Ukwethulwa kwemvume, isikhathi se-NEP

Ngomnyaka we-1920, ukuvumelanisa kwaqaliswa. Ububuthi bempi buqede ngokuphelele impahla yangasese eRussia. Lokhu kwaholela enkingeni yezomnotho ejulile ezweni. Ukwethulwa kwemvume kwakudingeka kuthuthukiswe isimo. Kodwa-ke, izazi-mlando eziningi nezintatheli bacabanga ngendlela ehlukile. Bakholelwa ukuthi inqubomgomo yempi yama-communism yenzelwe "ukucacisa insimu" yezindleko zangaphandle. Ngakho-ke noma cha, kodwa izinkampani zangaphandle "ezingekho-capitalist" zaqala ngempela ukuthola amalungelo amakhulu emisebenzini yezomnotho. Inqubomgomo ye-"Terror Terror", imali yokubambisana, okuwukuthi, ukuphanga kwabantu, isabeliswa eNtshonalanga. Kodwa-ke, emva kokuqeda konke ukuvunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, zonke izazi-mlando zakwamanye amazwe, osombusazwe kanye nezibalo zomphakathi zaqala ukukhuluma ngamalungelo abantu, ukuphindaphinda okukhulu, njll. Kwakunjani ngempela? Akukaziwa. Kodwa-ke, unyaka wokwethulwa kwemvume yonyaka lapho leli zwe libhujiswa phansi. Kodwa kuqala ngenye inkolelo.

Kuyini ukuvuma?

"Imvume" ngesiLatini isho ukuthi "imvume", "ukuvumelanisa". Lokhu ukunikezwa kwengxenye yemithombo yayo yemvelo, izakhiwo zokukhiqiza, amafektri, amafektri kumuntu wangaphandle noma owekhaya ngumbuso. Njengomthetho, isilinganiso esinjalo samukelwa ngesikhathi sokuhlupheka, lapho uhulumeni ngokwawo engakwazi ukukhiqiza ngokuzimela. Ukwethulwa kwemvume kwenza kube lula ukubuyisela isimo esonakele somnotho, ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi, ukuthola imali. Indima enkulu inikezwa yinhloko-dolobha yangaphandle ngenxa yokuthi abatshalizimali bazimisele ukukhokha imali yamazwe ngamazwe, futhi izakhamuzi zasekhaya zivele zingenayo imali.

Ukwethulwa kwemvume: usuku olumlando waseSoviet Russia

Ngo-1920 isimemezelo soMkhandlu KaKhomishana Wabantu "Emikhonweni" samukelwa. Unyaka ngaphambi kokumenyezelwa okusemthethweni kwe-NEP. Nakuba le phrojekthi yaxoxwa emuva ngo-1918.

Amazwi ngokuvumelana kuka-1918: ukukhashelwa noma i-pragmatism

Abanye izintatheli nezamlando-mlando namuhla bakhuluma ngokukhanga inhloko-dolobha e-Soviet Russia njengento yokukhwabanisa kazwelonke, futhi izwe ngokwayo libizwa ngokuthi i-koloni yenhloko-mali ngaphansi kwezingqikithi zokukhanya zenhlalakahle kanye ne-communism. Kodwa-ke, umuntu angahlaziya izihloko zama-1918 izihloko ukuze aqonde ukuthi ngabe kunjalo ngempela yini:

1. Izivumelwano kufanele zinikezwe ukuze ithonya lamazwe angaphandle alincane.
2. Abatshalizimali bezinye izizwe kwakudingeka bahambisane nemithetho yangaphakathi yaseSoviet.
3. Noma nini ukuvunyelwa kungahlulwa kubanikazi.
4. Isimo kumele sithole isabelo ekuphathweni kwamabhizinisi.

Iqiniso lokuthi iziphathimandla zibheke ngokucophelela ngalolu daba zingaphethelwa ekuqalisweni kwezinkampani zokuqala ezinjalo kwi-Urals. Kwacatshangwa ukuthi ngenhloko-dolobha egunyaziwe yebhizinisi engu-500 million ruble 200 izobekwa imali nguhulumeni, 200 ngabasomali bamaphesenti asekhaya futhi kuphela abayi-100 abatshalizimali bamanye amazwe. Siyavuma ukuthi ngalesi sigaba, ithonya lababhange bangaphandle emkhakheni wezomnotho alincane. Kodwa-ke, i-capitalists ayihlose ukutshala imali ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo. Ezandleni "zezilwane" eza eJalimane enezinsiza zayo ezinkulu. Abanini bamabhange baseMelika nabaseYurophu bayazuza kakhulu ngokwabo ukuba bafake izimo zesiJalimane, ukuthi iziphakamiso ezinjalo zaseRussia azizange zithandeke. I-capitalists yayidinga ukuphanga amazwe, hhayi ukuthuthukisa. Ngakho-ke, izinkulumo zika-1918 zahlala kuphela ephepheni. Kwabe sekuqala impi yombango.

Ukuwohloka kwesimo ezweni

Ngo-1921 leli zwe lalinenkinga enkulu kakhulu. Impi Yezwe Yokuqala, ukungenelela, impi yombango yabangela imiphumela:

• Ingxenye yesine yawo yonke ingcebo kazwelonke yabhujiswa. Ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha namalahle kwawela isigamu uma kuqhathaniswa no-1913. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni uphethiloli, inkinga yezimboni.
• Ukuwohloka kwazo zonke ubudlelwane bezohwebo namazwe ase-capitalist. Ngenxa yalokho, izwe lethu lizama ukubhekana nezinkinga zodwa.
• Inkinga yezibalo zabantu. Ukulahlekelwa kwabantu kulinganiswa kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-25. Le nombolo ihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa okungenzeka kwezingane ezingakazalwa.

Ngaphezu kwezimpi, inqubomgomo yempi yamaKhomanisi yaba yinto ehlulekayo. Ukudla okwedlula konke ukulimaza ngokuphelele. Abalimi babengazizwanga kahle ukuvuna isivuno, ngoba bebazi ukuthi amafemu okudla ayezofika athathe konke. Abalimi abazange bayeke kuphela ukunikeza imikhiqizo yabo, kodwa baqala ukuvuka emzabalazweni ohlomile eTambov, Kuban, eSiberia, njll.

Ngomnyaka we-1921, isimo esivele sibi kakhulu kwezolimo senza isomiso siphuthumise. Ukukhiqizwa kokusanhlamvu nakho kwawa ngesigamu.

Konke lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kwenqubomgomo entsha yezomnotho (NEP). Lokho okwakusho ukubuyisela ohlelweni lokuxoshwa kwe-capitalist.

Inqubomgomo entsha yezomnotho

E-Khumi Congress ye-RCP (B.) Kuye kwamukelwa inkambo, eyayibizwa ngokuthi "iNqubomgomo Yezomnotho Entsha." Lokhu kwakusho ukuguqulwa kwesikhashana kumakethe emakethe, ukuqedwa kwe-surplus-appropriation kwezolimo, kanye nokushintshwa kwalo ngentela ngendlela enhle. Izindlela ezinjalo zithuthukisa kakhulu isimo sabalimi. Yiqiniso, kwakukhona okungaphezu kwalokho. Isibonelo, kwakudingekile ukunikela ngo-20 kilograms njalo ngonyaka kusukela kwenkomo ngayinye ezindaweni ezithile. Lokhu kungenzeka kanjani njalo ngonyaka? Akucacile. Phela, awukwazi ukusika ucezu wenyama ngonyaka kusukela kwenkomo eyodwa ngaphandle kokuhlatshwa. Kodwa lezi zivele ziningi ngokweqile emhlabathini. Ngokuvamile, ukwethulwa kwentela enomusa kuyinto eqhubekayo kakhulu kunokuphanga kwabagogo.

Ukwethulwa kwezivumelwano (isikhathi se-NEP) sasebenza. Leli gama lisetshenziselwa imali enkulu kuphela, njengoba abatshalizimali bezinye izizwe benqabe ukuphatha amabhizinisi ngokubambisana, futhi abatshalizimali bekhaya abangekho. Ngesikhathi se-NEP, iziphathimandla zaqala inqubo ephikisayo yokuchasisa. Abanikazi bokuqala babuyela emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi. Abathengi bangaphandle bangase baqashe amabhizinisi eSoviet.

Isingeniso esisebenzayo sokunikezela: NEP

Kusukela ngo-1921, kuye kwaba nokwanda kwamabhizinisi aqashiwe noma athengwe ngabathengi bangaphandle. Ngo-1922 base bevele beneminyaka engu-15, ngo-1926 kuya ku-65. Amabhizinisi anjalo asebenza emagatsheni omkhakha osindayo, ezemayini, ezemayini, ezenziwe ngamaplanga. Ngokuphelele, inani eliphelele lifinyelele amabhizinisi angaphezu kuka-350 kuze kube nini nanini.

ULenin ngokwakhe wayengenalo ukucabanga ngemali engenayo yangaphandle. Wakhuluma ngobuwula bokukholelwa ukuthi "ithole lobuhlanga" lihlanganisa "impisi ye-capitalist". Kodwa-ke, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthola izindlela zokubuyisela umnotho ezimweni zokubhujiswa okuphelele kanye nokuphanga kwezwe. Kamuva, ukwethulwa kwezivumelwano kwaqala ngamaminerali. Okusho ukuthi umbuso waqala ukunikeza izinsiza zemvelo izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, njengoba uLenin ayekholelwa, akunakwenzeka ukufeza uhlelo lwe-GOERLO ezweni lonke. Sibheke okufanayo ema-1990. Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR.

Ukubuyekeza izivumelwano

Ukwethulwa kwemvume kuyinkinga ephoqelelwe ehlangene nempi yombango, izinguquko, izinkinga, njll. Nokho, maphakathi nawo-1920. Kukhona ukucubungulwa kwalenqubomgomo. Kunezizathu eziningana:

• Izimpikiswano phakathi kwezinkampani zangaphandle kanye neziphathimandla zendawo. Abatshalizimali beNtshonalanga basebenzisa ukuzimela ngokugcwele emabhizinisini abo. Impahla yangasese ayibonwanga kuphela eNtshonalanga, kodwa nayo yayilondolozwe ngcwele. Ezweni lakithi, lezi zimabhizinisi zaziphathwa ngenzondo. Ngisho phakathi kwabasebenzi abaphezulu beqembu, kwakukhona inkulumo eqhubekayo mayelana "nokuzithengisa izithakazelo ze-revolution." Yebo, ungawaqonda. Abaningi balwela umqondo wokulingana, ubuzalwane, ukunqotshwa komfelandawonye, njll. Manje sekuvela ukuthi lapho beqede abanye ababambe iqhaza, bamema abanye.
• Abanikazi bamazwe angaphandle bazama ukuthola njalo izintandokazi nezinzuzo ezintsha.
• Izifunda eziningi zaqala ukuqaphela isimo esisha se-USSR ngethemba lokuthola isinxephezelo sokuvuselelwa kwamabhizinisi. Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zakha i-akhawunti elandelanayo ngokubhujiswa nokungenelela. Lezi ziphikisana zaholela ezithweni. Izinkampani zazingavunyelwe ukungena emakethe yaseSoviet. Maphakathi nawo-20. Ekhulwini lama-20 izicelo zokuvuma zaba izikhathi ezimbalwa.
• Ngo-1926-1927 imizimba yokulawula yaqala ukuthola izilinganiso zokukhokha. Kwakukhona ukuthi amabhizinisi amanye amazwe angenisa okungaphezu kuka-400% ukubuyiswa kwezimali ngonyaka. Embonini yocwaningo, amaphesenti aphansi ayephansi, angaba ngu-8%. Kodwa-ke, embonini yokucubungula ithole okungaphezulu kuka-100%.

Zonke lezi zici zathonya isiphetho sesikhathi esizayo sezimali ezinkulu.

Izinkolelo: umlando uyaziphinda ngokwawo

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo, kodwa eminyakeni engu-90 kamuva umlando wesigwebo seNtshonalanga waphindwa. Ngamashumi amabili, isingeniso sabo senziwa ngenxa yokwenqaba iziphathimandla zaseSoviet ukukhokha izikweleti zaseRussia, kanye nokukhokha isinxephezelo sokwenza izwe. Abaningi bathi nje lokhu kwaqaphela i-USSR njengezwe. Emva kwalokho izinkampani eziningi, ikakhulukazi kwezobuchwepheshe, zavinjelwa ukuqhuba ibhizinisi nathi. Ubuchwepheshe obusha buyeke ukuvela phesheya, futhi ukuvunyelwa kwaqala kancane kancane ukwehlisa imisebenzi yabo. Kodwa-ke, iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zathola indlela yokuphuma kweso simo: baqala ukuqasha ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe ngezivumelwano ezithile. Lokhu kwaholela ekuthutheleleni kwa-USSR ososayensi, abathintekayo, abaqala ukudala ezweni elisha amabhizinisi amakhulu nemishini. Isiphetho sokubambisana sagcina sinqunywe.

Ukuphela kwezindleko zangaphandle e-USSR

Ngo-March 1930, isivumelwano sokugcina saphetha nenkampani uLee Werke ekwenzeni imikhiqizo yamazinyo. Ngokuvamile, izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe sezivele ziqonde ukuthi maduze kuzophela kanjani, futhi kancane kancane zahamba emakethe yaseSoviet.

Ngo-December 1930, isimemezelo sakhishwa ukuvinjelwa zonke izivumelwano zokuvumelanisa. I-Glavkonsessky (GKK) yaxoshwa esikhundleni se-firm firm, eyabonisana nezinkampani ezisele. Ngalesi sikhathi, imikhiqizo yemboni ye-USSR yayiphelile ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa kwezigwegwe zaseNtshonalanga. Impahla kuphela esasivumela ukuba sithengise ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke yisinkwa. Lokhu kwaholela endlala eyalandela. Imbewu yikhiqiza kuphela i-USSR eyayithola ngayo imali yezinguquko ezidingekayo. Kulesi simo, uhlelo lwepulazi kanye nolwazi olusemapulazini luyadalwa ngokubambisana okukhulu.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, ukufakwa kwezivumelwano (unyaka we-USSR - 1921) kwenzeka njengesilinganiso sokuphoqeleka. Ngo-1930, uhulumeni wasula ngokusemthethweni zonke izinkontileka zakuqala, nakuba amanye amabhizinisi avunyelwe ukuhlala njengento ehlukile.