase-Orlovs futhi wanikeza isimemo sohulumeni baseSoviet ukuba babuyele ezweni lakubo. Babenenkululeko eqinisekisiwe, futhi u-Alexander Ivanovich naye ubuyisela isikhundla sezempi kanye nayo yonke imivuzo ayenazo.

U-Orlovs wenqaba. Babesevele bangaphansi kweminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa, ukuqala kabusha ezweni, kusukela lapho bebengakajwayele iminyaka eminingi, abantu abadala abazange bafune. U-Alexander Ivanovich ucele kuphela ukuthi adlulisele abaholi bezwe lamanje ukuthi, naphezu kwemibuzo eminingi, i-FBI ayitholanga kuye ulwazi nganoma yiluphi ulwazi mayelana namanethiwekhi e-agent ayenziwe ngokuhlanganyela kwakhe. U-Orlov uthe ngeke akwazi ukuzithengisa labo abamethembayo ngokungenasisekelo futhi bakhonza umqondo ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba yena ngokwakhe akhulekele.

Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, okwenzeka ngo-Mashi 25, 1977, lapho kungekho khona izindlalifa, ijaji lesifundazwe layalitshela ukuba liqinise futhi lithumele emakhosini wonke omshonile, kufaka phakathi imibhalo yesimemo. Kwakudingeka zigcinwe lapho kuze kube ngu-1999 futhi emva kwalokho kuphela ngabe kungaba umphakathi.