Ukusabela okuhlanganisiwe: Izibonelo kanye neFomula

Ukusabela kokushintshaniswa, ukufaka endaweni, isakhiwo, ukuchithwa kubhekwa esikhathini sokufunda esikoleni. Ake sihlaziye izici zohlobo ngalunye, sinike izibonelo zokuxhumana.

Incazelo yesikhathi

Iyini ukusabela kwesakhiwo, izibonelo zazo ezibhekwa ezifundeni ezijwayelekile ezemfundo esigabeni sokuqala sokuqeqeshwa? Okokuqala, siyaqaphela ukuthi lelo gama elithi "ukusabela kwamakhemikhali" ekhemistry kuthathwa njengesibili esibaluleke kakhulu.

Ezweni lethu, ukusabela kwalesi sakhi kwenzeka njalo emaminithini, okulingana nakho okujwayelekile kithi, kodwa asizicabangi ngisho nabo.

Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kweziphuzo ze-carbonated, ukushiswa kwezinkuni kubonisa izibonelo zokusebenza kwamakhemikhali.

Le nqubo ihilela ukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ngokubunjwa okuthile okulinganayo nokwenyuka kwamakhemikhali okuqala.

Izimpawu zokuphendula kwamakhemikhali

Noma iyiphi inqubo, kuhlanganise nokusabela kwamakhemikhali we-compound, ihambisana nezimpawu ezithile:

• Ukukhululwa kokukhanya noma ukushisa;
• Shintsha umbala wesisombululo;
• Ukukhishwa kwezindaba ezimbi;
• Ukubonakala kwephunga elithile;
• Ukuphazamiseka noma imvula.

Izimo zokuphendula

Ngokuya ngezici zobunjwa bokubaluleka nokulinganisa, ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali we-compound kungaqhubeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene.

Isibonelo, ukusebenzisana kwefomu 2Ca + O2 = 2CaO (ukucima kwe-lime) kutholakala ngaphandle kokushisa okuphambili, kuhambisane nokukhululwa kwesilinganiso esiningi samandla ashisayo.

Ukusabela kwe-compound kwenzeka kanjani? Ukulingana kwezinqubo ezifanayo kufakazela ukubhala kwezinto zokuqala ngakwesobunxele, futhi umkhiqizo wokusabela uhlanganiswa ngakwesokudla.

4Na + O2 = 2Na2O

Izinqubo ezinjalo zihambisana nezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, ukusabela okunembile kokungaqiniseki (ukutholakala kwesibopho esixubile) kuyindlela yokusabela kwe-oxidation yezinto zokuqala nge-potassium permanganate.

Ukuvutha kwezinkuni

Le nqubo iqhubeka ngokusho kwe-equation:

C + O ₂ = CO ₂

Lokhu ukuphendula okujwayelekile kwesakhi, izibonelo zazo okushiwo ngenhla. Iyini inkinga yale nqubo? Lapho izinkuni zihlangana ne-oksijini emoyeni, ama-molecule e-carbon dioxide akhiwa. Le nqubo ihambisana nokubunjwa kwe-molecule entsha yesibindi esiyinkimbinkimbi, kuyisimo esiphezulu sokuphendula.

Ingabe ukusabela okuhlanganisiwe kunokwenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi? Izibonelo zokusebenzisana nezinto ezilula zixoxwa ngenhla, kodwa lolu hlobo lubuye luphawu lwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuhluka okujwayelekile kokuxhumana okunjalo kungabhekwa njengokusabela kokuqeda umcako.

CaO + H ₂ O = Ca (OH) ₂

Le nqubo iphinde ihambisane nokukhululwa kwesilinganiso esibalulekile samandla ashushu. Phakathi kwezici ezithile zalolu hlelo, siyabona ukuzenzekela kwayo.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ukwakhiwa kwezinto zokuqala kanye nemikhiqizo yokusabela kuyakhipha ukusabela kwekhamera, ukubola, ukufaka endaweni, ukushintshaniswa. Ake sicabangele izibonelo zabo, futhi sinikeze izincazelo zezinqubo ezinjalo.

Ukufakwa esikhundleni kungukufaka endaweni yendikimba ye-athomu yezinto ezilula.

Ukuvumelanisa kuyinkqubo yokuhlanganisa izinto eziningana ezilula noma eziyinkimbinkimbi kwelinye eliyinkimbinkimbi eyodwa. Izibonelo zezinqubo ezinjalo zingacaciswa kusuka kumakhemikhali angahlelekile futhi aphilayo.

2H ₂ + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O

Le nqubo yenzeka ngokukhululwa kwesibalo esikhulu sokushisa, ngakho-ke ukuqhuma kungenzeka.

C ₂ H ₄ + H ₂ = C ₂ H ₆

Lapho i-hydrogen idluliselwa e-ethylene, i-break-bond bond, kabili ukwakhiwa kwe-hydrocarbon egcwele.

Ukuqothulwa yi-reaction reaction yamakhemikhali eholela ekwakheni izinto eziningana ezivela ekomidini elilodwa elihlanganisiwe, elinokubunjwa okulula nokulinganisa.

Ukusabela kokushintshaniswa kwe-i a yizinqubo ezenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yalokho ukushintshaniswa kwezingxenye ezithintekayo kwenzeka.

Kunezimo ezintathu zokugeleza kwenqubo enjalo: igesi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukuchithwa kwesidumbu, ukwakheka kwemithi engalungile.

Lokhu kusebenzisana kubizwa ngokuthi i-esterification, ngoba umkhiqizo wokugcina we-response is ester. Isimo senqubo ekuqondeni phambili ukufakwa kwe-asidi ye-sulfuric acid engxenyeni yokusabela.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngombuso ohlangene wokuxhumana izinto

Zonke izinqubo zamakhemikhali zihlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nalesi simfanelo zibe ukusebenzisana okuhambisanayo nokungahambisani. Esikhathini sokuqala, izinto zokuqala kanye nemikhiqizo yokusabela zisesimweni esisodwa esifanayo, futhi izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingafani zendawo ehlukile zivunyelwe.

Isibonelo, ukuxhumana okulandelayo kuyoba inqubo ehambisanayo:

H ₂ (gas) + Cl ₂ (gas) = 2HCl (igesi)

Njengendlela yokusabela okuyingqayizivele, ukuhluka okulandelayo kungacatshangwa:

I-CaO (s) + H ₂ O (g) = Ca (OH) _{2 (p-p)}

Ngokushintsha izinga le-oxidation

Ukusabela kwe-compound, ifomula eyanikezwa ngenhla (ukwakheka kwamanzi kusuka ezintweni ezilula), kuyindlela yokwenza kabusha. Okuyinhloko yale nqubo iqukethe ukuthi ukwamukelwa nokubuya kwama-electron kwenzeka.

Phakathi kokuphendula kwenkimbinkimbi kunezinqubo ezinjalo ezingahambisani noshintsho kumadigri wokusikhipha, okungukuthi, akuzona i-OVP:

CaO + H ₂ O = Ca (OH) ₂

Ngokwemvelo yokuvuza

Kuncike ekutheni inqubo ingaqhubeka kuphela ekuqondeni phambili noma ukusabela kwenzeka ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuxhumana okungaqondakali futhi okubuyiselwayo kuhlukaniswe ekhemistry.

Isibonelo, ukuphendula okufanelekile kumakhemikhali e-organic akungenakuguqulwa, ngoba kuholela ekusungulweni kwezinto ezingenayo i-insoluble noma yegazi. Isibonelo sokusebenzisana okunjalo ukuphendula kwesibonakaliso "sesibuko sesiliva", okuyiyona ndlela yokuzikhethela ekunqumeni ngenhlanganisela ye-aldehydes.

Phakathi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokuphendula okuguquguqukayo okukwazi ukugeleza ezinkomba ezimbili eziphambene, siyaqaphela ukuphendula kwe-esterification:

CO ₂ + H ₂ O = H ₂ CO ₃

Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-catalyst

Kwezinye izimo kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa i-accelerator (catalyst) ukuze inqubo yamakhemikhali ihambe. Isibonelo sokusebenzisana okuyisisekelo ukubola kwe-hydrogen peroxide.

Izici ze-IRS ukuxuba

Phakathi kwemibuzo evame ukudala ubunzima kubantwana besikole yilungiselelo lama coefficients ekuphenduleni kokusebenzisa indlela ye-electronic balance. Okokuqala, kunezimiso ezithile, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezibonakalayo ezitholakala kuzo zonke izici ezikhona.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi into elula noma eyinkimbinkimbi ibhekwa, inani lazo kumele libe yi-zero.

Isigaba esilandelayo sizobe ukhetha lezozinto noma izakhi zamakhemikhali ezizimele lapho inani lezinga lokushisa lishintshile. Bakubhala ngokwehlukana, bebonisa izimpawu "plus" noma "ukunciphisa" inani lamakhomitha atholakele noma anikeziwe.

Phakathi kwala madijithi, inombolo encane kunazo zonke itholakala, uma ihlukaniswe inani lemiklomelo elamuliwe neyinikezwe, izinombolo zizotholakala.

Izinombolo ezitholakalayo yizo coefficients stereochemical ezihlelwe ngokulingana kwenqubo ehlongozwayo. Isigaba esibalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwe-oxydation-ukunciphisa ukusabela ukuzimisela kwe-agent oxidizing kanye ne-ejenti yokunciphisa, kanye nokuqoshwa kwezinqubo ezenzekayo. Njengomshini wokunciphisa, lawo ma-athomu noma ama-ion akhethwe ukuthi, phakathi nenkathi yokuxhumana, yanda isimo sabo se-oxidation, ngoba i-oxidizer, ngokuphambene, ukwehla kule nkomba kuyisici.

Ingabe imithi yamakhemikhali ephilayo ikwazi ukuguqula noma yiziphi izinguquko kule algorithm? Ukusabela kwe-compound, ukufaka endaweni, ukwehlukaniswa, nokugeleza ngokushintsha kwesilinganiso se-oxidation kubhekwa yi-algorithm efanayo.

Kunezici ezithile ezikhethekile ekuhleleni kwamadigri we-oxidation kumakhemikhali eziphilayo, kodwa inani lazo kufanele liphinde libe yizero.

Kuye ngokuthi izinga le-oxidation lishintsha kanjani, izinhlobo eziningana zokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali zihlukaniswa:

• Ukuphazamiseka - kuhlotshaniswa noshintsho kumadigri we-oxidation wezinto ezifanayo kusiqondiso esikhulu nakakhulu;
• Ukuphikisana - kuhilela ukusebenzisana kwe-agent yokunciphisa kanye ne-oxidizer, equkethe isici esifanayo, kepha ngezinga elihlukile le-oxidation.

Isiphetho

Njengokufingqa okuncane, siyaqaphela ukuthi uma izinto zihlangana, izinguquko nezinguquko zabo zenzeka. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kungukuguqulwa kwe-reagents eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ibe yimikhiqizo enokubunjwa okuhlukile nokulinganisela.

Uma kukhona ushintsho ekubunjisweni kwe-atomic nuclei ekuguqulweni kwe nyukliya, ngakho-ke akunjalo lapho kwenzeka ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali, kuphela ukuphinde kwabiwa kwe-nuclei nama-electron, okuholela ekubukeni kwamakhemikhali amasha.

Izinqubo ezenzekayo zingahambisana nokukhululwa kokukhanya, ukushisa, ukubukeka kwephunga, imvula, ukubunjwa kwezinto ezinokushisa.

Kunezinketho eziningi zokuhlukanisa ukusebenzisana okungokwemvelo nokungahleliwe ngezizathu ezahlukene. Phakathi kokuhluka okuvame kakhulu singakusho ukushintsha kokushicilelwa, isimo sombuso, ukubuyiswa kokugeleza, indlela yokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kwe-catalyst (inhibitor).

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali akuyona isisekelo sokukhiqiza ezimboni kuphela, kodwa futhi nesisekelo sokuphila. Ngaphandle kwezinqubo ze-metabolic ezenzeka eziphilayo, ukuphila ngeke kwenzeke.