Imithala Kuvunguza. Yonke, yonke. yonke umthala

Ngo-1845, isazi sezinkanyezi IsiZulu Nkosi Rosse kwatholakala isigaba Helical uhlobo mafu. imvelo yabo esungulwe kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi lezi mafu zinkulu izinhlelo lezinkanyezi efana komthala wethu, kodwa zisusiwe kuwo izigidi zeminyaka ukukhanya.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

imithala Kuvunguza (Photo ekulesi sihloko, khombisa timphawu tesakhiwo yabo) ngokubukeka kwabo okusikhumbuza yebhangqa amapuleti embondelene ndawonye noma lens we-lenticular wangakwesokunxele. Bona kungatholakala njengendlela omkhulu disk lezinkanyezi kanye halo. Emaphakathi ingxenye, okuyinto zibukeke ungathi ukuvuvukala, ebizwa ngokuthi iqhubu. Ibhendi amnyama (interstellar naphakathi ungqimba opaque) edlulisela eduze disc, ebizwa ngokuthi zothuli oluphakathi kwezinkanyezi.

imithala Kuvunguza ngokuvamile yi- incwadi S. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingahlukaniswa ngokuvumelana isakhiwo degree. Kuze kube yimanje, nabalingiswa abasemqoka kunezelwa izincwadi a, b noma c. Ngakho, Sa sifana Umthala nge ampofu isakhiwo Helical, kodwa i-nucleus ezinkulu. Ekilasini lesithathu - Sc - libhekisela izinto okuphambene, core ababuthakathaka nabanamandla izingalo Kuvunguza. Ezinye izinhlelo inkanyezi maphakathi ingxenye kungaba jumper, okuthiwa bar. Kulokhu, lo abizwa bebelokhu uphawu V Umthala wethu kungokwalabo uhlobo Lesisemkhatsini, ngaphandle jumper.

Indlela eyakheke Kuvunguza disk isakhiwo?

Flat disc emise ukuchaza ukujikeleza amaqoqo ezinkanyezi. It is hypothesized ukuthi ngesikhathi kumiswa imithala amandla centrifugal kuvimbela okuthiwa kokucindezelwa protogalactic amafu ohlangothini perpendicular eksisi ujikeleza. Kufanele bazi ukuthi ubunjalo ukunyakaza yamagesi nezinkanyezi mafu akufani: ehlasela umzimba amaqoqo uphendukisa ngokushesha kunokuba izinkanyezi ubudala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ijubane nobuntu ukujikeleza gas 150-500 km / s, halo inkanyezi uyohlale awasheshi. A mabhamuza ehlanganisa izikhungo ezinjengalezi, uzoba ijubane aphansi ukwedlula akwazi ukugcina kathathu.

igesi Star

Amabhiliyoni zonozungezilanga okuyinto ukuhambisa omise zabo ngaphakathi imithala kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha sebuningini izinhlayiya akha uhlobo inkanyezi igesi. Futhi iningi kuyathakazelisa, impahla yayo basondelene kakhulu igesi evamile. Ukuze kungenzeka ukusebenzisa imiqondo ezifana "kuyizinhlayiyana kwabantu", "ukuminyana", "ingcindezi", "lokushisa". Analogue of ipharamitha lokugcina amandla isilinganiso "kunezinxushunxushu" motion izinkanyezi. Ngo ligijima disk igesi lezinkanyezi kungaba asakaze amagagasi uhlobo Kuvunguza cleaner-kokucindezelwa kwabantu eduze umsindo. Bayakwazi obegat Umthala uhlale Isivinini emincane phakathi neminyaka embalwa izigidi eziyikhulu. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo ukwakheka izingalo Kuvunguza. Ngesikhathi lapho kukhona kokucindezelwa igesi, uqala inqubo amafu abandayo, okuholela inkanyezi asebenzayo obumba.

kumnandzi

Le gesi ku-halo futhi elliptic izinhlelo kuyaguquguquka, isb ashisayo. Ngakho, ukunyakaza izinkanyezi emthaleni yalolu hlobo has a uhlamvu kunezinxushunxushu. Ngenxa yalokho, umehluko kusho phakathi ngesivinini zabo izinto eduze spatially kuyinto eziningana amakhilomitha angamakhulu ngomzuzwana (Isivinini ukuhlakazwa). Ukuze lezinkanyezi igesi Isivinini ukuhlakazwa ngokuvamile kuba 10-50 km / s, ngokulandelana, "degree" yabo kubonakale abandayo. Kukholakala ukuthi isizathu salokhu umehluko itholakala kulezo zikhathi ezikude (iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi eyishumi edlule), yonke lapho imithala ayeseqala nje ukwakha. Eyokuqala wabo kwakheka izakhi eyindilinga.

amagagasi Kuvunguza ngokuthi amagagasi kwabantu, okuyinto ukusebenzisa ku idiski ligijima. Ngenxa yalokho, bonke izinkanyezi emthaleni yalolu hlobo is, njengoba babexoshwa ku namagatsha awo, ebese uqhubeka lapho. Okuwukuphela kwendawo lapho Isivinini sezandla Kuvunguza futhi inkanyezi luqondane, - okubizwa ngokuthi corotation mbuthano. Phela, endaweni kusenelanga. Iplanethi yethu kulesi simo sisihle kakhulu: Umhlaba ukhona endaweni kuqhathaniswa ethule emthaleni, ngenxa yalokho, ngoba izigidigidi zeminyaka, awusebenzi uzizwe izinhlekelele nomthelela kakhulu isikali Galactic.

Izici Kuvunguza imithala

Ngokungafani izakhiwo okweqanda, Kuvunguza Umthala ngamunye (izibonelo kungabonakala isithombe okwethulwa kulesi iphepha) has ukunambitheka yayo ehlukileko. Uma Uhlobo lokuqala ukuhlotshaniswa nokuzola, umile, ezinzile, uhlobo lwesibili - Dynamics, vortices ngokushintshana. Mhlawumbe yingakho Izazi zezinkanyezi zithi kungenxa ukuthi yonke (yonke) "berserk". Ukwakheka Umthala Kuvunguza uhlobo kufaka core emaphakathi kuyiphi zitholakala emikhonweni amahle (amagatsha). Bona bangaphandle inkanyezi yabo cluster kancane kancane balahlekelwa shape yabo. i ukubukeka ezinjalo kungenzeka ukuthi umataniswe nesilingo esinamandla, ukunyakaza ngokushesha. imithala Kuvunguza zinezikhathi ezihlukahlukene amafomu, kanye izithombe namagatsha awo.

imithala kanjani ngetigaba

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu ukwehluka, abacwaningi bakwazi uhlukanise yonke Kuvunguza imithala ezaziwayo. Umngcele we-main wanquma ukusebenzisa isigwebo degree yentuthuko imikhono usayizi nuclei zabo, kanye nezinga compactness ngoba ezingadingekile esebohlile ubala.

Sa

Edwin P. Hubble wathatha isigaba Sa labo imithala Kuvunguza, ezithinta amagatsha ampofu. amaqoqo okunjalo njalo ane-nucleus ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile lesi sikhungo ekilasini emthaleni uhhafu ubukhulu wonke cluster. Lezi izinto izimpawu inkulumo ephansi. Abakwazi qhathanisa ngisho ne okweqanda amaqoqo ezinkanyezi. Ngokuvamile, imithala Kuvunguza emkhathini amagatsha amabili. Basuke etholakala emikhawulweni okuphambene ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Ziphumulele amagatsha ziyalingana, ngendlela efanayo. Njengoba ibanga kusuka enkabeni amagatsha ukugqama kuyehla, futhi ngezinye ibanga elithile futhi benza alibe lisaba ebonakalayo, walahlekelwa ezindaweni neuropathy yeqoqo. Nokho, kukhona izinto abangenawo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu imikhono. Nokho, isakhiwo emthaleni ngempela ezingavamile ezifana. Ngisho ngezikhathi ezithile ungahlangana esigaxeni quin lapho omunye gatsha atfutfuke kakhulu kunemakhono omunye.

Sb futhi Sc

Subclass SB ngezigaba Edwin P. Hubble has ingalo athuthukile okuningi, kodwa abanayo amagatsha ocebile. Kernel lincane kakhulu ukuthi uhlobo lokuqala. I subclass wesithathu (Sc) Kuvunguza amaqoqo ezinkanyezi kukhona izinto amagatsha athuthukile, kodwa maphakathi kuqhathaniswa zabo ezincane.

Kungenzeka yini kabusha?

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi isakhiwo Kuvunguza kuwumphumela ukunyakaza engazinzile izinkanyezi, okuyinto eyenzeka ngenxa ukusikwa namandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izingalo focus, njengoba umthetho, imidondoshiya hot futhi kukhona babuthane mass eyinhloko ndaba ngokukhukhumala kwentamo - zothuli oluphakathi kwezinkanyezi kanye negesi interstellar. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa angabhekwa ngaphesheya. Akungabazeki ukuthi onomfutho kakhulu inkanyezi cluster ngokuhamba kwemvelo yayo ngeke ukwazi ukulahlekelwa ngezinga elithile compactness. Ngakho, ushintsho uma kungenzeki kanjalo abajabuli engenakwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, singaphetha ngokuthi imithala okweqanda abakwazi iphenduke Kuvunguza, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, it is ngakho wahlela isikhala (yonke). Ngamanye amazwi, amahlukuzo inkanyezi zalezi zinhlobo ezimbili akuzona izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene ukuthuthukiswa olulodwa kwemvelo, futhi uhlelo ehluke ngokuphelele. Uhlobo ngalunye ezifana isibonelo izindlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuphambene ngenxa ezahlukene zlib isilinganiso. Sici lokhu kuyithuba incike umehluko Ukujikeleza zemithala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ngokuhamba lasungulwa, uhlelo inkanyezi siya Ukujikeleza ngokwanele, kungathatha ifomu onomfutho, futhi ngeke ukuthuthukisa izikhali Kuvunguza. Uma ngezinga elithile Ukujikeleza alwanele ke emthaleni buzoba buncane onomfutho, futhi akhiwa amagatsha akhe - lena ukuma zakudala okweqanda.

Yini enye umehluko

Kunezinye umehluko phakathi okweqanda futhi kuvunguza inkanyezi izinhlelo. Ngakho, uhlobo lokuqala zemithala kokuba ezingeni eliphansi kokucindezelwa, elinesimo esincane (noma kungekho) ndaba ehlasela umzimba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amahlukuzo Helical nge ezingeni lelisetulu kokucindezelwa, futhi liqukethe igesi nothuli izinhlayiya. Lokhu ososayensi umehluko ukuchaza kanje. Uthuli igesi izinhlayiya njengoba ukuhambisa ngezikhathi babhekana. Le nqubo inelastic. Ngemva ushayisile, izinhlayiya ulahlekelwe ingxenye amandla abo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kancane kancane axazulule ezindaweni kohlelo lezinkanyezi, esinomthwalo aphansi amandla ezingaba khona.

uhlelo kakhulu ecindezeleke

Uma inqubo echazwe ngenhla okwenzeka onomfutho kakhulu inkanyezi uhlelo, indaba diffusive kufanele axazulule phansi indiza eyinhloko emthaleni, ngoba kulapha lapho izinga ezingaba amandla aphansi. Lapha zihamba kahle kanye negesi nothuli izinhlayiya. Ngaphezu kwalokho ndaba ngokukhukhumala kwentamo iqala ukuhamba kwayo indiza eyinhloko cluster inkanyezi. Izinhlayiyana ukuhambisa kakhulu zifana omise isiyingi. I ukushayisana lapha pretty ezingavamile. Uma kwenzeka, i-ukulahlekelwa amandla kukhona azinakwa. Kule kusobala ukuthi le ndaba ngokwengeziwe ukuze le enkabeni yalo mthala ongahlabeki umxhwele, lapho okungaba khona amandla ezingeni namanje aphansi.

Okuphansi kokucindezelwa uhlelo

Manje cabanga ukuziphatha Umthala okweqanda. Uhlelo inkanyezi yalolu hlobo ihlukile ukuthuthukiswa ohluke ngokuphelele inqubo. Lapha, indiza eyinhloko ayikona ukuhlanganisa endaweni ecacile amandla ongaphakeme ezingaba khona. ukunciphisa Namandla lokhu ipharamitha kwenzeka kuphela isiqondiso emaphakathi inkanyezi cluster. Lokhu kusho ukuthi le gesi interstellar nothuli uzobe ekhangwa enkabeni yalo mthala. Ngenxa yalokho, kwabantu ekubhebhetselisa ndaba lapha kuphezulu kakhulu, iphakeme kakhulu kunasedolobheni zisakaza flat uhlelo Kuvunguza. Ababebuthene ekuqongeleleni ephakathi ye uthuli igesi ngaphansi amandla adonsela phansi uzobe onomfutho, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka endaweni encane-usayizi ndaba obukhulu. Ososayensi bathi ukuthi ngenxa lolu daba esikhathini esizayo izinhlamvu ziqala ukwakheka izinkanyezi ezintsha. Okubalulekile lapha ihlukile - yayincane ifu igesi nothuli elise-nucleus ye-Umthala kancane onomfutho, singavumeli ngokwakho ukuthola ngokuhamba observation.

izigaba Lesisemkhatsini

Sesihlole izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko of amaqoqo ezinkanyezi - nababuthakathaka futhi ezingeni enamandla kokucindezelwa. Nokho, kunezigaba Lesisemkhatsini, lapho uhlelo kokucindezelwa itholakala phakathi lezi nemingcele. Kulezi imithala, lesi sici aluqinile ekubhebhetselisa ndaba bahlangana eduze indiza enkulu yokuqothulwa kwehlathi lase-cluster. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akusiyo ngokwanele ababuthakathaka futhi igesi nothuli izinhlayiya bagxila kule ndawo core. Kulezi imithala ndaba ngokukhukhumala kwentamo eqoqwe ngendiza encane, okuyinto ziyazula umnyombo yinhlanganisela inkanyezi.

imithala Umisiwe ekudluleni

Enye subtype eyaziwa Umthala Kuvunguza - yinhlanganisela inkanyezi nge jumper. Sici Its kanje. Uma abavamile Kuvunguza hose uhlelo beze ngokuqondile umongo disk emise ke lolu hlobo luhlobo itholakala phakathi ibhuloho ngqo. A legatsha yeqoqo iqala kusukela emikhawulweni ingxenye. Nokho bebizwa imithala eyayiphambana ethandelayo. Phela, ubunjalo bomzimba walo kwebhuloho ayikaziwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola olunye uhlobo amaqoqo ezinkanyezi. Basuke izimpawu nengaphakathi efana imithala Kuvunguza, kodwa abazi ukuthi imikhono. Ukuba khona nucleus kubonisa kokucindezelwa eqinile, kodwa zonke ezinye nemingcele zifane uhlelo ellipsoidal. amaqoqo enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi ama-lens emise. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi la mafu akhiwa ngenxa ukulahlekelwa Kuvunguza Umthala ndaba yalo ehlasela umzimba.