Ammonium nitrate

Chemical ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 ifomula okuyinto, isikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuthi osokhemisi, kodwa ngo-1659 kwasivulela IR Glauber. Esikhathini izincwadi, elulele elinye igama le kwakwakhe - nitrate ammonium. Ngaphandle ammonium nitrate kuyinto zinhlayiya ezimhlophe kokuba hygroscopicity okusezingeni eliphezulu. I abilayo enkompolo kuyinto 235 ° C no-169,6 ° C ammonium nitrate iqala igcwale amanzi. Kukhona ukulungiswa crystal eziningana, okuyizinto umphumela ngempela abalulekile kwi zamakhemikhali Izakhiwo nobukhulu bayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, lo mehluko kukhona ukuthi ukulungiswa ezihlukahlukene crystal uhlobo oluhlukile eheleni. Sekukonke kukhona ukushintshwa anjalo ayisihlanu. Ukuze ukuguqulwa lokuqala libhekene umumo cubic we ngehele crystal, ngokuba 2nd futhi 5th - tetragonicheskaya ngoba 3rd futhi 4th - orthorhombic. Ngakho ngenxa yenguquko ukusuka komunye kwakwakhe kwenye ukuguqulwa Kutholwe ukwenyuka kancane kodwa komthwalo iyunithi cell ivolumu. Le mpahla kwenza umehluko nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuguqulwa IV impahla lunesibalo 1,725 g / cm3, encibilika lokushisa isivele 139,4S °.

I solubility of ammonium nitrate kanje: yikhulu amagremu amanzi 0 ° C 119 amagremu efana siphela ezingeni lokushisa 25 ° C 212 amagremu kakade kakhulu ziyoncibilika, futhi ngezinye 50 ° C - 346 amagremu ammonium nitrate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ammonium nitrate kungenziwa oncibilikiswe pyridine, methanol kanye ethanol. Sici ebaluleke kakhulu enkompolo izenzo ukuthi ngesikhathi isenzo umthelela, noma lapho izinga lokushisa kuma of phezu 270 ° C, ammonium nitrate ubola, okubangela umphumela alufakwa.

Nge izinkomba ungakwazi ukuchaza isimo esidi, equkethe ammonium nitrate hydrolysis nge iqhaza lakhe kuyinto kwesibalo yokusabela lapho singatlolwa bunjesi: NH4NO3 + H2O = NH4OH + HNO3 . Ammonium nitrate ihlangana izixazululo ane-alikhali. Ngenxa ukusabela okunjalo ukukhiqiza ammonia, futhi inqubo ukuphendula ngokwayo uba ukuphendula qualitative ukuze ammonium nitrate.

Ngokuvamile, into etholakale ngokufeza neutralization of 60% HNO3. Njengoba i-ejenti zokuyithena esetshenziswa NH3 esimweni gaseous. Ngo inqubo ukushisa ikhishwe, okuyinto iqondiswe ukuhwamuka yesixazululo of ammonium nitrate kanye impahla okuholela ngesimo granules.

Ukusetshenziswa ezivame kakhulu ammonium nitrate kwaba kwezolimo, njengoba eyigugu nitrogen umquba. kwakwakhe Active lisetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa lokubanjwa neziqhumane, kanye reagent - njengoba zirconium kuphela ku izakhi fuel, ngesikhathi ukusebenza ukukhishwa nuclear waste. Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali kubangele ukwanda unomphela ezifunwayo ketshezi, ngakho ukukhiqizwa yayo ukhula kancane kancane futhi namuhla ifinyelela amathani ngonyaka kwezigidi ezingu-20, kanye zokubala kabusha kwendaba ku-nitrogen share.

Ammonium nitrate ingatholakala endaweni yokucwaninga kuhambisana eqinile izinyathelo zokuphepha neziqondiso zokuphepha. Ngenxa yale njongo, i kuhlangana ice okugeza iveza kakhulu alulaze nitric acid futhi ammonium hydroxide (ammonia aqueous). Ukuze siqhube yokusabela abanjalo kungcono ukude, isib, nokusetshenziswa ezandleni, nokuba kude ngokwanele aphephe indawo isixazululo okuxubile. Kuphethe ukuphendula liqukethe njalo acid is enziwe i isixazululo ammonia ngesikhathi wokuhlola ngezikhathi inkomba (litmus) sifinyelele isimo yokusabela hlangothi. Ngendlela efanayo futhi inikeza ukulawula ukusabela. Lapho esingeqile imvelo esidi - kunezelwa isixazululo ikhomponethi ane-alikhali futhi okuphambene nalokho.