Inhloso yalo kwetimboni eSoviet Union. Iminyaka kwezimboni, intuthuko yayo, imiphumela

kwezimboni Socialist yezwe langena umlando njengoba inqubo yokudala e umkhakha wakhe yesimanje kanye kumiswa imishini yezobuchwepheshe emphakathini. Ngaphandle neminyaka yempi kanye inkathi post-yimpi nokwakhiwa komnotho, siyaliphinda isikhathi kusukela eko sekwephuzile sixties ekuseni, kodwa umthwalo oyinhloko wawa ngecebo lakhe lokuqala oneminyaka emihlanu.

isidingo sesimanje umkhakha

Injongo kwezimboni kwaba ukuba banqobe ukusalela kubangelwa ukungakwazi nep ukunikeza ezingeni kudingekile imishini yezobuchwepheshe of emnothweni kazwelonke. Uma ezindaweni ezifana umkhakha ukukhanya, ukuhweba kanye nezinsizakalo, kukhona abanye kuyaqhubeka ke ukuthuthukisa kule minyaka umkhakha esindayo ngesisekelo dolobha yangasese kwakungenakwenzeka. Izizathu yayihlanganisa kwezimboni kanye nesidingo eyinkimbinkimbi samasosha ezimbonini.

Hlela lokuqala Five

Ukuze kufezeke izinhloso ngaphansi kobuholi kukaStalin yasungulwa ngumuntu uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu nokuthuthukiswa komnotho (1928-1932 GG.), Yokutholwa ngo-Ephreli 1929 emhlanganweni omunye inkomfa party. Imisebenzi eyabelwe abasebenzi zonke izimboni, iningi labo kudlulwe amathuba yangempela nabadlali. Nokho, le dokhumenti wayenamandla oda inikezwe ngesikhathi sempi, kanye sasingekho isidingo sokulalela ingxoxo.

Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo lokuqala oneminyaka emihlanu, obekumele ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa yezimboni by 185% futhi imishini esindayo ukufeza ukukhula ukukhiqizwa by 225%. Ukuqinisekisa ngalezi zinkomba okuhleliwe ukufeza umkhiqizo obukhulu 115%. Ukuqaliswa ngemphumelelo, ngokuvumelana onjiniyela, kufanele baye kwaholela ekwandeni e inkokhelo isilinganiso ku embonini by 70%, kanti engenayo abasebenzi wezolimo kunyuke ngo-68%. Ngokwezinga elithileko esanele ukunikeza isimo nge ukudla, plan wabiza ukuhileleka amapulazi collective cishe u-20% abalimi.

chaos Industrial eyenziwe umsebenzi rush

Kakade lapho kukhishwa amapulani ziye kakhulu ziyancipha ukwakhiwa isikhathi iningi amabhizinisi ezinkulu ezimbonini kanye ivolumu izimpahla kwezolimo bayanda. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngaphandle ukulungisiswa lobuchwepheshe. Ukubala sasisekelwe ikakhulu entshisekweni jikelele, shisisa emikhulu inkulumo-ze mkhankaso. Omunye iziqubulo yaleyo minyaka kwaba ucingo ukwenza uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu ngemva kweminyaka emine.

Ikakhulukazi kwetimboni leyo minyaka lalinabashumayeli ophoqelelwe ukwakhiwa ezimbonini. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukwehlisa isikhathi Okuqondiwe Five sikhiqize inani eliphindwe kabili, ukwanda yonyaka ekukhiqizeni safinyelela 30%. Ngokulandelana, anda futhi collectivization izinhlelo. Okunjalo emsebenzini rush nakanjani ukudala chaos iyiphi wemboni akazange abe nesikhathi ekukhuleni kwabo nezinye, ngezinye izikhathi abahlobene nabo. Lokhu kungabi sengxenyeni yini ithuba lokuphinde ukuthuthukiswa nalehleliwe emnothweni.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi izindlela ezinhlanu

Ngoba inkathi yokuqala umgomo oneminyaka emihlanu kwezimboni ngokugcwele engakaze ufinyelelwe. Ezimbonini eziningi izibalo zangempela kakhulu neze kulowo amavolumu okuhleliwe. Lokhu zithinteka energy production, nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi steel bese waphonsa yensimbi. Kodwa, noma kunjalo, ziye zaba khona kwentuthuko okuphawulekayo ukudalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezempi-ezimbonini kanye zonke izingqalasizinda concomitant.

Eyesibili isigaba kwezimboni

Ngo-1934, uhlelo wamukelwa Okwesibili Unyaka Five Hlela. Injongo kwetimboni kuleliya lizwe kulesi sikhathi kwaba ukusungulwa umsebenzi wamabhizinisi eyakhelwe eminyakeni eyi-emihlanu, kanye nokuqedwa okwandile izinxushunxushu imiphumela kwavela umkhakha ngenxa ukusungulwa ngobuchwepheshe engenabulungisa yamazinga aphezulu okungabi ukuthuthukiswa.

Ekubhaleni plan kwakusekelwe ikakhulu kunakwe ngamaphutha esedlule. Umqulu enkulu uxhaso enikeziwe ukwenziwa, futhi uye wathola ukunakwa ngokuthi lapho umuntu enezinkinga ezihambisana wokufundela ezobuchwepheshe secondary futhi ephakeme. Yisinqumo sabo kwakudingekile ukuqinisekisa emnothweni kazwelonke inombolo ezanele tisebenti leticeceshiwe letinemakhono.

Ukukhulisa imikhankaso kule izinhlelo oneminyaka emihlanu

Kakade kulezi iminyaka, kwezimboni wezwe, imiphumela ayibi eside ukufika. Emadolobheni, futhi ngokwengxenye supply emaphandleni lithuthukile kubonakale. Ngokwezinga elikhulu lihlangabezana nezidingo labantu ezidayiswayo. Ubukhulu lokhu impumelelo ngokuyinhloko ezigcwalise emikhulu inkulumo-ze umkhankaso wezwe wavela lonke udumo kuphela Communist Party kanye nomholi walo uStalin.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi phakathi neminyaka kwezimboni kwenziwa isingeniso okwandile zobuchwepheshe obuphambili ezindaweni eziningi ukukhiqizwa namanje kubuswa umsebenzi wezandla, futhi kuphi sifinyelele umkhiqizo ukukhula kobuchwepheshe ayikwazanga ziye zasetshenziswa izindlela ze. Isibonelo itshalwa ku leyo minyaka, edumile ukunyakaza Stakhanovite. Emncintiswaneni irekhodi okukhipha kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi abanye drummers, lapho bonke nezigigaba ekulungiseleleni inkampani wathola imiklomelo kanye nemiklomelo, kanti bonke abanye kwandisa izinga wabiza kulokhu ilingane abasebenzi best kuphela.

Imiphumela yokuqala emihlanu

Ngo-1937, uStalin yamemezela ukuthi umgomo kwezimboni kakhulu kufinyelelwa, kanye nezimboni yakhiwe. Futhi ukwehluleka eziningi ekukhiqizeni kungenxa kuphela namaqhinga bayizitha zabantu, uphakamisele bani yasungulwa ukwesaba olunzima. Kamuva lapho ngonyaka waqeda uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu yesibili, khona-ke njengoba imiphumela yalo ebaluleke kakhulu kungubufakazi ukukhula ukukhiqizwa ingulube yensimbi izikhathi ezimbili nengxenye, steel - kathathu, imoto - at eziyisishiyagalombili.

Uma ku eko Yizwe luyingxenye kwezolimo, lokhu kwaba yisenzakalo zezimboni-nezokulima ekupheleni yesibili uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu. Phakathi kwalezi zimo ngezigaba ezimbili kukhona iminyaka ngempela titanic umsebenzi bonke abantu. Ngo ngemva kwempi eSoviet Union elaqala ngaso ukuba yisizwe zezimboni onamandla. Kukholakala ukuthi kwezimboni sezenhlalo eyaqedwa ekuqaleni sixties. Ngalesi sikhathi iningi labantu bahlala emizini, futhi wahlanganyela ukukhiqizwa yezimboni.

Phakathi neminyaka engu-kwezimboni, izimboni ezintsha ezifana yezimoto, Aerospace, amakhemikhali kanye nezimboni kagesi. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukuthi isimo usefunde ukuzithiba ukukhiqiza konke kuyadingeka izidingo zabo. Uma imishini lokuqala ukwenziwa umkhiqizo amazwe ezivela kwamanye amazwe, ke manje isidingo lalilungiselelwe umkhakha wangasese.