Formula ammonia. Ammonium hydroxide - ammonia aqueous

Ammonia - hydrogen nitride - omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu compounds nitrogen ne-hydrogen. Lokhu igesi ngaphandle umbala kodwa iphunga pungent. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ibonisa ammonia ifomula - NH _3. Ukwanda ingcindezi noma ukwehla lokushisa impahla kuholela ekubeni yayo uketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle. Ammonia igesi kanye nezixazululo zalo kabanzi embonini kanye nezolimo. Umuthi isetshenziswa 10% ammonium hydroxide - ammonia.

Isakhiwo engqamuzaneni. Electronic ammonia ifomula

I-hydrogen-molecule nitride lesi sijame njengebhoksi mbhoshongo, kumila okuyinto nitrogen bese zihlanganiswa kuya kuma-atom ezintathu-hydrogen. N-H isibopho kakhulu lihlukaniswe. Nitrogen ekhangwa esibophezelayo electron pair. Ngakho-ke, njengoba ibhekene namacala omubi oluhlala athomu N, emihle - igxile hydrogen. Ukuqonda le nqubo ihlinzeka imodeli engqamuzaneni, electronic kanye ifomula isakhi ammonia.

hydrogen Nitride kuyinto oncibilikayo emanzini kakhulu (700: 1 ku-20 ° C). Ukuba proton kakhulu khulula kuholela ekwakhekeni hydrogen "amabhuloho" aphindaphindiwe ukuxhuma phakathi i-molecule. Izici isakhiwo futhi amakhemikhali isibopho nakho kungaholela yokuthi ammonia kalula kuncibilike ngokwandisa ingcindezi noma ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa (-33 ° C).

Umsuka kwegama

Igama elithi "ammonia" wethulwa emphakathini academic e 1801 at ngokusikisela Usokhemisi waseRussia Ya Zakharova, kodwa kungezona lezo ajwayelekile esintwini kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Negesi nge iphunga okunoshukela ezikhishwe phakathi kwamazinyo imikhiqizo imfucuza compounds eziningi organic, isib, amaprotheni urea ku yokubola ammonium nosawoti. Izazi-mlando yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali bakholelwa ukuthi imfuyo yethiwa unkulunkulu waseGibithe lasendulo Amun. Siwa (Amoni) liyisiphephelo eNyakatho Afrika. Njengoba lizungezwe izwe ehlane waseLibya emanxiweni omuzi wasendulo nethempeli, eduze lapho kukhona idiphozithi yanoma ammonium chloride. Le into e-Europe, ngokuthi "usawoti bakwa-Amoni." It walilondoloza isiko abakhileyo oasis WaseSiwa unuka usawoti ethempelini.

hydrogen nitride

wemithi isiZulu kanye physics R. Boyle ucwaningo ashisiwe umquba futhi eqaphela kumiswa intuthu emhlophe kusukela swab wasigcobhoza hydrochloric acid okuholela busuka jet gas. Ngo-1774, omunye wemithi British J. uPriestley sekuqala ukufudumala ammonium chloride ngomcako slaked futhi gaseous esabiwe. UPriestley ngokuthi kwakwakhe "emoyeni ane-alikhali", ngoba isixazululo yayo izakhiwo yabonisa isisekelo ababuthakathaka. Tholakele incazelo isipiliyoni Boyle, lapho ammonia is wasithukuthelela hydrochloric acid. Solid ammonium chloride ezimhlophe kwenzeka phezu contact we reactants molecule emoyeni.

ifomula Chemical ammonia eyayibekwe at 1875 K. Berthollet ngu engumFulentshi owayengifundela ukuhlolwa noqhekeko izinto zibe izingxenye zalo abamelwe yi-osenyameni kagesi. Kuze kube manje, ucwaningo uPriestley, uBoyle Berthollet futhi ezala endaweni yokucwaninga ukukhiqiza hydrogen nitride futhi ammonium chloride. Industrial indlela ithuthukiswe 1901 by H. Le Chatelier, wathola igunya lokwenza indlela yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama into nitrogen ne-hydrogen.

Isixazululo ammonia. Formula kanye izakhiwo

I aqueous isixazululo ammonia ngokuvamile alotshwe ngendlela hydroxide - NH ₄ OH. Yena ubukisa property a alikhali ababuthakathaka:

• dissociates ku ion NH ₃ + H ₂ O = NH ₄ OH = NH ₄ ⁺ OH ^_-;
• isixazululo phenolphthalein Amabala le njengegazi;
• is wasithukuthelela i acid ukwakha usawoti namanzi;
• kusheshisa Cu (OH) ₂ uyinto bright blue lapho exutshwe nosawoti zethusi encibilikayo.

I yakhoibrium ekusabeleni ammonia ngamanzi Ukuxhumana dengwane ubheke izinto sokuqala. Osuke usushisa kakade hydrogen nitride burns kahle i-oksijini. Kwenzeka nitrogen namachibi ukuba molecule diatomic izidakamizwa elula N2. Ukunciphisa izakhiwo futhi ubukisa ammonia ekusabeleni nge-nitrous yethusi (II).

Okushiwo ammonia kanye nezixazululo

Nitride hydrogen asetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa ammonium nosawoti kanye nitric acid - omunye imikhiqizo ezinkulu umkhakha zamakhemikhali. Ammonia iyona impahla eluhlaza for soda (njengoba nitrate indlela). Hydrogen okuqukethwe nitride ngokuphakeme ezimbonini isixazululo kanzulu ifinyelela 25%. Kwezolimo, sebenzisa i-ammonia aqueous. Formula liquid Umanyolo - NH ₄ OH. Ingqikithi is ngqo esetshenziswa ukuze avale top. Ezinye izindlela of kokucetshiswa nitrogen enhlabathini - ukusetshenziswa nosawoti of ammonium nitrate, chloride, zikasawoti. Ezindaweni ezimbonini kanye ezindaweni zezolimo it is hhayi Kunconywa ukugcina ndawonye umquba aqukethe ammonium nosawoti ne alkalis. Lapho zokugwema ukuphuka zokufaka impahla kungaba asabela nomunye ukwakha ammonia ne ukuyikhulula ku izikhala emoyeni. kwakwakhe Toxic kubathinta kabi umgudu wokuphefumula, isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Ingxube ammonia nge air, inhlekelele.