Ukuwa kwe-uMfula Amur emthonjeni emlonyeni

Umfula eyinhloko Ekude Eastern District - Amur. Ngokusho imingcele yayo kwamanzi ke umi endaweni 4th phakathi emifuleni Russian ngobukhulu 10. Ngaphambi kwakhe kuphela ob, Yenisei noLena, okuyinto ogeleza usuka eningizimu eSiberia ngo kube seLwandle lwase-Arctic Ocean. Ngokuphambene, lase-Amur wakhetha ichibi ezahlukene - Pacific, futhi ogeleza usuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga. Wamanzi iqala entabeni Transbaikalia ithafa kusukela nokuhlanganiswa we Shilka futhi Argun. Ukuba 2824 km, amanzi Amur emfuleni ethela ePacific Ocean eduze nedolobha Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, esisuka ngasogwini we Tatar Strait. Le ndawo okulawulwa kwemithombo yamanzi ezizungeze umfula 1855 sq.km. Ukuwa kanye emthambekeni River Amur incike sezwe: kuwukuthi entabeni engenhla, e Lower - flat.

imigomo kwamanzi

impahla kwamanzi ebusweni enalokho kuthambekela kubonakala ngokuya efana ekwindla kanye emthambekeni longitudinal lomfula. Ukuze Ukuzimisela kwalezi nemingcele kuyadingeka ukwazi awalethe we ebusweni (onqenqemeni) ezindaweni eziqokiwe kanye therebetween ibanga kulinganiswa kanye wamanzi. Watermarks kuchazwa phakathi amanzi aphansi ukuma - emanzini ongaphakeme.

Fall River - idlula ezingeni ngesikhathi ezansi iphuzu etholakala komfula. Ayephila amayunithi komugqa obuphelele - ngamamitha noma ngamasentimitha.

Emthambekeni emfuleni - ibalwa value kwamanani kunqunywa quotient ka kwesifo River ku ubude bayo phakathi amaphuzu echaziwe. Sikuveze njengoba ‰ - mil (senkulungwane inombolo) noma% (kumakhulukhulu) ngayinye.

Sikuveze River ukuchema kuzo ifomula mina = h1 - h2 / L, lapho:

Mina - longitudinal emthambekeni emlanjeni% noma ‰;

h1 - uphawu ezingeni emfuleni phezulu kuchazwe m ingxenye;

h2 - okufanayo, ezansi, m;

L - ubude emfuleni phakathi kwezindawo kuchazwe ngamamitha noma amakhilomitha.

iconsi Okugcwele lomfula - umehluko kokuphakama kumthombo nomlomo. Akunandaba ukuthi kuyoba iphuzu - isihlobo noma ngokuphelele.

Okulinganiselwa ku ukuchema kuzo River - umphumela sokuhlukanisa iconsi Imininingwane ubude jikelele.

Ngu ukubaluleka emthambekeni emfuleni, ungakwazi ukunquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo kungokwalabo. Ukuze imifula entabeni libhekene ngeziphambeko ezinkulu esilinganisiwe esivela amashumi amasentimitha kuya emashumini ambalwa amamitha. Ukuze ngeziphambeko ethafeni ezincane, kulinganiswa ngamasentimitha. It ephawula noma ukuchema kuzo ukugeleza Isivinini lamanzi emfuleni.

Lase-Amur emfuleni

Falling kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube umlomo 304 m Le nombolo -. Umehluko phakathi awalethe ngomlomo (0 m - kolwandle) nomthombo emfuleni.

Qala Cupid - uhlangane we Shilka ne Argun. . Isitembu ebusweni okwamanje nge izixhumanisi 53 degrees 21.5 ngomzuzu kuba 304 m Ngakho, okuya jikelele Amur emfuleni kungaba: 304 - 0 = 304 m.

Ukwazi ubude emfuleni futhi bayasilela uthole kuba khona isilinganiso sabangu emthambekeni longitudinal yawo emva kwebanga, kuba ilingana:

I = 304/2824 = 0.107 ‰ oyindilinga noma 0,11 ‰.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuye ngokuthi isiqondiso lapho ukuhambisa (izifunda noma ibalazwe), kilometre ubude ebusweni ezingeni amanzi emfuleni ke izmenyaeetsya 11 cm. Uma ukunyakaza esezansi, yokwehla eMfuleni Amur kanye zonke liyancipha ikhilomitha 11 cm. Kodwa lokhu kuyinto ukubaluleka eseduze, njengoba uma wamanzi ageleza kanye ebusweni ngesikhathi engela efanayo kuthambekela.

Eqinisweni, lezi zinto ziyokwenzeka imifula emhlabeni alikho kuphi. Besiteshi wabeka zabo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene geomorphological. Ingathinta kokuhlukana nemingcele eziphonsa yokuma kwayo indawo, ngisho ngesikhathi omunye emfuleni.

izingxenye 3 (okwesikhashana), kuncike ezindaweni kanye ubunjalo ukugeleza lihlukaniswe Cupid. Fall kanye nemithambeka Elingenhla, Ephakathi futhi Lower Amur ezahlukene.

engenhla Amur

Umthombo siqala yakhe kusukela confluence le Argun futhi Shilka. Beka iphuzu kunqunywa ogwini olusempumalanga ye siqhingi Mad onqenqemeni imakwe 304 m ekugcineni yamukelwe. Umlomo emfuleni Zeya - the owumthelela kwesokunxele yiwo ogelezela at 1936 km emlonyeni lase-Amur. Ngenxa yalokho, ubude 888 km ezansi Amur. Elevation angabekwa enenani 125 m. Fall River Amour kanye emthambekeni kule ndawo kwaba 179 m kanye 0,2 ‰ ngokulandelana. Uhlamvu ageleze eduze komhosha - ukugeleza Isivinini yisilinganiso sesifundo 1.5 m / s. Ububanzi isiteshi emanzini ongaphakeme kusuka 420 m 1 km.

Ephakathi Amur

Itulo amaphuzu kukhawulwe: ukusakaza engenhla - r.Zei umlomo (Blagoveshensk) nge ukuphakama uphawu 125 m, phansi - emlonyeni Ussuri (y s.Kazakevichevo) - ukuphakama onqenqemeni ingxenye ubude 41 m - 970. Km. Amur Fall River lapha 84 m, kanye emthambekeni (84/970) 0,086 ‰. Lokhu kusho awalethe kweziphansi onqenqemeni 8.6 cm 1 km emfuleni. Ukugeleza Isivinini 5.5 km / h noma 1, 47 m / s. ububanzi Channel kusuka 530 kuya 1170 m.

Amur aphansi

Icacisa ibanga phakathi amaphuzu emfuleni - 966 km (umlomo Amur ukuba confluence kuye Ussury inflow). Ukuphakama: iphuzu phezulu - 41 m, phansi - kolwandle 0 m kusho ukuthi iconsi emfuleni Amur kule ndawo - 41 m Slope - 0.042 ‰ ... Ukugeleza izinga ukugeleza ongaphakeme 0.9 m / s, e-amanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu ku-1.2 m / s. Ububanzi isiteshi - kusuka 2 km (izindawo) kuya ku-11 km, kanye umlomo - 16 km.

Umbuso kwamanzi komfula

Amur ngezimiso eziphakeme nokunonophala amanzi: eside isilinganiso emifula yonyaka 403 km cubic, isilinganiso ukugeleza rate ngomlomo 12800 cubic metres / s.

Main ugesi (kufika ku-80% ukugeleza) - ehlobo nokuwa izihlambi nemvula. Labo abasele abanga-20% ekubeni inani ncibilika aphasi, ngemaphesenti okungenani zilingana.

Meltwater fed umfula kusuka April kuya Meyi, ngakho welulela uzamcolo, nomqulu omncane we ukugeleza akakubangeli kuphakame amazinga aphezulu. isikhathi uZamcolo ngokuvamile unyaka nonyaka kuba ngoJulayi-Agasti. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi lokulandisa 75% amanzi emifula yonyaka.

amazinga iphansana kwemamaki (amanzi ongaphakeme) kuyadingeka ukuze wazi ukuthi uzamcolo ukuba idlule 10-15 m ekusakazeni engenhla futhi phakathi, nasezansi - kuze kufinyelele 6-8 m imvula Heavy imbangela lichitheke Ephakathi futhi Lower Amur 25 km namazinga aphezulu babanjiwe. ezindaweni enezikhukhula kufikela kuzinsuku ezingu-70.

Wosuku lokuningi ezimvula ezinamandla ngo-August 2013 yadala izikhukhula ezadala umonakalo ngo-lase-Amur elisemcengezini, ugcwalise wezokuHlaliswa kwaBantu namasimu.

Summer amanzi ongaphakeme emva ukunyamalala "impande" yamanzi (snowmelt ezintabeni) - ekupheleni June. Autumn - ngasekupheleni September-ekuqaleni kuka-October. Freeze-up kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-October - ekuqaleni kuka November. Ukuvula kweqhwa - emva kwezinsuku eziyishumi zokuqala April no-May.