Ama-nitrogen compounds. Izakhiwo ze-nitrogen

Ukhiqiza i-nitrate - ngakho-ke kuhunyushwa kusuka egameni lesiLatin elithi Nitrogenium. Leli yigama le-nitrogen - isakhi samakhemikhali ene-athomu yesi-7, ehola iqembu le-15 encwadini ende yetafula lezinsuku. Ngendlela yempahla elula isakazwa ekubunjweni kwemvilophu yemvelo yoMhlaba - umkhathi. Izakhi eziningi ze-nitrogen zitholakala emhlabathini nokuphila okuphilayo, zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ezimbonini, izindaba zezempi, ezolimo kanye nemithi.

Kungani i-nitrogen ibizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlushwa" futhi "engenampilo"

Njengoba izazi-mlando ze-chemistry zikhomba, owokuqala ukuthola le nto elula kwakunguHenry Cavendish (1777). Usosayensi ubeka umoya phezu kwamalahle ashisayo, futhi wasebenzisa ama-alkali ukuze athole imikhiqizo yokusabela. Ngenxa yalokho kuhlolwa, umcwaningi wathola igesi elingenakubala, elingenakuvutha okwakungazange lisabele ngamalahle. I-Cavendish ibiza ngokuthi "umoya okhukhulayo" ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuphefumula, kanye nokushisa.

Umshini wamakhemikhali wanamuhla ongachaza ukuthi umoya-mpilo wasabela ngamalahle, kwakhiwa i-carbon dioxide. Ingxenye "yocansi" esele ishicilelwe ikakhulukazi yama-molecule N ₂ . I-Cavendish kanye nabanye ososayensi ngaleso sikhathi babengakazi ngalokhu, nakuba ama-nitrogen ne-saltpeter asetshenziswa kakhulu emnothweni. Usosayensi wabika igesi elingavamile kusebenza naye, owenza ukuhlolwa okufanayo - uJoseph Priestley.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo uKarl Scheele waqaphela into engaziwayo yomoya, kodwa wahluleka ukuchaza ngokuqondile imvelaphi yayo. NguDaniel Rutherford kuphela ngo-1772 owaqaphela ukuthi igesi - i-nitrogen "egazinikayo" egazinikile - ikhona kulezi zivivinyo. Lokho ososayensi ambheka njengephayona - izazi-mlando zesayensi zisaphikisana ngalokhu.

Eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye emva kokuhlolwa kukaRutherford, isazi samakhemikhali esidumile u-Antoine Lavoisier sicele ukufaka esikhundleni segama elithi "umoya" obizwa ngokuthi i-nitrogen, kwenye - iNitrogenium. Ngaleso sikhathi kwafakazelwa ukuthi le nto ayishisi, ayisekeli ukuphefumula. Kwabe sekufika igama lesiRashiya elithi "nitrogen", elihunyushwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile bathi leli gama lisho "okungenampilo". Imisebenti elandzelako iye yaphikisa imibono lebesakahlekile mayelana nemikhakha yetindzaba. Amakhemikhali e-nitrogen - amaprotheni - ama-macromolecule abaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwakhiwa kwazo, izitshalo zithatha emhlabathini izakhi ezidingekayo zokudla okumbiwa kwamaminerali - CHA ₃ ^2- ne-NH ⁴⁺ ions.

I-nitrojeni iyisici samakhemikhali

Ukuqonda isakhiwo se-athomu nezindawo, uhlelo lwezinkathi (PS) lusiza. Isici samakhemikhali etafuleni le-periodic singasetshenziselwa ukunquma ukukhokhwa kwe-nucleus, inani lama-proton ne-neutron (inamba enkulu). Kuyadingeka ukuba unake ukubaluleka kobukhulu be-athomu - lokhu kungenye yezici eziyinhloko zesici. Inombolo yesikhathi ihambelana nenani lamazinga wamandla. Ngomshwana omfushane wetafula le-periodic, inamba yeqembu ihambelana nenombolo yamakhethoni ezingeni langaphandle lamandla. Ake sifingqa yonke imininingwane ngesimo jikelele se-nitrogen ngesimo saso etafuleni lezinsuku:

• Lesi isici esingeyona metallic, esisekhoneni elingenhla elingakwesokudla se-PS.
• Uphawu lwekhamikhali: N.
• Inombolo yokulandelana: 7.
• Ubuningi be-athomu: 14,0067.
• I-formula ye-hydrogen eyakhiwe yi-NH ₃ (ammonia).
• Ubumba i-oxide ephakeme uN ₂ O ₅ , lapho i-valence ye-nitrogen ilingana no-V.

Isakhiwo se-athomu ye-nitrogen:

• Khokha i-kernel: +7.
• Inani lama-proton: 7; Inombolo ye-neutron: 7.
• Inamba yamanqanaba kagesi: 2.
• Ingqikithi yenani lama-electron: 7; Ifomula ye-elekthronikhi: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ³ .

I-isotopes ezinzile ye-element No. 7, izinombolo zabo eziningana 14 no-15 zifundiswa ngokuningiliziwe. Okuqukethwe kwama-athomu okukhanya kunamaphesenti angama-99.64%. E-nuclei yama-isotopes e-radioactive aphila isikhathi esifushane kunamaprotoni angu-7, futhi inani le-neutron lihluka kakhulu: 4, 5, 6, 9, 10.

I-nitrogen emvelweni

Emvilophini yemoya yeMhlaba kunezinhlayiya zezinto ezilula, ifomula ye-N ₂ . Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen enamandla emkhathini kungu-78.1% ngevolumu. Amakhemikhali angenangqamuzana yalesi sakhi samakhemikhali emkhakheni womhlaba ahlukahlukene amaminerali ammonium kanye ne nitrate (saltpeter). Amakhemikhali we-Formula namagama ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu:

• NH _{3, i-} ammonia.
• CHA _{2, i-} nitrogen dioxide.
• NaNO _3, i-nitrate ye-sodium.
• (NH ₄ ) ₂ SO _{4, i-} ammonium sulfate.

I-Valence ye-nitrogen ezinhlangothini ezimbili zokugcina - IV. Amalahle, inhlabathi, izinto eziphilayo ziqukethe ne-athomu N ngendlela eboshiwe. I-nitrojeni iyingxenye ebalulekile yama-amino acid macromolecules, ama-nucleotide we-DNA ne-RNA, ama-hormone ne-hemoglobin. Okuqukethwe okuphelele kwesakhi samakhemikhali emzimbeni womuntu kungu-2.5%.

Imithi elula

I-nitrogen ngesimo se-diatomic molecule yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke ngevolumu kanye neningi lomoya emoyeni. Into, i-formula ye-N ₂ , ayinamakha, umbala nokunambitha. Le gazi ingaphezu kuka-2/3 emvilophini yomhlaba womhlaba. Ngendlela eluhlaza, i-nitrogen iyizinto ezingenambala ezifana namanzi. It ubilisa at lokushisa -195 ° C. M (N ₂ ) = 28 g / mol. Into elula, i-nitrojeni ilula kancane kune-oksijini, isibalo salo emoyeni siseduze no-1.

Ama-athomu ku-molecule ahlanganisa ngokuqinile 3 ama-pair ejwayelekile e-electron. I-compound ibonisa ukuzinza okukhulu kwamakhemikhali, okuyihlukanisa ne-oksijeni nezinye izinto eziningana zegaseous. Ukuze i-molecule ye-nitrogen ibonakale ibe yi-athomu ekhona, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amandla angu-942.9 kJ / mol. Isibopho samabili ama-electron amakhulu, siqala ukuphuka lapho sishisa ngaphezu kuka-2000 ° C.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, ukuhlukaniswa kwama-molecule abe ama-athomu okwenzekayo okwenzekayo. I-chemical inertness ye-nitrogen nayo ingenxa yokungabikho okuphelele kwe-polarity kuma-molecule. Basebenzelana kakhulu buthakathaka komunye nomunye, okubangela isimo segesi sokwemvelo endaweni yokucindezela evamile kanye nokushisa okukude nokushisa kwekamelo. Umsebenzi ophansi wamakhemikhali we-nitrogen yamangqamuzana uthola isicelo ezinkambisweni namadivaysi ahlukene lapho kubalulekile ukudala isikhala se-inert.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-molecule N ₂ kungenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebe yelanga emagcekeni aphezulu emkhathini. I-nitrogen ye-athomu ikhiwa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile ezithinta izinsimbi ezithile nezinsimbi ezingekho emthethweni (phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic). Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukwaziswa kwezinto ezitholakala ngokungaqondile ngemibandela yasemhlabeni.

Valence of nitrogen

Uhlaka lwangaphandle lwe-electron ye-athomu luhlobo lwe-2 s no-3 p we-electron. Lezi zinhlayiyana ezingenayo zinganqunywa yi-nitrogen uma zihlangana nezinye izakhi, ezihambisana nezakhiwo zayo zokunciphisa. Ukwengeza ama-electron alahlekile ku-octet ka-3, i-athomu ibonisa amakhono okwenza oxidative. I-electronegativity ye-nitrogen iyancipha, izakhiwo zayo ezingenasisekelo azibi kakhulu kunokuba zifakwe ku-fluorine, oksijeni ne-chlorine. Uma uxhumana nalezi zakhi zamakhemikhali, i-nitrogen ikhulula ama-electron (oxidizes). Ukubhekana nama-ion angalungile kuhambisane nokuphendula namanye ama-non-metal nezinsimbi.

I-valence ejwayelekile ye-nitrogen yi-III. Kulokhu, izibopho zamakhemikhali zakhiwa ngenxa yokukhangwa kwamap-electron zangaphandle kanye nokudala izibili ezivamile (ezibophezelayo). I-nitrojeni iyakwazi ukwakha isibopho sokwamukela abaxhasi ngenxa yezinsizakalo zayo zama-electron, njengoba kubonakala ku-NH ⁴⁺ ammonium ion.

Ukuthola emtholampilo nakumkhakha

Enye yezindlela zokwelabhula zisekelwe ezakhiweni ze-oxyidizing ze -oksidi yethusi. Ukuxhunyaniswa kwe-nitrogen ne-hydrogen isetshenziswa - i-ammonia NH ₃ . Le gazi elimnandi kabi lihlangana ne-puldered oxide yombala omnyama. Ngenxa yokusabela, kukhishwa i-nitrogen futhi kubonakala ithusi yensimbi (powder obomvu). Amadonsi amanzi ahlala ezindongeni ze-tube - enye into eyenziwa ngayo.

Enye indlela yokubhola lapho i-nitrogen enezinsimbi isetshenziswa khona i-azide, isibonelo i-NaN ₃ . Kuvela igesi engadingi ukuhlanzwa ukungcola.

Emtholampilo, ukuchithwa kwe-ammonium nitrite ibe yi-nitrogen futhi amanzi ayenziwa. Ukuze ukusabela kuqale, ukushisa kuyadingeka, khona-ke inqubo iqhubeka nokukhululwa kokushisa (okubuhlungu). I-nitrojeni ingcoliswe ukungcola, ngakho kuhlanzwa futhi kuhlanzwa.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-nitrojeni embonini:

• Iziphuzo zazihlukunyezwa ngomoya omswakama - indlela okusetshenziselwa ngayo izakhiwo zomzimba we-nitrogen ne-oxygen (amaphuzu ahlukahlukene abilayo;
• Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali emoyeni ngamakhaza ashisayo;
• Adsorption gas ukuhlukaniswa.

Ukusebenzisana nezinsimbi nezakhiwo ze-hydrogen - oxidizing

Ukungenwa kwamakhemikhali aqinile akuvumeli ukuthola amanye amakhemikhali e-nitrogen ngokuhlangana ngokuqondile. Ukuze kusebenze ama-athomu, ukushisa okuqinile noma irradiation yezinto ezidingekayo. I-nitrogen ingasabela nge-lithium ekamelweni lokushisa, ne-magnesium, i-calcium ne-sodium, ukusabela kwenzeka kuphela lapho kushisa. Ama-nitride wezinsimbi ezihambelanayo akhiwa.

Ukusebenzisana kwe-nitrogen ne-hydrogen kwenzeka emazingeni aphezulu okushisa kanye nezingcindezi. I-catalyst nayo iyadingeka kule nqubo. Kuvela i-ammonia - enye yemikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu yamakhemikhali. I-nitrojeni, njenge-oxidizer, ibonisa ukuthi i-oxydation engakhi emithathu iyakhiwa ngamakhemikhali ayo:

• -3 (ammonia nezinye izidakamizwa zama-hydrogen we-nitrogen - nitride);
• -2 (i-hydrazine N ₂ H ₄ );
• -1 (i-hydroxylamine NH ₂ OH).

I-nitride ebaluleke kakhulu - i-ammonia - itholakala ngobuningi embonini. I-chemical inertness ye-nitrogen yahlala yinkinga enkulu isikhathi eside. Umthombo wawo wezinto eziwusizo kwakuyi-nitrate, kodwa izindawo zokugcina amaminerali zaqala ukwehla ngokushesha ngokukhula komkhiqizo.

Ukuphumelela okukhulu kwezesayensi yamakhemikhali kanye nomkhuba kwakungukudala indlela ye-ammonia yokubopha i-nitrogen esikalini sezimboni. Emakholomu akhethekile, kuhlanganiswa ngokuqondile-inqubo eguquguqukayo phakathi kwe-nitrogen etholakala emoyeni nase-hydrogen. Uma udala izimo ezifanele, ukuguqula ibhalansi yale mpendulo ngokuqondene nomkhiqizo, usebenzisa i-catalyst, isivuno se-ammonia sifinyelela ku-97%.

Ukusebenzisana nezakhi zokunciphisa umoya-mpilo

Ukuze ukusabela kwe-nitrogen ne-oksijeni kuqale, ukushisa okunamandla kuyadingeka. I- arc kagesi nokuduma kwesibindi emkhathini kunamandla anele. Amakhemikhali ayimqoka kakhulu, lapho i-nitrogen e-oxidation yayo enhle ithi:

• +1 (nitric oxide (I) N ₂ O);
• +2 (i-nitrogen monoxide CHA);
• +3 (nitric oxide (III) N ₂ O ₃ , i-nitrous acid i-HNO ₂ , ama-salt alo we-nitrite);
• +4 (i-nitrogen dioxide (IV) CHA ₂ );
• +5 (nitrogen pentoxide (V) N ₂ O ₅ , i-nitric acid HNO ₃ , i-nitrate).

Kubalulekile emvelweni

Izitshalo zithatha ama-ammonium ions kanye ne-nitrate anions emhlabathini, isebenzise ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali ukuhlanganiswa kwama-molecule ephilayo, okuqhubekayo emangqamuzaneni. I-nitrogen ye-atmospheric ingafana ne-nodule amabhaktheriya - izidalwa ezincane ezakha ukukhula ezimpandeni zemifino. Ngenxa yalokho, leli qembu lezitshalo lithola isici esidingekayo somsoco, landisa inhlabathi.

Phakathi nemvula yamanzi ashisayo, kwenzeka ukwenziwa kwe-oxydation kwe-nitrogen yomoya. Ama-oxide ahlakazeka ngokubunjwa kwama-acids, lezi zinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen emanzini zingena emhlabathini. Ngenxa yomjikelezo wezinto ezisemvelo, izimpahla zayo ezigciniwe zomhlaba nomoya zihlale zigcwaliswa. Ama-molecule anemvelo equkethe i-nitrogen ekubunjweni kwawo ahlukaniswa amabhaktheriya abe yizindawo ezingekho emthethweni.

Ukusetshenziswa okuwusizo

Amakhemikhali e-nitrogen abaluleke kunazo zonke kwezolimo alula kalula usawoti. Izitshalo ezihlanganisiwe urea, i- nitrate (sodium, i- potassium, i-calcium), i-ammonium compounds (isisombululo se-ammonia, i-chloride, i-sulfate, i-ammonium nitrate).
Izakhiwo ze-nitrogen ezingenayo i-inert, ukungakwazi kwezitshalo ukuyibeka emoyeni, kubangela isidingo sonyaka ukwenza ama-nitrate amakhulu. Izingxenye zezitshalo zezitshalo ziyakwazi ukugcina ukudla okukhulu "kokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo", okudambisa izinga lomkhiqizo. I- nitrate engaphezu kwemifino nezithelo ingabangela abantu ukuba babe nobuthi, ukukhula kwezicubu ezimbi. Ngaphandle kwezolimo, ama-nitrogen compounds asetshenziswa kwezinye izimboni:

• Ukuthola imithi;
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali wamakhemikhali aphezulu;
• Ekukhiqizeni iziqhumane ezivela trinitrotoluene (TNT);
• Ukukhiqizwa kwama-dyes.

CHA i-oksidi isetshenziselwa ukuhlinzwa, into enomphumela we-analgesic. Ukulahlekelwa kwemizwelo ngesikhathi kutholakala leli gazi kwaqaphelwa abacwaningi bokuqala bezimakhemikhali ze-nitrogen. Yile ndlela igama elincane elithi "igesi elihlabayo" livele.

Inkinga ye-nitrate emikhiqizweni yezolimo

Emanzini anosawoti e-nitric acid - nitrate - aqukethe i-NO ^3- anion ekhokhiswa ngokulinganayo. Kuze kube manje, igama elidala laleli qembu lezinto - i-saltpeter lisetshenziswa. I-nitrate isetshenziselwa amasimu okuhluma, ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, izinsimu zezithelo. Bawaletha ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ehlobo - ngesimo sokufaka umquba omanzi. Izinto zona azibeki ingozi enkulu kubantu, kodwa emzimbeni ziphenduke zibe yi-nitrites, bese zibe yi-nitrosamines. I-iitrite i-NO ^2- yizinhlayiya ezinobuthi, zenza i-oxydation ye-ferrous iron ema-molecule we-hemoglobin kuya kwi-ion ezidlulayo. Esimweni esinjalo, into eyinhloko yegazi lomuntu nesilwane ayikwazi ukudlulisa oksijeni nokususa i-carbon dioxide ezicukwaneni.

Iyini ukungcoliswa kwe-nitrate eyingozi kokudla komuntu:

• Izicubu ezimbi ezivela ekuguquleni kwe-nitrate kuya kuma-nitrosamines (i-carcinogens);
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ulcerative colitis,
• Hypotension noma umfutho wegazi ophakeme;
• Ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo;
• I-disorder disorder
• Izilonda zesibindi, ama-pancreas, ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo sikashukela;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kokuhluleka kwenqunu;
• I-anemia, inkumbulo ekhubazekile, ukunakwa, ukuhlakanipha.

Ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa kwemikhiqizo ehlukene ngezinga eliphezulu le-nitrate kuholela ebuhlungu obunobuthi. Imithombo ingaba izitshalo, amanzi okuphuza, izitsha zenyama ezilungiselelwe. Ukungena emanzini ahlanzekile nokupheka kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate ekudleni. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi imithi ephakeme yamakhemikhali enobungozi ibonakala emikhiqizweni engasetshenzisiwe kanye nokukhiqiza ukushisa.

I-Phosphorus iyisici seqembu elincane le-nitrogen

Ama-athomu amakhemikhali amakhemikhali akhona ikholomu elifanayo le-system periodic display properties ezivamile. I-Phosphorus isendaweni yesithathu, ingokwamaqembu angu-15, njenge-nitrogen. Ukwakhiwa kwama-athomu wezinto ezifanayo kuyafana, kepha kukhona umehluko ezindaweni. I-nitrojeni ne-phosphorus ibonisa izinga elibi le-oxydation ne-valence III emakhemikeni abo ngezinsimbi kanye ne-hydrogen.

phosphorus Abaningi ukusabela ukuqhubeka at okushisa abavamile, isici amakhemikhali asebenzayo. Ingabe wasithukuthelela oxygen ukuze kwakheke ama P ₂ O ₅ ephakeme oxide. I ikhambi aqueous yalesi material has property acid (metaphosphoric). Nakuba amalahle orthophosphoric acid is eyatholakala. Kuchaza sebuningini izinhlobo nosawoti, iningi lazo ongeke ukwazi umquba amaminerali, isibonelo superphosphates. Nitrogen ne phosphorus compounds yakha kuyingxenye ebalulekile umjikelezo we izinto namandla eplanethini yethu, asetshenziswa emasimini zezimboni, ezolimo kanye neminye.