Ulus yi ... Ulus yaseYakutia

Kulezi zincwadi, igama elithi "ulus" livame ukutholakala, kodwa iningi lethu livame ukuthi libe nomqondo ovamile lo mqondo. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi kusho ukuthini.

Incazelo yegama ulus iningi. Lona ubumbano besizwe sabantu base-Asia Ephakathi nendawo Ephakathi, kanye nendawo yokuphatha neyendawo engxenyeni esempumalanga nenyakatho yeRussia yaseTsarist, nomzana wabantu abathile base-Asia Ephakathi naseSiberia. U-Ulus uyisiphetho, ingxenye yombuso weGenghis Khan, odume kakhulu kuwo yiCentral Asia Chagatai, indodana kaGenghiz Khan (Chagatai ulus), neGold Horde. Ngokuqondene neRussia yanamuhla, yizindawo ezisemizaneni yaseKalmykia naseBuryatia, izifunda zaseYakutia. Incazelo evamile kakhulu yegama ulus ngabantu, isizukulwane. Ngezinye izikhathi ungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokusetshenziswa kwalo mqondo ngomqondo wefa, ngokwesibonelo, "chora-ulus" - "onamahloni, abantu abamnyama."

Umlando wezilonda

Abantu abakha i-ulus abazange basungule imingcele phakathi kwabo, beqaphela i-steppe evamile kubo bonke. I-Buryats, eyasuka eMongolia iya eBaikal ngekhulu le-16 nele-17, yayisemhlabathini emaqenjini amakhulu emigenini, futhi kuze kube manje iyakubutha ndawonye. I-Mongolian ne-Kalmyk uluses kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ligcine izici ezifanayo eziyisisekelo njengokungathi ngesikhathi sikaGenghis Khan: ngamunye wabo wabumba i-horde yama-ordic elawulwa ngabaholi be-noyon abajwayelekile. Babethembele ku-taisha. I-ulus engcono kakhulu kunazo zonke yayingumnikazi we-taisha, wanikela kancane kancane emadodaneni amadala ngokuhambisana nobudala babo okhokho babo. Ukubusa kwabo kwakungenamkhawulo, kodwa ngezindinganiso eziningi kwakulawulwa ezikhathini zakudala ngomthetho wesintu. Abakhulumeli balo kanye nabathwele babehloniphekile abantu abadala - abantu abahle kakhulu be-ulus. Ilungelo langaphakathi lihambisana nezici zendlela yokuphila yobunikazi. I-Ulus iyinyunyana ehlukaniswe ngamaqembu amancane - ama-hotons, ama-aimaks nokuvuvukala. Ngamunye wabo wayephethe ubuholi bokhokho obudala bokuzalwa. Uphendule ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ama-noyons noma u-taisha ngomyalelo nenhlalakahle, kulondoloze ubuqotho beqembu lomphakathi elinomsoco njenge-ulus. Ngakho-ke, lezi zindawo zahlela kahle ukuzivikela kwazo futhi zikwazi ukufeza ukuhlasela.

3 izimvo eziyinhloko

Imvelo ejwayelekile yedivaysi ibonakala ezisekelweni ezintathu eziyinhloko: 1) ukubambisana okuvamile; 2) umthwalo wemfanelo; 3) ibheyili eyisiyingi. Ukubambisana okujwayelekile kubhekisela ekusizeni okuphoqelekile kosizo oluhluphekayo nolunye. Abantu abacebile basiza abampofu, babelana ukudla, imfuyo nakho konke okudingekayo kubo. Ukugunyazwa kwakuyi-exchange exchange yamasevisi phakathi kwamalungu awo. Ibheyili leyindilinga yaboniswa eqinisweni lokuthi, isibonelo, hhayi kuphela iqembu elimangalela lona, kodwa nazo zonke izihlobo zenyunyana ayeyiyo, zaziphethe icala. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke, imali kufanele ikhokhwe kuwo wonke umndeni noma ulus. Kwakukhona nesifungo sokuhlanza, ngezinye izikhathi sasikhulula ngokuphelele ilungu lomphakathi osolwa.

Izilonda eziningana ezifanayo zomakhelwane zakha uhlobo lohlobo, noma umphakathi womphakathi. Emisebenzini yamalungu azo kungabizwa ngokuthi izipho kumakoti emva kokuhamba kwezihlobo zabo, ngoba umyeni ompofu ukhokhele umkhwenyana. Ukukhishwa kwebheyili isikhathi eside kwahlala ne-Selenga Buryats ngendlela yokukhokha izinto ezibiwe noma izinkomo. Uma isihlobo esisodwa noma esiseduze sifunga, siqinisekisa ukwethembeka nobuqotho bomuntu osolwa, wakhululwa ekujezisweni.

Izinguquko zamuva

Nokho, ekhulwini lokugcina idivayisi yeBuryat ishintshile kakhulu. Izizathu eziyinhloko zalokhu ukusabalala kwamaLamaism nokulima kwezitshalo, kanye nokudideka kokubeletha. Izinyathelo zikaHulumeni nazo zanikele ekuqhekekeni kwenhlangano yasendulo yezizwe zeBuryats. Umthetho wasendulo wayeka ukusebenza, ukunikeza ubudlelwane obusha bomthetho, ngokufanayo nalokhu, eziningi ezisekela u-ulus inqaba nenobunye nazo zawa.

Yakutia

Izilonda zaseYakutia ziseNyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia futhi zibe nomngcele ovamile noMasipala waseMagadan kanye neChukotka Autonomous Okrug.

Kuze kube manje, le nsimu ine-ulus engu-32 (kuhlanganise no-3 kazwelonke). Ake sihlale kwezinye zazo.

Namsky ulus

Le-ulus, e-Central Yakutia, ihlanganisa indawo engama-11.9 wamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane. Umfula omkhulu kunazo zonke nguLena, enezinkampani eziningi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kule mikhawulo yamanje le-ulus yakhiwa ngo-February 10, 1930. UPetr Beketov wakha ijele futhi wasungula idolobha laseYakutsk. Esikhathini saseNamsky isikhathi eside esisebenza ekutshalweni kwezinkomo. Abaningi babantu bahlala endaweni engaphansi kwesigodi, konke okusele e-alas naseduze kwemifula ye-taiga. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ngekhulu le-17 kwakuyizinkomo zokuzala. Ukulima ngaleyo ndlela kwakungakaze kube yi-1804. Namsky ulus ezikhathini zasendulo kwakufana nezinye izingxenye eziningi zaseYakutia. Uma umuntu egula, aphendukela kubahlengikazi nabakwa-shamans. Ezinsukwini zakudala le-ulus yayikhona lapho kungekho khona izikhungo zezokwelapha ngesisekelo sesayensi.

Khangalassky ulus

Le-ulus inokuvakasha okukhulu nokuzilibazisa, ikakhulukazi, izakhiwo zemvelo eziyingqayizivele, umhlaba wezilwane nezitshalo, uhlobo olungathandwayo. Konke lokhu kunesithakazelo esikhulu kubavakashi. I-Khangalassky ulus, enkabeni yeYakutia, ihlanganisa indawo yamakhilomitha angu-24.7 wamakhilomitha ayisishiyagalolunye futhi imelwe amazwe angaphezu kuka-50 nezizwe. Isikhungo sokuphatha idolobha lasePokrovsk.

Ekuphetheni, ngingathanda ukufakazela lesi sihloko nge-etymology. Kusuka kwisichazamazwi seVosmer sifunda ukuthi i-ulus iyi-"nomad camp" kanye "nezinsimu eziningi eziqondile". Kweminye imithombo, lawa "amahlathi asemthethweni ahlinzekwa ukusetshenziselwa abalimi."