Izinkinga Amandla izixazululo zayo

Inkinga amandla lwesintu ekubeni zisabalele njalo ngonyaka. Lokhu kungenxa ukukhula labantu global nokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe, okuholela amazinga elikhulayo energy ukusetshenziswa. Naphezu ukusetshenziswa zenuzi, okunye futhi Hydro amandla, share sengonyama uphethiloli abantu bayaqhubeka kukhishwe emhlabeni. Uwoyela, igesi yemvelo kanye zamalahle zingamamitha amahlanu exhaustible zemvelo energy imithombo, kuze kube manje, amasheya abo sehliselwe ezingeni esibucayi.

Kusukela sokuphela

I kwembulunga yonke izinkinga zamandla isintu saqala 70s kwekhulu elidlule, lapho ngenkathi uwoyela ezishibhile iphelile. Kusilela kanye ukwanda kokutheleleka kudlange kakhulu intengo lolu hlobo uphethiloli kwasusa crisis sina ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe. Futhi nakuba inani layo yehlile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imiqulu bebelokhu kancane kancane uwa, ngakho amandla futhi impahla eluhlaza inkinga lesintu isiba acute ngaphezulu.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkathi esukela eminyakeni engu-60 kuya ku-80 ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili kuphela, ivolumu lembulunga yonke elinezinto ezinhlobonhlobo amalahle 40%, uwoyela - 75% igesi yemvelo - 80% inani kwezinsiza lisetshenziswa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukushoda uphethiloli waqala 70s futhi kwatholakala ukuthi le nkinga amandla - ke kuyinkinga yembulunga yonke isintu, akazange anikeze izibikezelo ukukhula ukusetshenziswa. Kwakuhlelwe ukuba ivolumu kwemayini by 2000 kuzokwanda izikhathi 3. Ngemva kwalokho, yebo, lezi zinhlelo sebehlala, kodwa umphumela uba ukusetshenziswa nokumosha kakhulu kwezinsiza, eyathatha amashumi eminyaka, namuhla basuke zicishe zakhubeka.

The main izici ezindawo izinkinga amandla lesintu

Esinye isizathu sokuba ezikhulayo fuel ukushoda iyona Sisindvo semikhakha izimo ukukhiqizwa yayo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda izindleko inqubo. Uma emashumini ambalwa edlule, imithombo yemvelo elele phezu, kodwa namuhla kufanele bahlale ukwandisa kwezimayini, igesi namafutha imithombo ukujula. ephawuleka kakhulu saba sibi kakhulu izimo Geological nesenzakalo bamandla ezindaweni ubudala zezimboni yeNyakatho Melika, i-Western Europe, Russia nase-Ukraine.

Uma sicabanga ngokuba njengomumo womhlaba amandla futhi impahla eluhlaza ezinkingeni zesintu, kumelwe bathi isixazululo yabo ukwandisa imingcele nsiza. Udinga ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezintsha kanye nemibandela Geological ukuxegiselwa. Ngakho kungenzeka ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza nophethiloli. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi jikelele sokutshalwa kwezimali zokukhiqiza amandla ezindaweni ezintsha, njengoba umthetho, siphakeme kakhulu kunalokhu.

izici wezoMnotho kanye geopolitical amandla futhi impahla eluhlaza ezinkingeni zesintu

Ukuwohloka wezinsalela fuel izinqolobane kuye kwaholela ukuvela mncintiswano ezinzima kwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe kanye geopolitical sphere. corporations Giant bekwi kwesigaba fuel amafutha kanye energy imithombo kanye ukuhanjiswa ayezozibusa embonini, okuholela njalo intengo iyehla iyenyuka emhlabeni igesi emakethe, nowoyela. isimo engazinzile sina eshubisa izinkinga amandla isintu.

Global Energy Ezokuphepha

Lo mqondo eziphendulwa umoya zaqala ukusetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21. Izimiso isu ezinjalo zokuphepha ahlinzeke okuthembekile, yesikhathi eside futhi eyamukelekayo imvelo ugesi, intengo okuzokwenza ukulungisiswa, futhi ukuhlela izwe kokubili timbiwa nokungenisa nophethiloli.

Ukuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo kungenzeka kuphela uma izimbangela zezinkinga amandla kwesintu izinyathelo ezingokoqobo okuhloswe ngazo eminye ukuqinisekisa emnothweni wezwe njengoba zokubasa ezivamile namandla owawusisebenzisa imithombo. Futhi ukuthuthukiswa amandla uma kungenjalo kufanele inikezwe ukunakekelwa okukhethekile.

inqubomgomo energy nokongiwa

Ezinsukwini fuel ezishibhile kakhulu umnotho isisetshenziswa khudlwana sekukhona emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Okokuqala, into enjalo okuye kwaqashelwa emazweni acebile e izidubedube. Uphokophelephi uhlu eSoviet Union, i-United States, eCanada, i-China ne-Australia. Ngo-USSR ivolumu uphethiloli okulingana ukusetshenziswa izikhathi eziningana kunaleyo Melika.

Leso simo kudingeka isingeniso esiphuthumayo inqubomgomo kwagezi kule lwasekhaya, izimboni, ezokuthutha kanye nokunye, imikhakha yezomnotho. Ikhumbula zonke izici amandla futhi impahla eluhlaza izinkinga zesintu aseqalile futhi siqalise ubuchwepheshe ukunciphisa ethize amandla okuzamazama GDP kula mazwe, futhi kwakhiwe kabusha yonke Isimo sezomnotho komnotho womhlaba.

Ukuphumelela nokwehluleka

Impumelelo enhle kakhulu emkhakheni kwagezi osekuzuziwe emazweni athuthukile kwezomnotho kwezincwadi eNtshonalanga. Phakathi neminyaka engu-15 bakwazi ukunciphisa amandla okuzamazama GDP yayo nge 1/3, okwaphumela nokwehlisa isabelo sabo emhlabeni energy ukusetshenziswa kusuka 60 kuya kumaphesenti angu-48. Kuze kube manje, lo mkhuba uye waqhubeka, futhi ekukhuleni kwe-GDP ngaphambi imiqulu elikhulayo petrol West.

Okuphawulekayo nakakhulu naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga, China kanye CIS amazwe. Amandla zamandla emnothweni incipha kancane kakhulu. Kodwa abaholi antireytinga kwezomnotho asathuthuka. fuel Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika nase-Asia ukulahlekelwa ezihambisana (igesi yemvelo kanye uwoyela) bavela 80 kuya kwangu-100.

Namaqiniso kanye Amathemba

Amandla izinkinga nezindlela ukuxazulula namuhla ukukhathazeka emhlabeni. Ukuze uthuthukise isimo samanje owethulwa ezintsha ezihlukahlukene yezobuchwepheshe nakwezobuchwepheshe. Ngenjongo kwagezi phelelisa imishini ezimbonini kanye kamasipala, ekhiqizwa izimoto eyonga uphethiloli, nokunye. D.

Phakathi primary izinyathelo macroeconomic zihlanganisa ushintsho kancane kancane isakhiwo ukusetshenziswa of negesi, nowoyela sinombono ekukhuphuleni isabelo okunye futhi ivuselelwe energy imithombo.

Ukuze ngempumelelo ukuxazulula izinkinga amandla lesintu kuyadingeka ukuze unake okukhethekile ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza ubuchwepheshe ezintsha etholakalayo at esiteji samanje ayenawo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe.

amandla enuzi

Omunye izinkomba ethembisayo emkhakheni amandla amandla enuzi. Kwamanye amazwe athuthukile kakade wasungula isizukulwane esisha Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi. ososayensi Nuclear manje futhi ngenkuthalo bexoxa ngendaba sikhungo ezisebenza izinzwa ukuzila ukudla, njengoba kwakuke kufanele babe igagasi elisha futhi ngempumelelo kakhulu amandla enuzi. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa yabo inqanyuliwe, kodwa manje le nkinga liye laba nezokusigcoba futhi.

Ukusetshenziswa MHD ugesi

ukuguqulwa eqondile ukushisa ku ugesi ngaphandle umusi boilers futhi abaphehla ugesi uvumele ugesi magnetohydrodynamic. Ukuthuthukiswa lo mkhuba ethembisa lwaluqala ekuseni 70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Ngo-1971 eMoscow, waba ngowokuqala ukuqala kwamandla umshayeli MHD ka 25,000 kW.

Izinzuzo esemqoka MHD ugesi yilezi:

• ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu;
• nobungane kwemvelo (akukho amagesi ayingozi emoyeni);
• isiqalo osheshayo.

cryogenic turbo generator

Umgomo we operation generator cryogenic itholakala lokuthi ukuthi Rotor is selehlile nge-helium ketshezi, lapho umphumela etholwe umumo wokwakha. Izinzuzo obungenakuphikwa walo mshini zihlanganisa kahle eliphezulu, isisindo ongaphakeme futhi izinhlangothi.

prototype kokulinganisa-yezimboni a cryogenic turbo generator yadalwa nenkathi yamaSoviet, futhi manje intuthuko enjalo zenzeke eJapane, e-United States nakwamanye amazwe athuthukile.

hydrogen

Ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengoba uphethiloli has amathemba enkulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningi, lobu buchwepheshe kuzosiza ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinkulu isintu lobal - amandla futhi izinto zokusetshenziswa inkinga. Okokuqala, i-fuel hydrogen kuyinto eyehlukile yamandla yemvelo embonini zobunjiniyela. Eyokuqala imoto ku-hydrogen sidalwe inkampani Japanese "Mazda" ekuqaleni '90s, injini entsha lwakhiwe for kuye. Ukuhlolwa waphumelela ngempela, eqinisekisa ezingaba kulesi siqondiso.

ugesi electrochemical

Lokhu fuel cell, okuyinto abasebenza hydrogen. Okokhelekayo is idlule ulwelwesi polymeric nge umphenyi okhethekile - kulethe. Ngenxa yokusabela chemical umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen ngokwayo ibe amanzi, ukukhulula chemical amandla omlilo, okuyinto ibe ugesi.

Izinjini nge fuel cell kuhluke kahle Ubuningi bamahora okusezingeni eliphezulu (70%), okuyinto kabili isikhathi eside kunaleso ezivamile izitshalo amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulula ukuyisebenzisa, ukusebenza onokuthula undemanding ukulungisa.

Muva nje, fuel cell abe ububanzi ewumngcingo kwesicelo, isibonelo ocwaningweni isikhala. Kodwa manje umsebenzi ekusetjenzisweni ugesi electrochemical ukukhuthalele kwenziwe emazweni amaningi athuthukile kwezomnotho, olokuqala okuyinto Japan. Inani umthamo zalamaqembu.I emhlabeni ulinganiswa izigidi ngesenti elilodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-New York kanye Tokyo kakade amandla ku izakhi ezifana automaker German "Daimler-Benz" waba ngowokuqala ukudala i-prototype esebenzayo imoto nge injini ezisebenza ngokuvumelana nalesi simiso.

Fusion zenuzi elawulwa

Sekungamashumi eminyaka INcwadi Yonyaka iqhutshwe emkhakheni wezakhi Fusion amandla. Emongweni amandla enuzi zisabela kanjani ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo kanye Fusion zenuzi kusekelwe inqubo reverse - i-nucleus ye-hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium) ukuhlanganisa. Inqubo deuterium zenuzi evutha 1 kg ubuningi bamandla eyakhishwa ngo idlula 10 million izikhathi ezingu eyatholakala kusukela amalahle. Umphumela umbukwane ngempela! Yingakho amandla Fusion ubhekwa ezindaweni ethembisayo tekubukana global amandla ukushoda.

Isibikezelo sezulu sezinsuku

Namuhla, kunamabandla zimo ezihlukahlukene sokuthuthukisa isimo kule global umkhakha weze-energy esikhathini esizayo. Ngokusho ezinye zazo, ngo 2060 ukusetshenziswa kawoyela nokwanda okulingana amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20. Kulokhu, ngokuya ukusetshenziswa okwamanje, emazweni asathuthuka nizowafica athuthukile.

Maphakathi nekhulu lama-21 kakhulu kufanele inciphise amandla phansi, kodwa kuzokhulisa isabelo evuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi umoya, ilanga, zafakwa nesimiso futhi olwandle imithombo yamandla.