Amaphuzu angu-14 uWilson ngokufushane. Ayini amaphuzu angu-14 kaWilson? Ukuhlaziywa kwamaphuzu angu-14 kaWolrow Wilson

Amaphuzu angu-14 Wilson - lezi yiziphakamiso ezivezwe nguMongameli wase-US. Bakha isisekelo sokuhlelwa kwesivumelwano sokuthula, okuhlose ukuphetha iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Omunye wabongameli abakhulu base-United States

UThomas Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) wayengumongameli we-28 wase-US. Isikhathi sokuqala sokubusa kwakhe, okwenzeka ngo-1916-1921, sabanjwa ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi "Wasisindisa empini". U-Wilson nganoma iyiphi indlela wayenqanda ukubamba iqhaza kwe-United States eMpini Yezwe Lokuqala. Ngenxa yemizamo yakhe yokuqeda impi nokusayinwa koxolo lwe-Versailles ngo-1919, uWoldrow Wilson wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel. Kodwa kufanele masinyane sikhombise ukuthi iNational Senate yase-United States yenqabe ukwamukela isivumelwano se- Versailles sika- 1919. Futhi kuthiwa, empeleni, ama-14 Wilson amaphuzu, avezwe kafushane njengesivumelwano esithi "ukuthula," empeleni waba yi-toptop, njengoba uDavid Lloyd George (uNdunankulu waseBritain Great) noGeorge Clémenceau (UNdunankulu waseFrance) bawachaza.

Ikhadi lebhizinisi likaWilson

Lesi sazi-mlando omkhulu nesazi sezombangazwe sasilokhu sikhumbuza abantu futhi ngenxa yokuthi wayenguMdali we-Federal Reserve. Ngemuva kwalokhu kuguqulwa kwemithetho yesakhiwo sombuso wezwe, imali kuphela e-US yaba i-Federal Reserve Note. Esikhathini esizayo, nguJohn Kennedy kuphela owazama ukuphrinta imali entsha.

Kodwa kukhona imibhalo enjalo ehlala emlandweni njengekhadi lebhizinisi lombusazwe. Isibonelo yisikhulumi sikaChurchill sikaFulton , esibonisa ukuqala kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ne-USSR. NgoJanuwari 8, 1918, umongameli wase-United States wakhuluma neCongress ngenkulumo lapho echaza umbono wakhe wempi nezinjongo zayo. Le nkulumo yahlala emlandweni njengamaphuzu angu-14 adumile kaWilson. Empeleni, lokhu kwakungukungathi iNtshonalanga isabela kuMthethosisekelo kaLenin ongamukeleki ngokuthula. Wonke amazwe ayefuna ukuthula, kodwa indlela yokubhekana nale nkinga yayiyinto engathandeki kubo.

Kusukela emhlabeni kuya empini

Amaphuzu angu-14 ka-Wilson ayesekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi uhlelo lwamanje lwe-oda lomhlaba aluhambisani nezakhamuzi zomhlaba jikelele, futhi "ubuthi beBolshevism", izwe elithakazelisayo, aliyona nje into yokuphikisana nayo. Inkhulumo yeCongress yamemezelwa ngesikhathi seyesibili sesigungu somongameli. I-US yathatha isinqumo sokubamba iqhaza empini, ephikisana ngokuthi lokhu kwakuyingozi ezweni. I-US yamemezele ngezindebe zomongameli wayo ukuthi isisekelo samaPhuzu angu-14 yi-Programme yokuthula yaseMelika, nokuthi banelungelo lokusetha i-oda elisha lomhlaba.

Okuyisisekelo sangempela salolu dokhumenti

Kodwa amandla amakhulu aseYurophu, ecabangela "uhlelo lokuthula" oluhle, aqiniseka ukuthi umgomo weqiniso we-US, ombozwe "umzabalazo wokuthula" - yisisifiso esivela njalo samandla transatlantic ukuba ngumholi womhlaba jikelele, ngokuqeda abaphikisana nganoma iyiphi indlela. Futhi ezincwadini zezombusazwe zaseSoviet le nkulumo yayibizwa ngokuthi "ukuzenzisa", futhi incazelo yencazelo ehambisana ngokuphelele nemibono yabahlaziyi baseFrance naseBrithani. Konke lokho okushiwo yi-Wilson okuyi-14 kwakungukusungulwa yi-United States yokubusa kwayo yonke izwe, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo izinkinga zamazwe ahilelekile eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala.

Inzondo, ehlanganiswe nokunakekelwa

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuKhomanisi abukhambanga ukuzungeza iYurophu, kepha kuqhuma izibindi kanye nemingcele, futhi umqondo wokufinyelela ukuthula okuqotho kanye nokuguqulwa kwentando yeningi kudonsela abaxhasi abaningi. Amaphuzu angu-14 Wilson - umzamo wokuvimbela isinyathelo samaBolsheviks. Uma iRussia ihlala emjikelezweni we-imperialism, mhlawumbe ngeke kube khona inkulumo nhlobo. Futhi nakuba kulesigaba sesi-6 eRussia, kwashiwo ukuthi i-Germany yayikhulule yonke indawo yaseRashiya eyayisetshenziswe futhi yanikeza izwe lethu ilungelo lokukhetha intuthuko yezombangazwe, futhi "umphakathi wezizwe wamahhala" wawungamukelekile eRussia emiphakathini yawo, ukungenelela kwe-US ngokumelene neSoviet I-republic ibonakala ngokubonakalayo emhlabeni wonke isimo seqiniso sezindaba.

Okuyinhloko kwamaphuzu okuqala

Ubukhulu bezenzo zobuqili balo mbhalo, obizwa ngokuthi "amaphuzu angu-14 kaWolrow Wilson," kamuva egcwaliswe ngemigomo engu-4 nokulungiswa okungu-4, kungaqondakala ngokungena kuwo. Ngakho-ke, siyini isisekelo sabo? Iphuzu lokuqala kwakuwukuvuleka okuphelele kwezinkulumo zokuthula. Noma yimiphi imfihlo, izivumelwano ezingezansi ze-scenes kanye nezivumelankulu zezivumelwano zazingavumelekile. Into yesibili ihlinzekelwe ukuhamba kwemikhumbi okungavinjelwe kokubili kokubili ngezikhathi zokuthula kanye nezimpi ezinokuphepha okuthile. Isimo sesithathu samaphoyinti angu-14 kaWoldrow Wilson ukususwa kwanoma yiziphi izithiyo ezibangelwa ukuhwebelana ngokulingana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Yiqiniso, phakathi kwamazwe asekela izwe.

I-idealist noma i-adventurer?

Iphuzu lesine ngokujwayelekile libukeka lihle kakhulu - ukungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokuphepha kazwelonke. Kumele kuqashelwe ngokushesha ukuthi umqondo wokungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi okokuqala waboniswa nguNicholas II, hhayi ngamaMelika, okwathi, ngokusho kwezincwadi zabo zezingane, wafika emkhathini kuqala.

Isigaba sesihlanu sanikele ekubhujisweni kwekolonialism njengalokhu. Owesithupha, ozinikezele eRussia, waxoxwa ngakho kulesi sihloko ngenhla.

Ukuwa kwezinhloso zobukhosi

Isigaba sesi-7 sichaza ukukhululwa okuphelele nokubuyiselwa kweBelgium. Isigaba sesishiyagalombili sichaza ukuphakanyiswa komsebenzi kuzo zonke izindawo zaseFrance nokubuya kwe-Alsace-Lorraine kuwo, okuyinto iPrussia eyayiyiminyaka engama-50. Isigaba sesishiyagalolunye sanikezelwa ekusungulweni kwemingcele ecacile yase-Italy. I-10 yanikezela ukuzimela okubanzi kwabantu baseMbusweni wase-Austro-Hungarian. Le dokhumenti ayizange idlulele amaBalkan - ukukhululwa kweRomania, Montenegro naseSerbia kwathiwa yiyona nkulumo engu-11. Ngo-12, emva kokuwa kwe-Austria-Hungary, uMbuso Wase-Ottoman wawa, nokuzimela ngokugcwele kwabantu ababekuyo, nokudluliselwa kwamaDardanelles emandleni angaphandle. Ukwakhiwa kwePoland yamahhala nokuzimela kwabikwa yisigaba 13.

Unganaki iqiniso

Umgqa wokugcina wanikezelwa ekwakheni umphakathi olinganayo wezizwe ezihlangene. Ukuqhubeka kulokhu okushiwo ngaphambili, kungase kuthiwa "i-14 Wilson amaphuzu" kufanele kuchazwe ngokufutshane ngokuthi "i-charter charter". Umuntu angathokozela abaseMelika ukuthi umongameli wabo ongu-28 wayengumdlali ophikisayo wokuthula emhlabeni wonke futhi wamukeleka iNobel Prize. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi iBrithani ngaleso sikhathi lalihlala ngengozi eNdiya futhi liyikhululile kuphela ngo-1936, futhi kwakungaba khona umbuzo wokuwa kwesimiso sekholoni -okuyiqiniso akuzange kucatshangelwe.

Ubuqotho?

Yiqiniso, umuntu angacabanga ukuthi uWoldrow Wilson uqobo, efisa ngobuqotho ngenjabulo, ukuthula nokuchuma ezweni lakhe, wadala le mibono emihle kakhulu eyakha isisekelo seSivumelwano SaseVersailles, ngokukholwa ngobuqotho ekunene nokufaneleka kwabo. Nakuba lokhu akunakwenzeka. Kodwa umngane wakhe, umeluleki oseduze kakhulu nomsizi uColonel E. House, ekukhulumeni kwakhe kulo mbhalo wakhuluma ngokungagwegwesi, ngokuqinile futhi kunalokho ngesibindi mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuqaliswa kwawo. Kodwa kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ngemuva kokuhluleka kweSenate ukwamukela iSivumelwano SaseVersailles, ngemuva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi sesibili, u-Wilson washiya umhlalaphansi emapolitiki.

Idokhumenti yeskrini

Pho beyiyini amaphuzu angu-14 kaWilson? Omunye angafunda amazwi anomdlandla ngalolu dokhumenti, ubizwa nangokuthi kwakhiwa isigaba sezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke. Futhi kungani idokhumenti eliphawulekayo elinjalo lingavunyelwanga yiSenate yase-US? Noma kunjalo, iningi labacwaningi abavela emazweni ahlukene bakholelwa ukuthi "uhlelo lokuthula" lumboze isifiso se-United States sokubeka i-hegemony yayo kwezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke, futhi iphuzu ngalinye lilandela umgomo othile wokuba buthaka abadlali bezwe abaqinile njengeBrithani, iFrance, iJapane, i-Turkey ne-Italy.

Isitha esiyinqaba saseRussia

Ukusungulwa kwe-oda lomhlaba omusha noma umhlaba we-unipolar lapho i-United States izobe ingumholi omkhulu wezinhloso zamazwe onke-kuphela ama-14 ama-Wilson amaphuzu athunyelwe kulokhu, ukuhlaziywa okuholela ekuphethweni okukodwa: kwaklanyelwe ukufihla izinqubomgomo ezinonya zamazwe. Babeyidinga inqubomgomo enjalo ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokunqoba kwezinguquko zezenhlalakahle eRussia.