Ubaba ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union. uyise eMelika ibhomu le-athomu

E-US kanye eU.SSR ngesikhathi umsebenzi ofanayo isikhathi kwaqala e-athomu ibhomu phrojekthi. Ngo-1942 e-Agasti kwelinye izakhiwo etholakala egcekeni Kazan University, waqala ukuqhuba Imfihlo Laboratory №2. Inhloko kule nto kwaba Igor Kurchatov, Russian "Ubaba" we ngebhomu le-athomu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-August, eduze Santa Fe, New Mexico, uye wathola "Laboratory Metallurgical" kulendzawo yangaphambilini isakhiwo esikoleni sendawo, futhi imfihlo. It eyayiholwa Robert Oppenheimer, "Ubaba" we ibhomu le-athomu lisuka eMelika.

On ikhambi inkinga kwakuthatha ingqikithi iminyaka emithathu. Eyokuqala ibhomu le-athomu e-United States waba liqhuma kusayithi ngo-July 1945. amabili ngo-August eHiroshima futhi Nagasaki. Kwathatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa kokuzalwa ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union. Ukuqhuma kokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1949.

Igor Kurchatov: Biography emfushane

Igor Kurchatov, le "Ubaba" we ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union, wazalelwa 1903, January 12. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-sifundazwe Ufa, namuhla emzini Sims. Kurchatov ubhekwa abasunguli izicelo amandla enuzi izinjongo zokuthula.

Wathweswa iziqu nge-honours kusukela Simferopol yokuzivocavoca futhi izikebhe esikoleni. Kurchatov ngo-1920 wangena Tauride University, Physics and Mathematics uMnyango. Kakade eminyakeni 3 kamuva waphothula ngempumelelo ekuseni enyuvesi. "UnguYise 'ibhomu le-athomu ngo-1930, waqala ukusebenza Physical-Technical Institute eLeningrad, lapho walibangisa uMnyango physics.

Ubudala kuze Kurchatov

Emuva ngo-1930 e zeSoviet Union, baqala umsebenzi ezihlobene amandla enuzi. Osokhemisi zesayensi kusuka izikhungo yesayensi ezahlukene, kanye ochwepheshe abavela kwamanye amazwe wathatha ingxenye kuzo zonke-Union izingqungquthela ahlelwe i-USSR.

Amasampula Ayekulungele Radium ngonyaka 1932. Futhi ngo-1939-ke kubalwa ukuqoqwa chain reaction zama-athomu esindayo. 1940 kwaba yingqophamlando emkhakheni zenuzi: Umklamo ibhomu le-athomu yadalwa, kanye nezindlela okuhlongozwayo ukukhiqizwa nokwe-uranium-235. iziqhumane ezivamile wokuqala ohlongozwayo njengoba fuse ukuqala ukusabela chain. Futhi ngo-1940, Kurchatov ethulwa umbiko wakhe, senziwe ukuqoqwa of nuclei esindayo.

Ucwaningo ngesikhathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe

Kwake kwathi ngo-1941, amaJalimane ehlasela iSoviet Union, ucwaningo zenuzi bamisiwe. Main Leningrad futhi eMoscow izikhungo ukuthi asebenzelana ngayo izinkinga emkhakheni wesayensi yenuzi, zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo.

Inhloko Strategic Intelligence Beria wayazi ukuthi izazi zesayensi Western cabanga zenuzi iqiniso lingatholakala yini. Ngokusho umlando, eSoviet Union ngo-1939 Ngo-September wafika ku-incognito Robert Oppenheimer, umqondisi isebenza ukudalwa ibhomu lenuzi e-United States. Ubuholi wamaSoviet wawungakwazi ufunde ukutholakala kwalezi zikhali kolwazi utshele "Ubaba" we ibhomu le-athomu obakhathalelayo.

EU.SSR ngo-1941, zedathamininikwane kusukela izwe laseBrithani nelase-United States aye aqala ukufika. Ngokusho mithombo, eWest wethulwa umsebenzi olunzulu, injongo okuyinto - ukudalwa izikhali zenuzi.

Entwasahlobo 1943, №2 Laboratory yadalelwa kukhiqizwe ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu e-USSR. Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva ukungabaza ngokuthi ubani ukuphathisa nabaphathi bawo. Uhlu ukhetho ekuqaleni kufakwe amagama angaba ngu-50. Beria, Nokho, ukuthi ukhethe ukumisa at Kurchatov. Wabizwa ngo-Oktoba 1943 kuya umakoti eMoscow. Namuhla Research Center, okuyinto eyavela okucwaninga yaqanjwa kuye - "Kurchatov Institute".

Ngo-1946, ngo-Ephreli 9, wakhipha umyalo phezu ukusungulwa kwe-Laboratory №2 design bureau. Kuphela ekuqaleni kuka-1947, sase okulungiselelwe izakhiwo lokuqala ukukhiqizwa eyayisezweni esifundeni Mordovia Reserve. Ezinye laboratories ezazisemizini izakhiwo sezindela.

RDS-1, ama-lokuqala le-athomu ibhomu Russian

prototype Soviet okuthiwa RDS-1, okuyinto, ngokusho version, kwakusho "indiza injini ekhethekile." Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, saqala wokufunda le isifinyezo alunywe ezahlukene - ". KukaStalin Rocket Engine" Imibhalo ngoba ibhomu imfihlo Soviet wabizwa ngokuthi "rocket injini".

Kuyinto idivayisi emandleni akhe kwaba 22 kilotons. Ukuthuthukiswa Its kwezikhali zenuzi babe eSoviet Union, Nokho, isidingo ijahe-United States, ababehambe phambili ngesikhathi sempi, ophoqelelwe isayensi yasekhaya ukusetshenziswa kwedatha biko. Ukuze uthole ngesisekelo Russian ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu sathathwa "Indoda Fat", elaklanywa amaMelika (esithombeni ngezansi).

Kwaba yakhe 9 August 1945 e-United States kwehla phezu Nagasaki. Ngasebenza "Fat Man" ku ukubola plutonium-239. Isikimu blasting kwaba Implosion: eziqhumayo amashaji ku azungezwe we impahla fissile futhi igagasi kuqhuma wadala, okuyinto "isibambo 'wesimo, etholakala esikhungweni futhi kubangela ukusabela chain. Leli cebo kuphinde neyaziwayo kwaba ayizwakali.

RDS-1 Soviet kumiswa wawakhiwa ngesimo ubukhulu esikhulu mass svobodnopadayuschie ibhomu. Ngenxa plutonium icala yenuzi iziqhumane senziwa. imishini kagesi, kanye umzimba ballistic RDS-1 kwaba nentuthuko yasekhaya. Leli bhomu kwakuba igobolondo ballistic, inkokhiso zenuzi, iziqhumane, futhi imishini icala ubhidliza ezishintshayo izinhlelo.

uranium ukushoda

physics Soviet, esekelwe plutonium ibhomu amaMelika ebhekene nenkinga ukuthi kwadingeka ukuba ixazululwe e esikhathini esifishane: ukukhiqizwa kwe plutonium ngesikhathi ukuthuthukiswa ongakabi waqala eSoviet Union. Ngakho-ke, wathumba ekuqaleni esasisetshenziselwa uranium. Nokho, ophendulayo edingekayo amathani okungenani 150 ketshezi. Ngo-1945 waqala umsebenzi wakhe ezimayini eMpumalanga Jalimane neCzechoslovakia. Uranium ezifakwa kule Chita esifundeni, e Kolyma, eKazakhstan, e-Asia Ephakathi, ziye zatholakala e North-Caucasus nase-Ukraine ngo-1946.

Esifundeni esise-Ural, eduze nedolobha Kyshtym (eduze Chelyabinsk), saqala ukwakha "Lighthouse" - isitshalo radiochemical, neSoviet ophendulayo lokuqala ezimbonini. Kurchatov mathupha baqondisa ukubekwa i-uranium. Ukwakhiwa kwawo efakwe ngo-1947, izindawo ezintathu: ezimbili esifundeni esise-Ural Central no one - ku Gorky esifundeni.

Ngokushesha uya emsebenzini wokwakha, kodwa i-uranium namanje akwanele. I ophendulayo lokuqala commercial, ngisho 1948 asikwazanga ukuqalwa. 7 kuphela Juni kulo nyaka wabekwa icala uranium.

Nokuthuma yenuzi ophendulayo experiment

"Baba" kweSoviet ibhomu le-athomu mathupha wathatha phezu imisebenzi opharetha abakhulu ku elawulwa kude we enuzi. Juni 7, phakathi kuka-11 no-12 ngehora lesine ekuseni, Kurchatov waqala asebenzise yethulwa. Ophendulayo Juni 8 ifinyelele nomthamo kilowatts 100. Ngemva kwalokho, lo "Ubaba" kweSoviet ibhomu le-athomu wabulala ekuqaleni ukusabela chain. Ezinsukwini ezimbili baqhubeka esigabeni esilandelayo ukuqeqesha amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza. Uma ufake amanzi lwaluyophola, kwaba sobala ukuthi i-uranium anawo at azanele ukuba afeze ukuhlolwa. I ophendulayo kuphela emva kulayishwa izingxenye yesihlanu izidakamizwa ifinyelele esimweni esibucayi. I ukusabela chain kwakunokwenzeka futhi. Kwathi ngaleso 8:00 am ngoJuni 10.

17 nyanga Kurchatov - umdali ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union - log ushintsho eqoshiwe izinduna, okuyinto waxwayisa ngokuthi amanzi kunoma isiphi isimo akufanele ivalwe, kungenjalo kuzoba ukuqhuma. Juni 19, 1938 at 12:45 wathatha ukwethulwa kwezezimboni enuzi, eyokuqala Eurasia.

ukuhlolwa ngempumelelo kwezinyathelo ibhomu

Ngo-1949 sase-Soviet Union ngo-June ke ababekuqongelele 10 khilogremu plutonium - isamba ukuthi kwahlanganiswa ibhomu American. Kurchatov, umsunguli we ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union, kulandela isimemezelo Beria, ngaphambilini ukuqoka 29 Agasti yokuhlola yama-RDS-1.

Itulo Irtysh elingenamanzi asemaqeleni, elise Kazakhstan, eduze Semipalatinsk, kwathiwa eceleni indawo yokuhlola. In the isikhungo yasendle umshayeli, ububanzi eyayiqhele 20 km, steel umbhoshongo ukuphakama 37.5 metroa kwakhiwa. RDS-1 efakwe kulo.

Icala asetshenziswe ibhomu, laliyisakhiwo multi-ungqimba. It elihunyushwe kusimo esibucayi we ketshezi esebenzayo wawenziwa ukugxisha usebenzisa i eyindilinga convergent detonation wave kwakhiwa okuyinto ku alufakwa.

imiphumela ukuqhuma

Tower emva ukuqhuma, labhujiswa ngokuphelele. Esikhundleni salo kwaphakama uphondo. Nokho, umonakalo main sabangelwa shock wave. Ngokusho incazelo bokuzibonela, lapho ngo-August 30, wathatha uhambo oluya kuyo ukuqhuma, inkambu zokuhlola Kwakuyisenzakalo esithinta esabekayo. Highway kanye ujantshi amabhuloho, zaziphonswa kulezi ibanga 20-30 metres uphinde uthele kancane ezilimele kabi. Imishini kanye nezimoto ayesakazeke ibanga 50-80 amamitha endaweni lapho kade, izindlu eyabhujiswa ngokuphelele. Kwabonakala izimoto ezinkulu zamasosha asetshenziselwa kokuhlola amandla umthelela, abangu ngesiswebhu nge imibhoshongo ezinsikeni zawo, kanye nesibhamu waba yinqwaba metal elisontiwe. Futhi ashisiwe izimoto 10, "Wokunqoba", baletha ngokukhethekile lapha ukuze uthole ulwazi.

Ubude ibhomu RDS-1 wawenziwe 5. Awazange abonakale ukuthi idluliselwe Air Force, futhi agcinwe Arzamas-16. Namuhla e Sarov, owayekade Arzamas-16 (i-laboratory kuboniswa esithombeni ngezansi), kusakhiwo embukisweni ibhomu. Itholakala Museum wendawo kwezikhali zenuzi.

"Obaba" we ibhomu le-athomu

Ngaphakathi dalo of US ibhomu le-athomu yahanjelwa kaNobel 12 kuphela ababethole, ikusasa nezamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basizwa iqembu lososayensi kusukela UK, okuyinto wathunyelwa Los Alamos ngo-1943.

Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, kukholakala ukuthi eSoviet Union ngokuphelele ngokuzimela isinqumo umsebenzi athomu. Yonke indawo kuthiwa Kurchatov, umsunguli we ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union, kwakuyizwi "Ubaba". Nakuba amahemuhemu mayelana izimfihlo Kwebiwe baseMelika ngezikhathi oputshukile. Kwakungenxa nje ngo-1990, ngemva kweminyaka engu-50, uJulius Hariton - omunye wabahlanganyeli main nezenzakalo isikhathi - utshele indima enkulu intelligence ekudalweni yephrojekthi Soviet. impumelelo Technical nesayensi baseMelika misela Klaus Fuchs, owafika ngo iqembu British.

Ngakho-ke Oppenheimer kungaba kubhekwe "Ubaba" amabhomu, lapho zadalwa nhlangothi zombili olwandle. Singasho ukuthi ungumdali eSoviet ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu kahle. Bobabili amaphrojekthi, American kanye isiRashiya, ayesekelwe emibonweni yakhe. Akulungile ukuthi iqalise Kurchatov futhi Oppenheimer kuphela umhleli oluvelele. Mayelana usosayensi Soviet, kanye mayelana efezwa umdali ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union, siye kakade lapho silandwa. impumelelo esemqoka Oppenheimer sika zesayensi. Waphenduka ikhanda lika uhlelo yenuzi ngenxa yazo, kanye umdali ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union.

Biography emfushane Roberta Oppengeymera

Wazalelwa lesi sazi ngo-1904, ngo-Ephreli 22, e-New York. Robert Oppenheimer lathweswa iziqu ngo-1925 esuka waseHarvard University. Ngaqeqeshwa umdali ikusasa ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu ungakapheli nonyaka ngesikhathi Cavendish Laboratory uRutherford. Ngemva konyaka, usosayensi kuhanjiswe ku-University of Gottingen. Lapha, ngaphansi kokuqondisa M. Born, wavikela ocwaningeni yakhe zobudokotela. Ngo-1928 usosayensi wabuyela USA. "Baba" American ibhomu le-athomu kusukela ngo-1929 kuya ku-1947 efundisa ezimbili amanyuvesi yezwe - California Institute of Technology kanye ne-University of California.

Julayi 16, 1945 kwenziwa ukuhlolwa ngempumelelo ibhomu lokuqala e-United States, futhi ngemva kwalokho, Oppenheimer, kanye namanye amalungu elisungulwe ngaphansi uMongameli uTruman leKomiti wesikhashana, waphoqeleka ukuba ukhethe izinto ngoba ikusasa lalowo nokubhonywa athomu. Abaningi ozakwabo ngaleso sikhathi uphikisa ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi eziyingozi, isidingo nokungelona, njengoba umaluju Japan kwaba kuzenzakalele. Oppenheimer akuzange kube njengokungathi ujoyina kubo.

Ukuchaza ukuziphatha kwakhe esikhathini esizayo, wathi sithembele osopolitiki kanye ezempi, ababe kangcono isimo sangempela. Ngo-October 1945, Oppenheimer saphela umqondisi we Los Alamos National Laboratory. Wazihlanganisa Preston, ehola socwaningo wendawo. udumo lwakhe e-US, kanye ngaphandle kwezwe, zafinyelela umvuthwandaba. New York amaphephandaba akubhala ngaye abaningi. UMongameli uTruman ukhishwa Oppenheimer "Medal of Merit", okuyinto esiseqophelweni eliphezulu eMelika.

Wabhala, ngaphezu amaphepha isayensi, eziningana izincwadi lenemaciniso: "Ngomqondo Ovulekile", "Isayensi ulwazi kwansuku" nabanye.

Lokhu usosayensi wafa ngo-1967, ngo-February 18. Oppenheimer kusukela ebusheni bakhe wakhona wayebhema esindayo. Kanti yena 1965 ithole umdlavuza amalaka. Ekupheleni kuka-1966, ngemuva kokuhlinzwa, owanikhipha ayikho imiphumela, wabhekana nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali futhi welashwa ngemisebe. Nokho, umphumela ukwelashwa alinikwa, futhi 18 usosayensi Februwari wafa.

Ngakho, Kurchatov - the "Ubaba" we ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union, Oppenheimer - e-United States. Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi amagama alabo abaye basebenza on ukuthuthukisa izikhali lokuqala zenuzi. Ukuphendula lo mbuzo: "Ngubani uyise ibhomu le-athomu", sakhuluma kuphela mayelana izigaba sokuqala emlandweni lezi izikhali eziyingozi. It kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla emkhakheni ngenkuthalo ezintsha zenzeke. "UnguYise 'ibhomu le-athomu - yaseMelika, Robert Oppenheimer, kanye usosayensi Russian Igor Kurchatov iyiphayona kule bhizinisi.