I-voltage ilinganiswa kanjani? I-unit of measurement of voltage kagesi

Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ucabange ukuphila ngaphandle kukagesi? Indoda yanamuhla ivalwe ngokuzungezile ngemishini yasendlini esiza empilweni. Ngeke sisakwazi ukuzicabangela thina kanye nempilo yethu ngaphandle kwabasizi basekhaya abahlakaniphile.

Ngobuchwepheshe, kaningi ukushintshela ekusetshenzisweni kagesi. Ngisho nokuthutha kancane kancane kudluliselwa kwamagesi kagesi, okuvumela ukunciphisa umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni.

Namuhla sizozama ukuphendula imibuzo elandelayo:

• Kuyini umshini kagesi?
• Iyini i-voltage kagesi?
• Indlela yokunquma umthamo?
• I-voltage ilinganiswa kanjani?

Kuyini okwamanje?

Ekuqaleni kokutadisha ugesi, itholakala ngokubhoboza umzimba owodwa ngomunye. Inqolobane enkulu yokukhokha ingatholakala ngesikhathi sokuduma kwezulu, usebenzisa ukukhulelwa kwemvelo - isibani sombane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi le ndlela ilahlekelwa ukuphila komfundi weMV Lomonosov, u-Richter.

Inkokhelo ngokwayo kunzima ukuyisebenzisa futhi ingenangqondo. Kubalulekile ukuthola ukunyakaza kwayo okuqondisayo - wamanje kagesi. Izakhiwo zamanje:

• Ukushisa umqhubi;
• Isenzo seKhemikhali;
• Isenzo sezinyathelo;
• Isenzo se-magnetic.

Zisetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nobuchwepheshe. Isimo esidingekayo sokuba khona kwamanje kukhona ukutholakala komthombo wamanje, izinkokhelo zamahhala kagesi kanye nomqhubi ovaliwe.

Ingemuva

Ngo-1792, udokotela owaziwayo we-physics wase-Italy, isazi sezinto eziphilayo kanye nomsunguli u-Alessandro Volta waba nesithakazelo ekutholeni komuntu wasekhaya uLuigi Galvani mayelana nemvelo yezingxube zamanje ezithombeni zezilwane. Ukubheka isikhathi eside ukuziphatha kwezinyawo zamaxoxo ezitshalwe ezinhlangothini zensimbi kwamvumela ukuba aphethe ngokuthi umthombo kagesi awuyona into ephilayo, kodwa uxhumano lwezinto eziphilayo. Yilezi zimo ezenza kube khona ukugeleza kukagesi, futhi ukusabela kokuphela kwezinzwa kuyisenzo somzimba kuphela samanje.

Ukutholakala okuyingqayizivele kwaholela ekusungulweni komthombo wokuqala wezwe oqondile, owaziwa ngokuthi yi "Volta Pillar". Izitshalo ezingavamile (Volta zithi kufanele zisuswe komunye uchungechunge lwezici zamakhemikhali) ziqoshiwe ngephepha elifakwe "umqhubi welesibili".

Le divayisi yaba umthombo wokuqala wamandla okuqhubekayo. Iyunithi yokulinganisa umshini kagesi yaqhubekisela phambili igama elithi Alessandro Volta.

I-DC Power Supply

Into esemqoka yesifunda kagesi ngumthombo wamanje. Inhloso yalo ukudala insimu kagesi, ngaphansi kwesenzo lapho izinhlayiya ezikhokhwayo zamahhala (ama-electron, ions) zifika ngokunyakaza okuqondisayo. Amacala aqoqwe ezakhiweni ezihlukene zomthombo (abizwa ngokuthi izigxobo) anezibonakaliso ezahlukene. Inkokhelo ngokwayo ibuye yenziwe kabusha ngaphakathi komthombo ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla kagesi okungewona kagesi (mechanical, chemical, magnetic, thermal, njll). Insimu kagesi eyenziwe ngamapulangwe ngaphandle komthombo wamanje ikhiqiza umsebenzi ekuhambeni kwenkokhelo kumqhubi ovaliwe. U-Alessandro Volta wakhuluma ngesidingo sesifunda esivaliwe ukudala okwamanje.

Kusukela emithonjeni engaphansi kokusebenza kwamandla kagesi okungewona kagesi ukushayela kuhamba, kusho ukuthi kungase kuthiwe ukuthi la mabutho enza umsebenzi. Masibabize abantu abathathu. Isibalo somsebenzi wamandla angaphandle ekudlulisweni kokukhokhwa ngaphakathi komthombo wamanje kuya ekuphakameni kwenkokhelo kuthiwa yi-electromotive force.

Ukukwazisa ngezibalo zalokhu kuhlobana:

• I-Athi = _{Ngaphansi kwe-:} q,

Lapho i-E amandla okugcoba amandla (EMF), A isenzo semandla angaphandle, q, yiyona inkokhelo eyenziwe ngamandla angaphandle emthonjeni.

I-EMF ichaza ikhono lomthombo ukudala okwamanje, kodwa isici esiyinhloko somthombo ngezinye izikhathi kubhekwa njengombane kagesi (umehluko ongahle).

I-Voltage

Ukusebenza kwensimu ekuhambeni kokushaja kumqhubi kuxabiso lokukhokhwa kwakubizwa ngokuthi i-voltage kagesi.

Ukuze uyithole, udinga ukuhlukanisa umsebenzi wensimu ngenani lokukhokha. Vumela umsebenzi ube ngumsebenzi ofezwa yinkambu kagesi yomthombo wamanje ekuhambeni kokuhamba q. Q. U yi- voltage kagesi. Ukukwaziswa kwesibalo sefomula elihambelanayo:

• U = A: q.

Njenganoma yisiphi isisindo somzimba, i-voltage ine-unit of measurement. I-voltage ilinganiswa kanjani? Ngokwegama lomqambi womthombo wamanje wokugcina wezwe u-Alessandro Volta, le nani yanikezwa iyunithi yayo yokulinganisa. Kuhlelo lwamazwe omhlaba, umthamo ulinganiselwa ku-volts (V).

I-voltage ye-1 V yimiqulu yensimu kagesi, eyenza umsebenzi ku-1 J ngokudluliselwa kwecala ku-1 Cl.

• B = J / K = N • m / (A • c) = kg • m / (A • c ³ ).

Ezingxenyeni eziyisisekelo zesistimu ye-SI, iyunithi yokulinganisa amandla kagesi:

• Kg • m / (A • s ³ ).

Inani elidingekayo

Kungani kunganele, uma kuchaza okwamanje, ukwethula umqondo wamandla wamanje? Masiphathe ukuhlolwa kwengqondo. Ake sithathe izibani ezimbili ezihlukene: isibani esijwayelekile somkhaya nesibani esivela ku-flashlight. Uma uxhuma kubo emithonjeni ehlukene yamanje (inethiwekhi yedolobha nebhethri), ungathola inani elifanayo elifanayo lamanje. Kulesi simo, isibani sendlu sinikeza ukukhanya okungaphezulu, okungukuthi, umsebenzi wamanje kulo mkhulu kakhulu.

Imithombo ehlukene yamanje inezintambo ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuningi kuyadingeka kakhulu.

Ukufanisa okuwusizo

Ukuqonda incazelo yomzimba yombane kagesi kuza uma ubheka ukufana okuthakazelisayo. Ekukhulumeni imikhumbi, ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyishubhu kuya kwibhubhu uma kukhona umehluko wokucindezela kubo. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyama lapho izingcindezi zilingana.

Uma umthamo wamanzi oqhathaniswayo uqhathaniswa nokugeleza kwecala lokugesi, khona-ke umehluko wempikiswano yamakholomu we-liquid udlala indima efanayo ngokuthi umehluko okhona emthonjeni wamanje.

Uma nje izinqubo ezihambisana nokuhlelwa kabusha kwecala elibhekene nezibhamu zenzeka ngaphakathi komthombo wamanje, liyakwazi ukudala okwamanje kumqhubi. Amandla kagesi kagesi alinganiselwa ku-volts, umehluko wezingcindezi unezinyathelo zokulinganisa - pascal.

Amanje we-AC

Umshini kagesi, ngezikhathi ezithile ukushintsha isiqondiso saso, ubizwa ngokuthi okuguquguqukayo. Yakhiwa ngumthombo we-voltage ehlukile. Ngokuvamile kaningi i-generator. Ake sizame ukuchaza: kulokho okulinganiselwe umthamo we-AC?

Isimiso sesizukulwane samanje sisekelwe esimweni sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Ukushintshaniswa kwe-loop evaliwe ensimini yamagnetic kuholela ekuboneni umehluko ongahle kumqhubi. I-voltage ilinganiswa nge-volts futhi uma kwenzeka okwamanje.

Singasho yini ukuthi i-voltage ayishintshi? Ngokusobala, ngenxa yenguquko engxenyeni phakathi kwezindiza ze-contour futhi evamile kulo, i-voltage eyenziwe ishintshana nesikhathi. Inani laso liphuma kusuka ku-zero kuya kwesilinganiso esiphezulu, bese sehla futhi ku-zero. Khuluma ngesilinganiso esithile akudingekile. Faka lokho okubizwa nge-voltage value value:

• U _d = U: √2.

Iyiphi idivaysi eyenza amavolumu?

Idivayisi yokukala amavolumu kagesi - i-voltmeter. Isimiso sokusebenza kwayo sisekelwe ekusebenzisaneni kwesifunda ne-current and field magnetic ye-magnet okuhlala unomphela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-loop yamanje ijikeleza ensimini yamagnetic. Ngokuya ngobukhulu besikhathi samanje esifundeni, i-angle of rotation iyashintsha.

Uma umcibisholo unamathele ku-contour, uyaphambukela ekubalukeni kwe-zero lapho okwamanje kugeleza esigcawini (kaningi ikhoyili). Kuncike ekutheni i-voltage ilinganiswa kanjani, isikali sensimbi siyalinganiswa. Kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ama-lobular namanani amaningi.

Endabeni yamagugu aphansi, umthamo wegesi ulinganiselwa kuma-millivolts noma ama-microvolts. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amayunithi amaningi asetshenziswa kuma-high-voltage amanethiwekhi.

Noma iyiphi i-voltmeter ixhunywe ngokufanayo nengxenye yesifunda lapho i-voltage ilinganiswa khona. Impahla eyinhloko yesifunda yedivayisi ingabizwa ngokuthi ukumelana nokuphezulu kwe-ohmic. I-voltmeter, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-voltage iyalinganiswa, akufanele ithinte okwamanje esiteshini. Amanje amanje adluliselwa kuwo, engathinti kakhulu inani eliyisisekelo.

Itafula lokucindezeleka

Idivayisi yomzimba	Iphethini kubathintana bayo, V
I-Volt post	1.1
I-battery ye-lantern	1.5
Ibhethri ye-alkaline	1.25
Ibhethri ye-Acid	2
Inethiwekhi yomuzi	220
Imigqa yokudlulisa phezulu yamandla	500 000
Phakathi kwamafu ngesibhakabhaka	Kuze kufike ku-100 000 000

Ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwe-voltmeter

Ukusebenzisa i-voltmeter ngempumelelo, kufanele ufunde ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani. Isivivinyo esinolwazi singacelwa ukuba sisebenzise othisha besikole.

Amakilasi e-physics esikoleni ahlome izinsimbi zokubonisana nokuhlola.

Sebenzisa noma iyiphi i-voltmeter ngokuqapha, elandela imithetho elula:

1. I-voltmeter inomkhawulo wokulinganisa okuphezulu. Lona inani eliphakeme kunazo zonke ezingeni layo. Ungayixhumeki esiteshini esine-high voltage element.
2. Uma kungekho omunye umthombo noma i-voltmeter, ungasebenzisa uhlelo lokumelana okungeziwe. Kulokhu, izinga le-voltmeter kufanele liphinde lishintshwe.
3. Esikhathini se-DC, izinto zikagesi zixhunywe kuye ngokuthi kubonakaliswe yini uphawu lokukhokha kuma-terminals alo. Ukuphela okuphephile komthombo wamanje kufanele kuxhunywe ekugcineni kwesigameko se-voltmeter, ukuphela okungekho emkhakheni owodwa. Uma ukudidanisa, izandla zedivayisi zingaguqa, okuyinto engathandeki kakhulu.
4. Zonke ukuxhumana zenziwa kuphela esiteshini esinikezelwe amandla.

Kulimaza empilweni

Umphumela wamanje kagesi ungaphephile kumuntu. I-voltage engaphansi kuka-24 V ibhekwa njengengozi.

Umphumela wamanje ngaphansi kwemigodi yenethiwekhi yedolobha (220 V) iyabonakala kakhulu. Ukuthinta othintana nabo ovelele kuhambisane "nokushaqeka kwamanje" okuphawulekayo.

I-voltage ngesikhathi sokuduma kwezulu idlula umthamo omkhulu kangaka emzimbeni womuntu, okwesabisa ngomphumela obulalayo. Ungalimazi impilo yakho nempilo yakho.