Chemical yokusabela ezothando - ezivamile chemical ukusabela ukuthumela

Ukuze lula yezinqubo zamakhemikhali bezibona kangcono zabo I kwesibalo ukuphendula isetshenziswa. Kuyinto okunemibandela entry nokuxhumana izidakamizwa nomunye futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka imikhiqizo emisha. Nalokhu "isithombe" kwendikimba, ngokuba ukuhambisana yomthetho ukulondolozwa mass into esetshenziselwa okuza zezinombolo. Le ncazelo of zamakhemikhali usebenzisa izinombolo kanye nezimpawu ehlongozwayo 1615 Zhan lwaqalwa. Kamuva, ngemva kuvulwa stoichiometry wemithetho baqala ukusebenzisa amanani ambalwa.

Chemical yokusabela ezothando kulotshiwe kanje:

1. I ohlangothini lwesobunxele kwendikimba "isithombe" kukhona izinto phakathi lapho ukuxhumana phakathi kwazo ibekwe uphawu "+". Ohlangothini lwesobunxele - imikhiqizo ukuphendula, ngamanye amazwi, compounds omusha akhiwa. Phakathi ngakwesobunxele futhi izingxenye sokunene Umcibisholo lokhombisa sikhatsi isiqondiso ukuthi bayavuma. Ngokwesibonelo, C + E → CE.
2. Khona-ke, lo okuza ahlelwe, ogama msebenzi "ezingeni", okungukuthi ukwenza nesibalo sohlobo kwama-atom ngamunye phambi ukuphendula zazilingana-athomu ngemva kwalo. Ngakho, "umsebenzi" umthetho ukulondolozwa mass. Ngokwesibonelo, 2HCl - H ₂ + Cl _2.

Kukhona yokusabela ezothando kinetic okusibonisa ukwencika ukugeleza ngesilinganiso iyinkimbinkimbi inqubo yamakhemikhali ku lokuhlushwa izinto unreacted. Simple ukusabela okunjalo esisodwa, schematically bunjesi: V = k [A _1] n ¹ * [A _2] n ^2, lapho

V - Isivinini ukuthi bayavuma;

[A _1], [A _2] - izidakamizwa okuhlushwa;

K - njalo izinga yokusabela, okuyinto incike ubunjalo izinto unreacted kanye lokushisa;

n ¹ n ² - oda ukusabela.

Uma ukusabela okuphuma ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa, bese akha uhlelo of zibalo kinetic, ngalinye elikwazi uzobe kuchazwe ngokwehlukile.

Futhi kohlobo ahlukene iyona ionic yokusabela ezothando okwakusho ekuwulungiseleleni inezici njengoba ezikulo izinto kukhona efomini ion. Okunjalo irekhodi nokuxhumana chemical kwendikimba ejwayelekile kuphela esikhundleni ukusabela kanye exchange e izixazululo aqueous noma Alloys, lapho indoda kwenze kwakhiwa, ukusetshenziswa kabi dissociable (amanzi) noma igesi kukhiqizwa. Ngokwesibonelo: Sangena chemical yokusabela, hydrochloric acid potassium hydroxide, lapho usawoti kwakhiwa namanzi.

HCl + KOH- KCl + H ₂ O

Bhala idatha ketshezi ifomu ion, ngaphandle kwamanzi, njengoba awusebenzi Nqamula. Lokhu kwesibalo iyobizwa ngokuthi ephelele ukuphendula ionic.

H ⁺ Cl ^{- +} K ^{+ OH - --K + Cl} - + H ₂ O

Manje, kule scheme, ngokuvumelana nesimiso ukufana, kwesokunxele kanye ohlangothini lwesokunene "usike" ion okuphindayo bese:

H ⁺ OH ^- - H ₂ O.

Ngisho ukuphendula redox, elinesimo ushintsho esimweni namachibi zama-athomu kuyodingeka umdwebo ethile kwendikimba ku ukurekhoda. Atoms kudingekile ukunquma ukuthi isimo namachibi bashintsha futhi udale i ibhalansi electronic, ngokusekelwe okuyinto ke ukuhlela okuza.

Ngakho, ezothando chemical yokusabela-akhawunti kwendikimba zonke inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kwetinhlavu izinto amasha nge esibolile, compounds wokumelana kanye exchange. Inikeza ulwazi qualitative ambalwa phezu reactants kanye nemikhiqizo ukuphendula.