Negesi isizinda. Izindlela igesi. ukukhiqizwa negesi eRussia

Igesi yemvelo Kumiswa ngokuxuba amagesi ezahlukene ungqimba lomhlaba. Ezimweni eziningi, ukujula zokhahlamba kusuka amamitha angamakhulu amaningana ukuze ambalwa amakhilomitha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zingase zimiswe igesi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu kanye nezingcindezi. Kulokhu, lo ukufinyelela-mpilo kusayithi ayitholakali. Kuze kube manje, ukukhiqizwa gas yaqaphela ngezindlela eziningana, ngamunye wabo uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko. Kodwa ake zonke ukuze.

Uhlolojikelele

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi igesi yemvelo cishe 98% yakhiwa methane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubunjwa yayo ingase ihlanganise ethane-propane, i-butane, nabanye. Kukhona elithi "igesi ababezibheka". Libonisa igesi yemvelo, okuyinto ikakhulu kukhiqizwa emadwaleni argillaceous. Ihlala ajulile samalahle ezivuzayo, sandstone nezinye geofence ngaphansi kwengcindezi eziphakeme ngokwedlulele. Kuze kube manje, isabelo igesi ababezibheka kancane kwengxenye, futhi ngo-2030 sihlelwe ukwandisa lesi sibalo ukuthi 56%. Okwamanje, cishe kuwo wonke amazwe ukukhiqizwa igesi kufanele yokumba. Kodwa iningi labo, cishe 40%, ngeka-United States. Phela, yisimo ethengisa omningi igesi unyaka ngamunye. Asikhulume kabanzi ngale ndaba futhi basingathe imibuzo yethu.

Isizinda of igesi emhlabeni

Ukuze emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, abantu baye bafuna izindlela ukuthuthukisa isizinda izidubedube, okuyinto ejwayelekile ngokomthetho. izidingo Human ezikhulayo nsuku zonke, futhi kukhona isidingo ubuchwepheshe obusha zokukhiqiza. Kuze kube manje, ezifana namaminerali njengoba igesi yemvelo, ikhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke kusukela uwoyela negesi Amasimu, kanye lingatholakala ziyoncibilika amafutha noma amanzi. Uma sikhuluma ngokukhethekile mayelana Russia, ezweni lethu ke akhishwa yembathani Earth. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le gesi njengoba injalo emsulwa akanakho umbala noma iphunga. Ukuze ngokushesha ukunquma igesi ukuvuza, kwanezela odorants, okuyinto abe iphunga ebukhali. Le ndlela kunciphisa nokushona sabantu ngenxa igesi ukuvuza. Yiqiniso, ukukhiqizwa gas emhlabeni kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo, ngoba iyiphi ilangabi evulekile kungaholela inqwaba izisulu kusayithi kahle.

igesi ekuqongeleleni hydrated

Akunjalo kudala, kwatholakala ukuthi kungenzeka igesi wangcwatshwa isimo okuqinile. Uma ngaphambi kokuba ososayensi wayesazi isimo liquid gaseous kuphela, okwamanje Wazile ngezingcindezi ezifakwa okuqinile, nayo Kumqoka kakhulu embonini. Usuku ngalunye oludlulayo, ukukhuluma okwengeziwe mayelana ukuthi ezansi olwandle kukhona lokuhlala ezinkulu abamba ukushisa, akhona ngesimo hydrates. Hydrates azikakutholi isicelo ububanzi, kodwa selivele lisetshenziselwa amanzi kungeyona, ngaphezu kwalokho, sihlelwe ukusebenzisa kwesigubhu enjalo ukugcina igesi. Empeleni, ezindaweni igesi esikhiqiza angase ukwandisa kancane, njengoba lapho kukhona hydrates, zingase zibe khona ezinye enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi. Manje ake qhubeka ukubheka okunye ezithakazelisayo.

Imali Igesi yemvelo

Kunobufakazi bokuthi kusikisela ukuthi kukhona omkhulu igesi yemvelo ezifakwa kule igobolondo sedimentary uqweqwe eMhlabeni. ithiyori Kukhona biogenic, othi igesi empeleni kwakhiwa amafutha yi yokubola eside eziphilayo ngaphansi kwethonya okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilawuli lokushisa ngokuvamile ethe xaxa, ngendlela efanayo njengoba ingcindezi kuka emasimini uwoyela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi igesi itholakala ngezansi uwoyela. Kuze kube manje, imali ngobukhulu emimoya Russia. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, amasheya izidubedube kungase kwanele iminyaka eminingi. ukukhiqizwa negesi eRussia lisungulwe cishe zonke izindawo. Ngokwe-Ministry of Natural Resources we Russian Federation Ngokusho ivolumu Imininingwane balinganiselwa ku 48,8 trln.m ^3.

Igesi yemvelo izinqolobane ngezwe

Njengamanje, singasho ukuthi ngokuvumelana idatha esemthethweni, emazweni 101 babe endaweni yayo izinqolobane amaminerali. Endaweni lokugcina Benin - 0, 0011 trln.m ^3, futhi kwasekuqaleni Russia - 47.800 trln.m ^3. Kodwa lesi sibalo unikezwa CIA, ngakho empeleni idatha ingase ihluke kancane. Kwelinye izwe ukuthi ine izinqolobane ongashi - Iran. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe Gulf, ezifana e-United States nase-Canada, ungase futhi ngiziqhayise ocebile igesi yemvelo Amasimu. Uma ukufakwa kuhlu emazweni aseYurophu, bese ezindaweni okuqala Norway naseNetherlands. Libuye Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izwe, kanye ingxenye yase-USSR, ezifana Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, futhi, Ziningi igesi yemvelo. Njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade lisetudlwana engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili Kwatholakala igesi hydrates. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi ezifakwa zabo kukhona omkhulu. Futhi amasheya benomthwalo ngokujulile, futhi ngaphansi ekujuleni kolwandle.

izindlela igesi

Okwamanje, ezifakwa zitholakala endaweni ekujuleni 1-3 amakhilomitha. Omunye imithombo ejulile etholakala eduze emzini Novy Urengoy, usafunda komhlaba ngoba 6 amakhilomitha. Ekujuleni kuwukuthi ikhule ezimbotsheni ngaphansi kwengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kancane kancane engena ikhule ezimbotsheni nge ingcindezi kancane futhi ngakho kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, uze uthole ngqo kahle.

Indlela eyinhloko ukukhiqizwa - kuyinto imishini. Ngokuvamile endaweni idiphozi itholakala imithombo embalwa. Futhi Uzama sokuprakthiza ngokulinganayo ukuze ingcindezi kwesigubhu cishe ngokulinganayo basakaza imithombo eminingana. Uma umthombo eyodwa kuphela, khona-ke kungenzeka izikhukhula yakhe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kuze kube manje, cishe akukho ezinye izindlela igesi. Ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi akulungile ukuqamba into entsha, ikakhulukazi uma ubuchwepheshe iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi esikhathini esiseduze into esizayo uzosusa kahle.

Ukulungiselela Igesi zokuhamba

Ngemva ezimbiwa phansi kwemvelo wathola Borehole emhlabeni, kubalulekile ukuletha umsebenzisi. Lokhu kungaba isitshalo zamakhemikhali, izitshalo amandla nezinye inethiwekhi igesi. ukulungiselela yakhe yokuhamba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ngaphezu izakhi ezidingekayo lapho nezinye ukungcola, okuyinto ithiye ukusebenzisa kwayo eminye futhi ezihamba emigwaqeni engothelawayeka. Kuyadingeka ukuba asuse umhwamuko ezingase buthelela imithambo futhi kuthiye ukunyakaza. Udinga ukususa futhi kuyi-hydrogen sulfide, okuyinto ibe usongo olukhulu imishini gas (ezonakalisayo). Ukuze ukulungiswa amaqhinga ahlukahlukene ingase isetshenziselwe. I ofanele kunazo nguye lapho isitshalo ukwelashwa amanzi itholakala eduze ngokushesha idiphozi. Khona-ke ngo-omiswe bese yokuhlanza. Endabeni okuqukethwe okusezingeni eliphezulu hydrogen sulphide noma-helium, le wezinsalela zamandulo ithunyelwa igesi processing plant. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo ukukhiqizwa gas eRussia ngokuvamile lwenteke ngokusebenzisa izitshalo, njengoba izinga komkhiqizo wangempela Akukhona par njalo.

igesi zokuthutha

Okwamanje, indlela eyinhloko ezokuthutha kuyinto komsele. I ububanzi ipayipi bengase bazikhandlele 1.4 m, futhi ukucindezela simiso 75 eziphindwe. Nokho, ngokuhamba phambili ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi iphayiphi elahlekile, futhi umkhiqizo ukufuthelana. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu ezilula, ngezikhawu ezithile ukwakha iziteshi compressor. Kube luyanda igesi ingcindezi ukuze 55-120 atm, futhi selehlile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi badedele line igesi eqolo namuhla - iyona indlela elungele kunazo zonke lokuveza imithombo yemvelo medium futhi iDemo amabanga. Kwezinye izimo, abathwali igesi, nazo zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi emathangini avuzayo. Negesi ungaphakathi iziqukathi ekhethekile isimo uketshezi. nalapho bethutha lokushisa kufanele ibe uhla 150-160 degrees Celsius. Le ndlela has inzuzo enkulu, ezifana nokuvikeleka kuncibilike igesi.

isiphetho

Lesi sihloko kafushane ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa gas ngesikhathi kuhlolwa. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo kahle indlela ethandwa kakhulu. Ezinye izindlela, uma isetshenziswa, Angitholanga isicelo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuqondene sphere igesi kwesicelo, kwasekuqaleni - kuyinto fuel. I-fuel esetshenziselwa ikhaya Ukushisa namanzi bafudumale, ukupheka, njll Ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu yemandla - ingenye yezindlela eshibhe Ukushisa. igesi ezisetshenzisiwe futhi njengoba uphethiloli izimoto, izitshalo amandla kanye boilers. izitshalo Chemical ukuyisebenzisa ngokwenza epulasitikini futhi nezinye izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Awu yilokho kulesi sihloko. Khumbula ukuthi handling engafanele igesi kungaba yingozi.