Isisekelo esiqinile kanye ne-asidi eqinile ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis of usawoti

Ukuze siqonde indlela i- hydrolysis ye-usawoti eqhubeka ngayo izixazululo zabo, siqala ngokuchaza inqubo.

Ukuzimisela kanye nezici ze-hydrolysis

Le nqubo ihilela isenzo samakhemikhali samanzi we-ion ngamanoni anosawoti, okwenza kube nesisekelo esibuthakathaka (noma i-asidi), kanye nokuphendula komphakathi. Noma yimuphi usawoti ungamelwa njengomkhiqizo we-chemical reaction of base kanye ne-asidi. Kuncike ekutheni amandla abo angakanani, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zenqubo zikhethiwe.

Izinhlobo ze-hydrolysis

Emakhemikhali, izinhlobo ezintathu zokuphendula phakathi kosawoti namanzi okucubungula amanzi kubhekwa. Inqubo ngayinye yenziwa ngokushintsha kwe-pH yesikhulumi, ngakho-ke, kuhlongozwa ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkomba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-hydrogen index. Isibonelo, i-violet litmus isetshenziselwa okuphakathi kwe-acidic, i-phenolphthalein ifaneleka ekuphenduleni kwe-alkaline. Ake sihlaziye ngokuningiliziwe izici zesimo ngasinye se-hydrolysis. Izisekelo ezinamandla nezibuthakathaka zinganqunywa kusuka etafuleni lokuzenzekelayo, futhi amandla we-acids anqunywa kusuka etafuleni.

Hydrolysis by cation

Njengesibonelo salolu usawoti, sibheka i-chloride ye-ferric (2). I-hydroxyde ye-Ferric (2) isisekelo esibuthakathaka, kanti i-hydrochloric acid iqinile. Inqubo yokuxhumana namanzi (i-hydrolysis), ukwakheka kosawoti oluyisisekelo (iron hydroxochloride 2) kwenzeka, kanye ne-hydrochloric acid. I- medium acidic ivela esixazululweni , inganqunywa ngosizo lwe-litmus eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (pH ngaphansi kuka-7). Kulesi simo, i-hydrolysis ngokwayo iqhubeka ngokusebenzisa i-cation, ngoba isisekelo esibuthakathaka sisetshenziswa.

Ake sinikeze esinye isibonelo senkambo ye-hydrolysis yecala elichazwe. Cabanga ngosawoti we-magnesium chloride. I-Magnesium hydroxide iyisisekelo esincane, kanti i-hydrochloric acid iyisisekelo esiqinile. Ngenkathi yokuxhumana nama-molecule yamanzi, i-magnesium chloride iguqulwa ibe usawoti oyisisekelo (hydroxochloride). I-Magnesium hydroxide, ifomula ngokuvamile emelelwe kwifomu M (OH) ₂ , iyancibilika kancane emanzini, kepha i-hydrochloric acid enamandla inikeza isixazululo esiyinkimbinkimbi.

Hydrolysis by anion

Ukuhluka okulandelayo kwe-hydrolysis kuyinto ewuphawu losawoti, olwakhiwa isisekelo esinamandla (alkali) kanye ne-asidi ebuthakathaka. Njengesibonelo salolu cala, cabanga nge-carbonate ye-sodium.

Kulo usawoti kunesisekelo esiqinile sodium, kanye ne-carbonic acid ebuthakathaka. Ukuxhumana nama-molecule wamanzi kuqhubeka nokwakhiwa usawoti we-asidi - i-hydrodiumcarbonate ye-sodium, okungukuthi, i-hydrolysis iqhutshwa yi-anion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hydrodium i-sodium isakhiwe esixazululweni , esinika isisombululo isikhala se-alkali.

Ake sinikeze esinye isibonelo salesi simo. I-potassium sulphite yile usawoti owakhelwe nge-base base-caustic potassium, futhi futhi i-asidi ye-sulfuric acid ebuthakathaka . Phakathi nokuxhumana namanzi (ngesikhathi se-hydrolysis), ukwakheka kwe-potassium hydrosulfite (usawoti we-asidi) ne-potassium hydroxide (i-alkali) kwenzeka. Okuphakathi kwesisombululo kuzoba yi-alkaline, kungaqinisekiswa nge-phenolphthalein.

Gcwalisa i-hydrolysis

Usawoti we-asidi obuthakathaka kanye nesisekelo esibuthakathaka sibhekene ne-hydrolysis ephelele. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi iyini into ekhethekile, futhi yimiphi imikhiqizo ezokwakhiwa ngenxa yalokhu kusabela kwamakhemikhali.

Ake sihlaziye i-hydrolysis yesisekelo esibuthakathaka kanye ne-asidi ebuthakathaka ngesibonelo se-aluminium sulfide. Lolu usawoti lwakhiwa i-aluminium hydroxide, eyisisekelo esibuthakathaka, kanti futhi i-hydrogen sulphide ebuthakathaka. Uma uxhumana namanzi, kugcizelelwa i-hydrolysis ephelele, ngenxa yalokho i-gaseous hydrogen sulfide eyakhiwa, futhi i-aluminium hydroxide njengesikhashana. Lokhu kusebenzisana kwenzeka kokubili cation kanye anion, ngakho lokhu okuhlukile hydrolysis kubhekwa ephelele.

Futhi, njengesibonelo sokusebenzisana nalolu hlobo losawoti ngamanzi, i-magnesium sulphide ingacaciswa. Ekubunjweni kwalolu usawoti kukhona i-magnesium hydroxide, i-formula yayo yi-Mg (OH) 2. Kuyinto eyisisekelo ebuthakathaka, engasetshenzisiwe emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona i-hydrogen sulfide ngaphakathi kwe-magnesium sulfide, ebuthakathaka. Uma uxhumana namanzi, i-hydrolysis ephelele iyenzeka (nge-cation ne-anion), ngenxa yalokho i-magnesium hydroxide eyenziwa njengesimo sezulu, futhi i-hydrogen sulphide nayo ikhishwa njengegesi.

Uma sicabangela i-hydrolysis kasawoti, eyakhiwa i-asidi eqinile nesisekelo esiqinile, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ayifuni. Okuphakathi kwezixazululo zalawo usawoti njenge- sodium chloride , i- potassium nitrate , ahlala engathathi hlangothi.

Isiphetho

Izisekelo ezinamandla nezibuthakathaka, ama-asidi lapho kutholakala khona usawoti, kuthinta umphumela we-hydrolysis, ukusabela kwe-medium ngaphakathi kwesisombululo esiphelele. Izinqubo ezinjalo zigcwele emvelweni.

I-Hydrolysis ibaluleke ngokukhethekile ekuguqulweni kwamakhemikhali komkhawulo womhlaba. Iqukethe i-sulphide yensimbi eyancibilika kancane emanzini. Njengobe zi-hydrolyze, ama-hydrogen sulfide amafomu futhi adluliselwa ebusweni bomhlaba ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwentaba.

Ama-silicate amatshe ngesikhathi sokuguqula ama-hydroxide, kubangelwa ukubhujiswa kancane kancane kwamadwala. Isibonelo, amaminerali afana ne-malachite umkhiqizo we-hydrolysis we-carbonates yethusi.

Inqubo ejulile ye-hydrolysis yenzeka nakwi-World Ocean. I-magnesium ne-calcium bicarbonates, eyenziwa ngamanzi, ibe ne-alkaline medium medium. Ezimweni ezinjalo, inqubo ye-photosynthesis ezitshalweni zasolwandle iyaqhubeka ngokugcwele, futhi izilwane zasolwandle zikhula ngokwengeziwe.

Kuwoyela kukhona ukungcola kwamanzi kanye nosawoti we-calcium ne-magnesium. Ngesikhathi sokushisa kwamafutha, ukusebenzisana kwabo nomswakama wamanzi kwenzeka. Esikhathini se-hydrolysis hydrogen chloride sakhiwa, ekusebenzisaneni okuhambisana nensimbi, imishini ibhujiswa.