Louis XVI: i-biography emfushane, izingane

INkosi Louis XVI yazalwa esigodlweni saseVersailles ngo-Agasti 23, 1754. Khona-ke wathola isihloko sikaDuke waseBerry. Uyise wayenguDauphin (umlandeli womprofethi), uLouis Ferdinand, naye owayeyindodana kaKing Louis XV waseFrance .

Ubuntwana

Njengengane, ingane yayiyingxenye yesibili yezingane eziyisikhombisa emndenini. Umfowabo omdala wayengu-namesake owafa eneminyaka engu-9 ngo-1761. Ngenkathi uLudwig ekhula emthunzini wakhe, abazali bakhe abazange bambone. Wayethanda ukuzingela, okwakuvame ukuhamba nomkhulu wakhe obusa. Ngemva kokufa kukayise ngesifo sofuba ngo-1765, isihloko sikaDauphin sadlulisela emntwaneni oneminyaka engu-11 ubudala. Waqala ukuqeqesha ngokusheshisa ukuze alungiselele isihlalo sobukhosi, manje esasizozuza njengefa kumkhulu wakhe.

Indlalifa

Ngo-1770, ikusasa uLouis XVI, owayeneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, washada noMarie Antoinette. Wayeyindodakazi kaDauphin umzala emndenini womama, futhi wayeyindodakazi kaMbusi Wombuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, uFranz I. Umphakathi waseFrance wawunenkani emshadweni, njengoba nje nje izwe lase liqedile ukusebenzisana nekosi yase-Austria futhi lahlukunyezwa kakhulu kuleMpi Yezinsuku Eziyisikhombisa (1756 kuya ku-1763). Ngaleso sikhathi, amakoloni amaningi eNyakatho Melika, ayinikezwe iGreat Britain, alahlekile. Umbhangqwana oqanjwe umqhele okwesikhathi eside awukwazanga ukuthola inzalo, ngenxa yokuthi eFrance kwavela ngisho namapheshana amacabangela, okuthinta impilo kaLouis. Noma kunjalo, kusukela ngo-1778 kuya ku-1786, izingane ezine (amadodana amabili namadodakazi amabili) azalwa.

Indlalifa ekhulayo yayihluke kakhulu kumlingiswa omkhulu. Le nsizwa yayinamahloni, ithule, ilula futhi ingavumelani ngokuphelele nenkantolo yasebukhosini.

Izinguquko

Ngo-1774, uLouis XV wafa futhi kwafakwa inkosi entsha esihlalweni sobukhosi - uLouis XVI. I-monarch yazwelana nemibono yoKukhanyisa, ngenxa yalokho okwakusheshe kuthunyelwe umhlalaphansi izikhonzi eziningi ezihlambalazayo nabeluleki bokubusa kokugcina, okwahluke ekuphenduleni. Ngokuyinhloko, uMadame Du Barry, uMongameli, njll baxoshwa enkantolo. Izinguquko ezihloswe ukushiya ama-feudalism zaqalwa, izindleko zobukhosi zendawo zanciphisa kakhulu. Kuzo zonke izinguquko kwakuyisicelo somphakathi waseFrance, owafuna ukukhululeka komphakathi nokuphela kokubusa kweziphathimandla.

Impendulo enkulu kakhulu yenziwa emkhakheni wezezimali. Isilawuli jikelele salesi sigaba kwakuyi-Turgot, okwakuzokwenzeka ngokugcwele ekushintsheni esikhathini esizayo. Uhlongoze ukubuyisela kabusha intela, ukwandisa intela emaqenjini engenayo engenayo yomphakathi. Izethulo zamasiko zangaphakathi zaqedwa, ezithatha abathengisi, zabhubhisa izingqayizivele. Ukudayiswa kwesinkwa kwaba mahhala, okwenza kube lula ukuba khona kwezindlu zabasimili, ababenendlela engcono yokuphila. Ngo-1774 amaphalamende wendawo avuselelwa, okwenza njengemizimba yokwahlulela nemele.

Ukumelana nokuzimela

Phakathi kwababantu bonke, yonke le mibono yamukelwa ngentshiseko. Kodwa intambo engenhla yemiphakathi yaseFrance yayimelana nemiklamo eyenziwe yiNkosi Louis XVI. Abahlonishwayo nabafundisi babengafuni ukulahlekelwa amalungelo abo. Kwakunezimfuneko zokususa okuthunyelwe ku-Turgot, owawuphefumulelwe ngokuyinhloko ushintsho. ULouis XVI ubhekene nomuntu ongaqiniseki futhi ngakho-ke walahlekelwa kubaphathi. I-Turgot isusiwe, futhi e-finance i-anarchy ephelele yaqala. Izikhonzi ezintsha kanye nabaphathi abakwazanga ukukwenza noma yini ngemali ekhulayo esabelomali, kodwa bathatha kuphela imali emalimboleko emakethe. Izindleko zazihlobene nokwehla kwemali evela emalini yentela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhwebelana kwamaphandleni kwakungeke kuhambisane nemigwaqo emisha ngokushesha, ngenxa yokuthi ubunzima bezomnotho emadolobheni, kuhlanganise nokuntuleka kwesinkwa, kwaqala.

Ukuncintisana

Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, ema-80s, uLouis XVI noMarius Antoinette bazama ukuqondisa izimo eziguqukayo zomphakathi waseFrance. Ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kwezinguquko ezithintekayo ukuhlosisa izinguquko ezinkulu ezisele ngemuva kokuthi i-Turgot iqale.

Ngenxa yefa lesithathu, izikhundla zezikhulu nabahluleli bevaliwe futhi. Ama-feudals abuya lapho ekhokha intela ephansi. Konke lokhu kubangele umphakathi. Bonke babengenelisekile: izikhulu ezivela ekungaqinisekiseni kwenkosi, abantu basemadolobheni besimo esibucayi sezomnotho, kanti abalimi abavela kulokho ukuguqulwa kwezinguquko kuphelile.

Ngalesi sikhathi, iFrance yabamba iqhaza empini ye-Independence, eyabonakala eNyakatho Melika. Amakoloni ahlubuki athola ukusekelwa kukaLouis XVI. Ukusebenza okwehlisa iBrithani enkulu kudinga ukuba sikhulume ngecala elifanayo njengabaguquli. Kwakuyi-uncharacteristic ngokuphelele yama-monarch aphelele, omunye wabo owayengumLouis XVI. I-biography emfushane yenkosi ithi inqubomgomo yenkosi yaphakamisa ukunganeliseki "nabalingane" bayo - ababusi base-Austria, eRussia, njll.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhulu eziningi zaseFrance ezazilwa eMelika zabuyela ezweni lakubo abantu abahlukene kakhulu. Babephambene nomlando omdala wezwe lakubo, lapho ama-feudalism ayekhona khona. Ngaphandle kolwandle, bazizwa ukuthi inkululeko. Iphoyisa elidume kakhulu kulolu chungechunge nguGilbert Lafayette.

Inkinga yezezimali

Ingxenye yesibili yama-1980 yabhalwa izinkinga ezintsha zezezimali kulo lonke izwe. Izinyathelo ezingamatshumi amahlanu ezithathwe yinkosi kanye nezikhonzi zakhe azihambisani nanoma ubani ngenxa yokungasebenzi kwazo. Isilinganiso esisha kwaba ukuhlanganiswa kwephalamende, lapho kwakuzofakwa khona intela eguquguqukayo. Umqalisi walo nguLouis XVI. Isithombe sezithombe esinesithombe sakhe sibonisa inkosikazi egqoke kahle, kuyilapho isimo sivuthiwe. Ngokuqinisekile, lokhu kusetha abaningi ngokumelene nenkosi. IPhalamende yenqaba ukukhokha intela entsha, ngemuva kwalokho yahlakazeka, namanye amalungu ayo aboshwa. Lokhu kwacasuka cishe bonke abahlali bezwe. Njengokwenzisana, kunqunywe ukuba kuhanjiswe I-General States.

Izizwe Ezivamile

Umhlangano wokuqala webandla elisha elimele lenzeke ngo-1789. Ngaphakathi, kwakukhona amaqembu amaningana aphikisanayo abamele izinhlaka ezahlukene zomphakathi. Ikakhulukazi, ifa lesithathu lizibiza ngokuthi yiMkhandlu kaZwelonke futhi limema abahlonishwayo kanye nabafundisi ukuthi bajoyine iqembu elisha. Kwakungumzamo wamandla enkosi, owayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu onikeziwe. Ukuphulwa kwemikhuba eyamukelwa kakhulu embusweni ngamakhulu eminyaka kwakusho ukuthi iBandla likaZwelonke lizibeka njengezwi labantu.

Njengoba indawo yesithathu yayiningi emazweni ajwayelekile, ivimbele imithethonkosi yenkosi mayelana nokubuyisela uhlelo oludala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi manje uLouis ubhekene nokukhetha kokuqeda ngokuqinile i-General States noma ukulalela izinqumo zabo. Le nkosi yaphinde yabonisa isifiso sayo sokungcolisa futhi yena ngokwakhe wayeluleka abefundisi nobukhosi ukuba bajoyine inhlangano. Waba umbusi womthethosisekelo.

Ukuvukela

Lesi shintsho sezenzakalo sithukuthele yingxenye evikelekile yomphakathi waseFrance, okwakusenamandla futhi onamandla. I-Ludovik engavumelani nayo yaqala ukulalela izikhulu nezikhulu, ezazifuna ukungena eParis kanye nokwesula abaqalayo izinguquko ezinkulu. Kwaqedile.

Ngemva kwalokhu izakhamuzi zaseParis zayeka ukulalela inkosi futhi zavuka. Ngo-July 14, 1789 wabanjwa eBastille - etilongweni futhi uphawu lwe-absolutism. Ezinye izikhulu nezikhulu zabulawa. I-mind-minded kakhulu yaqala ukwakha izintambo zomlindi wesizwe, owakwazi ukuvikela impumelelo ye-Revolution. Ngaphambi kokusongelwa okusha, uLouis waphinde wavuma, wahoxisa amabutho aseParis futhi eza eMkhandlwini kaZwelonke.

Ekhanda le-Revolution

Ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-Revolution, ukuguqulwa kwamakhadikhadi kwaqala. Okokuqala, uhlelo lwe-feudal olukhona eFrance kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi lwabhujiswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nyanga zonke inkosi yalahlekelwa ithonya lakhe kulokho okwakwenzeka kuye. Amandla asuka ezandleni zakhe. Zonke izikhungo zikahulumeni zazikhubazekile kokubili enhlokodolobha nasezifundazweni. Omunye wemiphumela yalolu shintsho kwaba ukunyamalala kwesinkwa saseParis. UChern, ohlala edolobheni, wazama ngokufutheka ukuvimbezela indlu yaseVersailles, lapho kwakuhlala khona uLouis.

Abaphangi bacela inkosi ukuthi ihambe eParis evela emadolobheni. Enhloko-dolobha, i-monarch yaba yizigqila zangempela kulabo abaguquguqukayo. Kancane kancane emibuthanweni yabo kukhona abakhulekeli be-republic.

Umndeni wasebukhosini, naye, wawunesihluku. ULouis XVI, abantwana benkosi kanye nendawo eyayiseduze yayixhomeke kuMarie Antoinette, owayephikisana kakhulu nabavukeli. Wancenga umyeni wakhe ukuba aphenduke usizo lwababusi basezizweni, ababesaba futhi ngabaseFrance abakhululekile.

I-Flight of the King

Ngenxa yokuthi inkosi yahlala eParis, izenzo zabavukeli bezombusazwe zathola umthunzi wezomthetho. UVersailles wanquma ukubalekela uLouis XVI. Ufuna ukuhola amandla aphikisayo noma aphesheya, kusukela lapho angazama khona ukuhola amasosha athembekile. Ngo-1791 wonke umndeni wasebukhosini incognito washiya eParis, kodwa wabonakala eVarenna futhi uboshwe.

Ukuze alondoloze impilo yakhe, uLouis wathi uxhasa ngokugcwele izinguquko ezinkulu ezweni. Ngalesi sikhathi, iFrance yayivele ikulungele ngokugcwele ukuphikisana okuvulekile nama-monarchies aseYurophu, abesaba umzamo wokudala kuleli zwekazi. Ngo-1792, uLudovic, ngenkathi empeleni e-powder keg, impi yafika e-Austria.

Noma kunjalo, umkhankaso wehlulekile kusukela ekuqaleni. Amayunithi ase-Austria ahlasela iFrance futhi ayeseduze kakade neParis. U-Anarchy waqala emzini, futhi izihlubuki ezintsha zathatha isigodlo sasebukhosini. ULouis nomndeni wakhe bathunyelwa ejele. NgoSeptemba 21, 1792 wayenqatshelwe isikhundla sakhe sobukhosi futhi waba yisakhamuzi esivamile nge-Capet isibongo. EFrance, iRiphabhliki yokuqala yaziwa.

Inkantolo nokubulawa

Isikhundla esibucayi seboshiwe sagcina sichithekile lapho kuphephile okuyimfihlo ephethe izincwadi eziyimfihlo kanye nemibhalo etholakala enqabeni yakhe yangaphambili. Kusukela kubo kwakulandela ukuthi umndeni wasebukhosini wawuthandeka ngokumelene neRevolution, ikakhulukazi, yacela usizo kubusi bezizwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-radicals ayengalindele isikhalazo sokugcina uLouis.

Ngakho-ke, inkantolo yaqala futhi ibuzwa eMhlanganweni. Inkosi yangaphambili yayibekwa icala lokungenelela ekuvikelekeni kazwelonke. Lo Mhlangano wanquma ukuthi ummangalelwa ufanelwe ukufa. Ukubulawa kukaLouis XVI kwenzeka ngoJanuwari 21, 1793. Ngesikhathi esesitelekeni, amazwi akhe okugcina ayengumbuzo wekusasa likaJean-Francois de La Perouse. U-Marie Antoinette wanqunywa ikhanda ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngo-Okthoba.

Ukubulawa kwenkosi kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi amakhosi aseYurophu ekugcineni ahlangene neRiphabhliki. Izindaba zokufa kukaLouis zaba isizathu sokumemezela impi eNgilandi, eSpain naseNetherlands. Ngemva kwesikhashana, iRussia yajoyina inhlangano.