Umkakhe kaHenry 8. INkosi yaseNgilandi evela emndenini waseTudor nomkakhe

INkosi yaseNgilandi uHenry 8 ingenye yezikhulu ezidumile kakhulu, mhlawumbe eziphikisanayo emlandweni wezwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, waqinisa kakhulu uhulumeni, wasiza ukuqinisa umbuso, kodwa kwakuyiminyaka yokubusa kwakhe okwabekwa uphawu lokubulawa, ukuhlambalaza nokuhlelwa kabusha kwesistimu yenkolo nenhlalo.

Isici esijwayelekile sokubusa

Ikhulu le-16 laliyisikhathi sokuqinisa igunya lesikhungo eNgilandi. Lowo owayengumengameli wale nkosi wenza imizamo eminingi ukuze ahlinzekele igunya lakhe. Ngokwengxenye, waphumelela, kodwa isidingo sokuqhubeka nokuguqulwa kwakusobala. Lokhu kwachazwa nokuthi i-state ayizange ibuyele ngokugcwele ngemva kwempi yombango egazini, eyabe yinkinga enkulu. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, iNkosi entsha yaseNgilandi uHenry yangena esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko futhi oyinhloko kwakuwukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo senhlalo yamandla akhe. Ekuqaleni wasekela ubuKatolika, uPapa no-Austrian Habsburgs, bashada nonina ka-Emperor Charles V. Nokho, maduze washintsha inkambo yenqubomgomo yakhe. Efuna ukwesekwa kwangaphakathi kwababusi baseBrithani, waqhubeka enza izinyathelo eziqine kakhulu, okungukuthi, ukuthunjwa kwempahla yezwe nezwe, okwaqala ukuguqulwa ezweni.

Inkinga yomndeni futhi iphule neRoma

Umkakhe wokuqala kaHenry 8 wayenguninakazi ka-anti wase-Austrian naseSpain Habsburgs. Wayeneminyaka eminingana eyinhloko yakhe futhi akazange amnike inzalo yesilisa. Lesi sizathu sokuthi inkosi isifiso sokushada futhi: leli zwe lalidinga indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi. Isici esibalulekile sadlalwa yisici somuntu siqu: umbusi wathandana nendodakazi yenkosikazi yenkazimulo, eyayifuna umshado wezomthetho. Zonke izizathu ezingenhla ziholele ekutheni wabuza uPapa imvume yokuhlukanisa. Kodwa-ke, lo wesifazane wenqaba, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi wayethonywe nguCharles V, okwakungenandaba nesahlukaniso senkosi yaseNgilandi ngesihlobo sakhe segazi. Khona-ke inkosi yahamba evulekile neRoma, ithi yena uyinhloko yesonto. Uhlukanisile nomkakhe futhi washada futhi.

Umshado wesibili

Umkakhe omusha kaHenry, u-8 u-Anna waba yindlovukazi, kodwa lokhu kuhlangana kwaphela ngokumangalela ngaye. Ekuqaleni, abashadile babevumelana, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi maduzane inkosi yazithola iyintandokazi entsha, lapho kamuva yashada futhi eyamzalela indlalifa eyilinde isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa kamuva, indlovukazi encane yamangalelwa ngokuphinga futhi yabulawa eMbhoshongweni. Indodakazi yakhe u-Elizabeth kamuva yaba yiNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi, futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe u-Anna Boleyn wayevuselelwa ngokugcwele.

Umshado olandelayo

Umfazi wesithathu wenkosi nguJane Seymour, ovela emndenini ohloniphekile wezikhulu. Inkosi yayithathwe nguye eminyakeni yomshado wakhe no-Anna. Wayesesevele emnakekela ngokukhululekile, okwenyusa intukuthelo nentukuthelo yomfazi. Ngokushesha ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe, wathatha isithandwa sakhe esisha, wamemezela indlovukazi entsha. Unkosikazi kaHenry 8, ngokungafani nalowo owayengaphambi kwakhe, wayenomqondo ozolile futhi ozolile futhi akaphazamisi ezindabeni zezombangazwe nohulumeni. Ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho emela abahlanganyeli be-pilgrimage, bavukela umbuso weSonto lamaKatolika. Wayengumuntu omnene, onomusa, futhi ozwelana nomkakhokhokazi ohlazekile uMaria. Indlovukazi encane yayithanda wonke umuntu enkantolo, futhi kuphela amaProthestani ayengajabuli, esaba ukuthi uzovuma inqubomgomo yenkosi yokuguqulwa. Nokho, uJane Seymour wayekhathalela kuphela ukuzala indoda yendlalifa, okwakwenzayo, kodwa yena wafa ngokushisa kokubeletha ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Waqhubeka engumfazi othandekayo wombusi, owayeka ukuzongcwaba eceleni kwakhe.

Umshado oqediwe

Umkakhe wesine kaHenry 8 wayeyindodakazi kaDuke waseCleves. WayengumProthestani, ngakho-ke abalandeli benkolo entsha babalwa kulo mshado, benethemba lokuthi indlovukazi entsha izobasekela. Ukuzibandakanya kwenzeke kusengaphambili, futhi ngokusho kwencazelo yenkosi eseduze, umakoti omusha wakhetha ukukhetha okuhle. U-Anna Klevskaya wathola umusa wezinxusa, owaqinisekisa umbusi wawo ukuthi wenza isinqumo esifanele. Inkosi ngokwayo yanquma ukwazi kusengaphambili ukuthi ngubani ozoshada naye, oye wafika kakade ezweni. Ngokushesha, ngaphansi komuntu oyedwa, inkosi yafika lapho. Wayekhuluma nenkosikazi amahora ambalwa, kepha wayengajabuli naye. Yonke intukuthelo yakhe yehlisa phansi enxusa elihlela lo mshado. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, abameli, naphezu kokuthi isivumelwano somshado sesivele sisayinwe, sakwazi ukuqeda ukubandakanya. U-Anna Klevskaya wahlala kuleli zwe njengodade othandekayo wenkosi, owamnika ngokuphakade futhi wamvakashela, esekwazi ukuthola ulimi olufanayo naye.

Imishado elandelayo

Umkakhe kaHenry, owesihlanu ngaphansi kwe-akhawunti, wayengumzala wokuqala kumfazi wesibili wenkosi. Waba nesimo esifanayo, nakuba umshado wokuqala wawubonakala uphumelele. INdlovukazi encane Catherine Howard wayengowesifazane onomusa, kodwa olula kakhulu. Ngakho, wavuma enkantolo yezintandokazi zakhe zangaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umalume wakhe wayenezitha eziningi ezazama ukuphazamisa ithonya lakhe enkantolo. Ngokushesha kwakunebufakazi obuphikisana nalona wesifazane osemusha, kwathiwa wayesebenzisana naye ngaphambili. Ubekwa icala lokungathembeki emshadweni, okwakube sekulingana nobugebengu bukahulumeni. Waboshwa wabulawa eMbhoshongweni.

Umfazi wokugcina wenkosi kwakunguCatherine Parr. Waba owesifazane ohlakaniphile kakhulu. Wabonisa ukudidisana okuphawulekayo, efuna ukucela ukusekelwa kwezihlobo nabangane abasondelene nomyeni wakhe. Futhi waphumelela. Wayenobungane kakhulu, ubuhlobo obuseduze noHamily Elizabeth. Wabuye waphumelela ukumbeka indlalifa yakhe, u-Edward, eceleni kwakhe, nakuba ekuqaleni wayengathandi kakhulu umama wakhe omncane. Futhi kuphela nendodakazi endala yenkosi, uMaria, kwakungekho ubuhlobo obunobungane. Inkosi yayisasolisa kakhulu futhi ivame ukugijima ukubopha umkakhe, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye sabeka isinqumo sakhe. Mhlawumbe, kwafaka isandla ekuthi impilo yakhe yayiphume kakhulu. Ngakho, uCatherine Parr wayengowesifazane kuphela wenkosi, owasinda ekufeni futhi wasinda.

Ukuhlolwa kwempilo yomndeni

Izinkinga ezinjalo zokuphila komndeni wenkosi zaziqaphela kakhulu ososayensi, izazi-mlando, abalobi nabaqambi. Abaningi bafuna isizathu salokhu kuziphatha kumlingiswa wenkosi. Empeleni, intukuthelo yenkosi yayisheshe futhi ikhulu. Kodwa futhi uqinisekile ukuthi izinkinga ezinjalo ziwumphumela womzabalazo onamandla wenkantolo, lapho iqembu ngalinye lifuna ukugcina ithonya layo kanye nesimo. Ngakho-ke, uHenry 8 kanye nabafazi bakhe abangu-6 baba yingxenye yokucwaninga okusheshayo kochwepheshe. Ngokungangabazeki, imbangela yalezi zinkinga kufanele iphinde ifuneke enkampanini yezombangazwe yangaphakathi, eyayihambisana nokuguqulwa, ukuphumula neSonto LamaKatolika nokushintsha kwenkambiso yenqubomgomo yangaphandle. Abaningi babheka ukuphila komndeni wenkosi hhayi kuphela ekuhlotsheni kwezinguquko kumlingiswa wakhe, kodwa futhi nangomqondo obanzi, okungumongo wokuphikisa amaqembu amaKatolika namaProthestani enkantolo yasebukhosini. Ngakho-ke, ukubusa kukaHenry 8, ngaphezu kokuqinisa amandla esikhungo, kwaphawulwa izinkinga zangaphakathi zezombusazwe zangaphakathi.

Abaphumelelayo bombusi

Ngemva kokufa kwenkosi, indodana yakhe u- Edward yaqala ukubusa , 6 owayengenamandla kakhulu empilweni. Empeleni, kanye naye regents kwaba izihlobo zakhe, abamele iqembu lamaProthestani. Ngakho-ke, okwesikhashana izikhundla zabalandeli bakhe zahlala ziqinile, kodwa maduzane le nkosikazi yafa, futhi isihlalo sobukhosi sithatha indodakazi kaHenryne 8 kumkakhe wokuqala. WayengumKatolika futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa waqala ukubuyisela isikhundla sesonto lamaRoma. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi amaProthestani ashushiswa, abaningi babengenelisekile ngenqubomgomo yendlovukazi entsha, eyashada nenkosi yaseSpanishi yenkolo yamaKatolika. Nokho, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, izikhulu eziphakeme zamaProthestani zazibeka enye indodakazi yenkosi yasekupheleni. Umama wakhe ngu-Anna Boleyn, kodwa lokhu akuzange kumise ukukhetha. Iqiniso liwukuthi u-Elizabeth usekela abalandeli bekholo elisha. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kokubusa kwakhe, isikhundla seSonto laseNgilandi laqina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wathola umthetho ngokusho ukuthi le mfundiso entsha yaba yisiphi isimo. Ngalo, ukuhlelwa kokugcina kwesimiso sezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe esaqala ukwakha nabazuzi bayo ababili kwenzeka.

Inani le-Period

Emlandweni waseNgilandi, le nkathi yadlala indima enkulu. Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa, kwakhiwa uhulumeni wasebukhosini, ngokusekelwe ohlonishwayo omusha, owawuthathwa emazindlini omhlaba. Lesi sikhundla saba yisisekelo esiyinhloko esihlalweni sobukhosi saseNgilandi. Ababusi, beqala ngoHenry 8, badala loluhlelo lokuphathwa kwezokuphatha, olwakhiwa isisekelo sesimiso sezenhlalo nezombangazwe zombuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka- Elizabeth I kwakukhona ukuthuthuka kwesiko lesiNgisi. Indlovukazi ngokwayo ihlonipha izimbongi, abalobi, namasiko. Ngalo, kwakhiwa inkundla yezemidlalo yaseNgilandi yesizwe, okwathi kamuva yathola udumo emhlabeni wonke.

Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwaleli ndlovukazi, iNgilandi yandisa indawo yayo yethonya. Isibonelo esicacile ukuvakasha komhlaba kaFr Drake. Futhi, ubudlelwane bomdabu neRussia kwasungulwa. Inkathi yokubusa kwaleli ndlovukazi ingenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili emlandweni hhayi nje eNgilandi kuphela, kodwa naso sonke isikhathi esisha saseYurophu esivamile.

Izithombe ezinamasiko

UHenry 8, abafazi bakhe kanye nabazuzi bezithunywa ezizayo baqala ukwakha ubuciko babalobi, abaqambi, abaqondisi. Enye yamanoveli adume kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi ngumsebenzi kaMnuz Twain "INkosana Nompofu", lapho i-protagonist yindodana yenkosi, ophikisana ngengozi nomfana ompofu, efana naye. Ukubaluleka kwendabuko kungenxa yokuthi iqiniso lesiNgisi lekhulu le-16 lichazwe ngokucacile futhi lichazwe ngokucacile. Umlobi wencwadi yombhalo D. Plady "Umfazi wesithandathu kaHenry 8". Lokhu kukwakhiwa kuhlukaniswa isakhiwo esinamandla futhi esithakazelisayo, izinhlamvu ezithakazelisayo nokubunjwa kwangempela.

Emculweni

Emculweni we-classical, lezi zithombe nazo zitholile ukuveza kwazo. Isibonelo, izwe elidumile ukubunjwa komqambi wase-Italy uG. Donizetti "Anna Boleyn." Umlobi ofanayo unomnikazi we-opera Elizabeth, ongathandwa kakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umqambi wase-Italy waba nesithakazelo emlandweni wesiNgisi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthandwa kakhulu kwalezi zindaba emasiko aseYurophu.

Esikhathini se-cinema

Isikhathi sokubusa kombuso sikhangisa abaqondisi banamuhla. Isibonelo, ungakusho ifilimu "Enye yohlobo lwe-Boleyn", ephethe indawo evelele ebhayisikobho. IsiNgisi esiziwayo esiNgisi, esinikezelwe eminyakeni yokubusa kwakhe. Zonke izinhlamvu ezikuyo ziyiqiniso; Isibonelo, i-heroine yenye yezingchungechunge zokuqala nguCatherine of Aragon. "I-Tudors" yaba uchungechunge oludumile kakhulu, olubonisa ngokucacile isithakazelo somphakathi esikhathini esibucayi. Elinye lamafilimu adume kakhulu yisithombe "Elizabeth. I-Golden Age. " Ibalabala kakhulu yabuye yavuselela isikhathi sokubusa kwaleli ndlovukazi. Isizathu salokhu nesithakazelo ukuthi isikhathi esingaphansi kokucwaninga kwakuyisikhathi esiphezulu emlandweni waseNgilandi nasemlandweni waseYurophu wonke. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa amandla okubusa nobukhosi bamazwe futhi amazwe akhiwa.