Maria Theresa - Archduchess of Austria: biography, izingane

UMaria Theresa wazalelwa ngo-May 13, 1717 eVienna. UMaria wakhulela emndenini onothando. Ngokwemvelo, wayekulungele indima ayezoyidlala ekuphileni. I-Archduchess yase-Austria yathola imfundo, uma ngisho kanjalo, isici somuntu. Uhlanganyele emihlanganweni yoMkhandlu Kahulumeni kusukela eminyakeni engu-14. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wafundiswa izilimi ezihlukahlukene: isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiLatini. Kodwa-ke, impilo yakhe yonke, ngokusobala, ugcine umqondo we-Vienna.

Abafaka izicelo esandleni sikaMariya

Ngemuva kokuba le ntombazane eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, wayeshadile, ngokwemvelo, ecabangela izithakazelo zombuso. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona abaningi abaphikisanayo ngesandla sikaMariya, uMkress we-Austria ozayo. Isikhulu somqhele wasePrussian, omunye wabaphathi, sasisekelwa u-Eugene waseSavoy, umshayeli wase-Austria, owayenethonya elikhulu. Lezi zindaba zacatshangwa yizindaba zokuba yindodana engekho emthethweni kaLouis XIV, inkosi yaseFrance. Ingoma yesikhathi esizayo ne-marshal ayibonakali ebusheni bakhe ezweni lakubo. Ngakho-ke, wayese-Austria futhi kamuva waletha kuleli zwe ukunqoba kwezempi okukhulu.

Nokho, izintandokazi zezombangazwe zase-Austria zazihluke ngokuphelele. Ecabanga ngokuvimbela ukubuyela eFrance laseLorraine, lo mndeni waphetha isivumelwano noPrussian Crown Prince uFranz Stefan waseLorraine. Wayesihlobo esikude samaBourbons noHabsburgs.

Umshado ojabulisayo

Indoda kaMaria, ekuhlelweni kwenqubomgomo elandelwayo yokulingana kweYurophu, kwakuzofaka esikhundleni sakhe sokubambisana neTuscany. Ngenxa yokubambisana noThesa, iNdlu yaseHabsburg-Lorraine yasungulwa. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, ezombusazwe aziphazamisi imizwa. Bathi uMaria wayesengumfana, wathandana noFranz futhi wathwala uthando lwakhe ngokuphila, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi wayemhawukela umyeni wakhe.

Umshado wenziwa ngo-1736, ngo-12 Febhuwari. I-honeymoon, eyelulela abathathu, intsha eyayichitha eTuscany. Bese babuyela esigodlweni (Vienna). UMaria Theresa empeleni wathatha zonke izindaba zezombangazwe. Umlingani wakhe, kanye nempi, wayengenamandla kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngo-1738, ngemuva komkhankaso wase-Austria ophelile ekuhlulekeni, wabuyela ekhaya ephazamisekile.

Umndeni omkhulu

UMaria Theresa wayenomndeni omkhulu onabantwana abaningi. UMaria wathi wayengenakukhathazeka ngokuphathelene nezingane, ngakho wathi emva kokuzalwa kwakhe ukuthi akwanele. Indodana yokuqala uTheresa yazalwa ngo-1737. Ngemva kwalokho wazala ngo-1738, ngo-1740 ... ngakho-ke cishe cishe ngonyaka kuze kube ngu-1756. Ngokuvamile isikhathi esiphakathi kokukhulelwa sasiyiminyaka emibili noma emithathu. UMaria wayenabantwana abangu-16 kuphela, abahlanu kubo abafana namantombazane angu-11. Ngo-1756 kwazalwa indodana engumncinyane uMaximilian-Franz. Ngesikhathi esengumntwana, kwaphela kwababili abafa, okuyinto impumelelo engenakuphika ngalezo zinsuku. Imfundo kanye nemfundo yamadodana namadodakazi yakhathalela kakhulu uMaria Theresa.

Izingane zakhe, ngokungenangqondo, zamthanda. Ngendlela, hhayi kuphela abakhe - abantu abangabazi nabo abafinyelele kuye. Ngo-1762, uMozart omncane, owamenywa ukudlala ikhonsathi esigodlweni, ezwa indawo kaMariya, wakhuphuka emadolweni. Lokhu kwathathwa kamuva ngumdwebi wenkantolo.

Ukufa kukaCharles VI nokuphenduka okusha ekupheleni kukaMariya

Kodwa-ke, injabulo ehlelekile yalowo mbhangqwana yamiswa okwesikhashana. UMbusi uCharles VI wafa ngo-1740, kanti uMaria, owayeneminyaka engu-23 ubudala, kwakudingeka aphume esihlalweni sobukhosi sase-Austria. Wayesevele engumama wezingane ezintathu, ukhulelwe owesine. Umsebenzi wokuphatha isimo esibhekene noThesa waba nzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezo zinto ezazisetshenziswa eHabsburgs zihlanganisa, ngaphandle kuka-Austria ngokwabo, iCzech Republic, iNetherlands eNetherlands, eHungary, amazwe ase-Italy.

Ekuqaleni, ngenxa yokufa kukaKarl, kwakukhona ukulahlekelwa kwezombusazwe. U-Karl Albrecht, okhethweni lwaseBavaria, wathola umqhele, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu kuphela, ngo-1745, ngemva kokufa kwakhe kanye nokuvuma kwendodana yakhe, wabuyela e-Austria. Eqinisweni, umbusi waba nguFranz I Franz Stefan, ngakho-ke uMaria Theresa wabizwa ngokuthi umbusi. Ngokusemthethweni, yena ngokwakhe akazange abekwe umqhele, kodwa ngokuzimisela, ulwazi lwabantu, waqala ngekhanda elicacile ngenxa yendaba enzima yokulawula uhulumeni. Ekuqaleni uMariya wathembela kubacebisi bakayise. Kodwa-ke, kunalokho baxubisa imibala eyayisekela isibindi ku-Theresa okudingekayo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezifanele.

Imisebenzi Franz Stefan

UFranz Stefan, owathengisa umkakhe ezombusazwe, wathatha izindaba zezezimali zeHabsburgs, okuyinto eyayihamba nayo, ayizange imvimbe ekubeni yindlalifa kuye. Ngaphezu kwemali, wayenesithakazelo nesayensi. UFranz waqoqa amaminerali. Wayeneqoqo eliqinile lezinhlamvu zemali. Esimweni sasehlobo saseSchönbrunn Palace, ngenxa yemizamo yakhe, i-zoo yadalwa. Kukhona namuhla futhi kubhekwa njengowokudala eYurophu. Umbusi wayebuye ethanda ezolimo. Wakha amapulazi amahle ezindaweni zakhe.

Umshado wezingane kanye nendima yawo kwinqubomgomo yangaphandle

Kumele sivume ukuthi uMaria Theresa ekuqaleni wayengazi kahle kakhulu inqubomgomo yangaphandle. Wayeqondiswa ezindabeni zamazwe ngamazwe ngokuhlangenwe nakho komama onabantwana abaningi nowesifazane. Futhi, ukudlala imishado yezingane, u-Theresia waba nesihlobo nabameleli bezindlu ezibaluleke kakhulu eziseYurophu. UMaria Theresa, umkami wamadodana futhi eshada namadodakazi akhe, ubuhlobo obusondelene neSpain, iFrance, iSicily, eNaples, eParma. Ngakho-ke, wadala izibopho zakhe ekungqubuzaneni okungapheli nenkosi yasePrussia. Izilimi ezimbi zaqala ukumbiza ngokuthi "uninazala" futhi "umkhwekazi" kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Kodwa-ke, uma kwakungekho izinkinga ezikhethekile emshadweni wamadodana, khona-ke ngokushada kwamadodakazi, konke kwakungalungile. U-Archduchess Maria, indodakazi yakhe endala, wahlala ngenxa yokugula okungashadile. Umshado kaMaria Elizabeth noLouis XV, inkosi yaseFrance, akuzange kwenzeke. Kodwa-ke, umakoti wagula ngokuzumayo ngesikhukhumba, ngakho kwadingeka ngiqede ukuhlanganyela. Amantombazane kaMaria Theresa ayengashadile ngothando, ngaphandle kukaMaria Cristina. Okhethwe nguye nguDuke Albert Casimir.

UMaria Antoinette uyindodakazi encane kaMaria Theresa. Isiphetho sizomlungela isiphetho esibuhlungu kunazo zonke. Umshado wakhe noLouis XVI, inkosi yaseFrance, kwaphela ngokudabukisayo: nomyeni wakhe wayephansi kommese we-guillotine. KwakunguMary Antoinette owafundisa isiFulentshi ukuba adle ama-croissants kwasekuseni. Waletha i-prescription yabo eFrance. Izakhamuzi zifanekisela insika yamaSulumane. Abakwa-Austrian babo babhaka futhi badla njengombonakaliso wokunqoba kwabo amaTurkey.

Ukuphikisana nabafakizicelo befa

Ukubusa kwe-Empress kwakunzima ngokuthi iPrussia neBavaria emva kokufa kukayise kwakungathandi ukuqaphela isigwebo sePragmatic. Babefuna ukuthola isabelo sabo sefa. UFrederick the Great, inkosi yasePrussia (iminyaka yokuphila - 1712-1786), esebenzisa izimo ezinzima okumele abhekane nazo ezindabeni zokulandelana kwabakwaHabsburgs, waqala ukuqhuba imisebenzi yezempi eSilesia ngonyaka wokushona kukaCharles VI. Futhi emva kokufa kwakhe, kwaqala impi yefa, kusukela ngo-1741 kuya ku-1748. Kule mpi yamaPrussia yathi uSilesia. Kodwa-ke, i-Bayern neFrance abazange bavele ngemuva kwayo. Bamhlukumeza uMariya entshonalanga yezwe.

Impi nePrussia

Isitha esibaluleke kunazo zonke sahlala sisePrussia. UMariya wayedinga ukuphinda kabili amandla ebutho. Lokhu kudinga izintela ezengeziwe. UMaria Theresa wase-Austria, ngaphezu kwalokho, wahlanganisa umbuso weBohemia ne-Austria. Ummongameli akazange anikeze ukuphumula ekulahlekelweni kweSilesia. Ngo-1756, waqala impi noPrussia. Kwaphela iminyaka engu-7 le mpi yaqhubeka. Nokho, kwakungenakwenzeka ukubuyela eSilesia. Wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi uMaria ulahlekelwe kangakanani.

Imisebenzi kaMariya ezombusazwe zasekhaya

Kwakungaphansi kukaMaria e-Austria ukuthi ukuhlukumeza nokushushiswa kwabathakathi kwaphela. Lo mbuso wamisa iNkantolo Ephakeme. UMaria, enakekela abafundi bakhe ukufunda nokubhala, wafaka imfundo eyimpoqo kubo bonke. Zonke izingane ezineminyaka engama-6 kuya kwengu-12 ubudala zadingeka zifunde. EVienna, kuze kube manje isebenza eTeresianum - isikhungo semfundo esasungulwa umphathi. Namuhla, iziphakamiso zesikhathi esizayo ziyayilungisa. Ngo-1751, uMaria wabuye wavula i-Theresian Military Academy e-Wiener Neustadt. Wanikela ngokukhethekile ekuhlomiseni i-Faculty of Medicine eNyuvesi yaseVienna. Isakhiwo esisha salesi siyunivesithi sabonakala ngosizo lwaso. Ukuqaphela kakhulu ukudidisana, u-Theresia waqinisa ukusebenzisana neFrance, iRussia ne-Great Britain. Konke lokhu kwaba nethonya elihle emnothweni wombuso.

Ukufa kukaFranz I

Ngo-1765, ngo-Agasti 18, uFranz I. wafa ngokungalindelekile. Kwakuse-Innsbruck, lapho, kanye nomkakhe, weza emshadweni ka-Archduke Leopold, indodana yakhe. KuMaria lokhu kulahlekelwa kwakukhulu. Kwaphela iminyaka engu-15 engazange aphule ukulila kwakhe.

Ibhodi kanye noJosef II

Ngemva kokufa komyeni wakhe uMaria wabusa noJosef II, indodana yakhe, owazalwa ngo- March 13, 1741, uJosef eneminyaka engu- 24 ubudala waba umbusi. Ngomshado, wayengenangqondo: umshado awuphumelelanga, futhi izingane ezazalwa zafa ngokushesha. Umkakhe wafa ekuseni, futhi emva kokufa kwakhe waphinde washada. Nokho, kwakungenabantwana kulo mshado. UMaria Theresa wase-Austria akazange alwe nendodana yakhe ukuze athole ubuholi. Noma kunjalo, kwakungekho ukuhlangana phakathi kwabo. Ngokuyinhloko, uJosef wamisa inqubomgomo yekoloni eyayilandelwa nguMariya. Futhi kwezinye izingqinamba babenemibono ephikisanayo.

Ukufa kukaMaria Theresa kanye nenkumbulo yakhe

UMaria Theresa washona eVienna ngoNovemba 29, 1780. Wayeneminyaka engama-63 kuphela. UMaria Theresa wase-Austria, ozovumelana naye, uyajabula kakhulu, uye wagcwala iminyaka eminingi futhi uye wazama ukuhamba. E-Schönbrunn, esigodlweni, kwakhiwe ngisho ne-elevator ekhethekile, ngakho-ke inkosikazi kwakungadingeki ukuba ikhwele izitebhisi. Yiqiniso, namuhla ngeke umbone, uvakashele amakamelo. Kodwa ungakwazi ukuhamba emakamelweni nasehholo likaSchönbrunn, lapho umbusi ehlala ehlobo, ubone izithombe nemidwebo yamadodakazi akhe. Enhliziyweni yaseVienna kuyisikhumbuzo kuMaria Theresa. Qaphela ukuthi wayehlala ngesikhathi esisodwa nomqashi waseRussia uCatherine Great.

U-Thaler uMaria Theresa wenziwe nge-portrait yakhe kusukela ngo-1753. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ukukhululwa kwakhe kwaqhubeka. Kulo nyaka kuboniswe ukuphela kukaMaria. Ngo-1925, kukhishwe izidakamizwa ezingaba ngu-15 million. Kanye ne-piastre, le mali yayivamile eTopiya namazwe ase-Arab. Kwakungumkhakha omkhulu wokuhweba weLevant, ngakho-ke wawubizwa ngokuthi i-Levantine thaler.