Ubani owasungula i-helicopter, ngonyaka owuni?

Njengoba umlando ubonisa, ukubhalwa kwemithombo eminingi ebalulekile akulula noma akunakwenzeka ukusungula. Phela, imibono efanayo ingavela kubantu abahlukaniswa ngamakhulu eminyaka noma izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Lokhu okushiwo ngenhla kufana nombuzo othi ubani owasungula i-helicopter yokuqala, njengoba eyaziwa ngabososayensi abaningi abanamakhono, onjiniyela kanye nabadwebi abaye bahlongoza imibono ehlukahlukene yokudala izindiza ngokuqedwa ngokuqondile.

Umbhalo wokuqala

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ngumuphi nyaka i-helicopter eyakhiwe, ngoba kunzima ukucacisa iphuzu lokubhekisela. Uma sikhuluma ngomqondo wokuthi idivayisi ikhuphuka ngokuqondile ngenxa yesibisi esijikelezayo, ukukhulunywa okudala kunayo yonke into enjalo kuneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-1600 ubudala. Kwakuyisitokisi esincane sabantwana ngendlela ye-wand ne-screw ekupheleni, eyayiboshelwa phakathi kwezintende zezandla, yanikeza i-spin futhi yakhululwa, ngemva kwalokho yagijima isikhashana. Ayikho isicelo esisebenzayo salesi sakhiwo satholwa, futhi sabalahlwa isikhathi eside.

ULeonardo da Vinci

Nakuba igama lombono omkhulu kunawo wonke we-Renaissance alitholi phakathi kwalabo ababizwa lapho bephendula umbuzo othi ubani owasungula i-helicopter, komunye wemidwebo eyenziwe ngesandla sakhe ngo-1475 kukhona indiza ene-screw enkulu. ULeonardo wacabanga ukuthi inqubo enjalo kwakuzodingeka iqhube phezulu phezulu uma i-propeller yakhe isetjenziswa ngokusebenzisa amandla we-muscular of the pilot.

M. Lomonosov

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-270, lo mshini, ongabizwa ngokuthi i-mini-helicopter yomfanekiso, wasungulwa eRussia. Umbhali walo kwakunguMikhail Lomonosov, owenzele ukudala i-apparatus ekwazi ukuphakamisa ama-thermometers nezinye izinto ezidingekayo ekuqhubeni uphenyo oluseningizimu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngisho nemodeli yasungulwa, yasungulwa kusukela kwindlela yokwenziwa kwentwasahlobo, kodwa ukuhlolwa kwayo akuphumelelanga. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakunjani, nakuba kungekho sizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi owokuqala ukusungula i-helicopter kwaba nguMnu. Lomonosov, isimiso sokucima i-torque esisebenzayo kuma-rotorcrafts asungulwe nguye seyasetshenziswa kuze kube manje futhi kubhekwa njengesiqalo esiqashelwa emhlabeni wonke.

Indiza yokuqala yokuhamba

Ngo-1860, eFrance, uG. Pontin d'Amecour wadala indiza, eyayinezikhwama ezimbili ze-coaxial futhi ifakwe injini ye-steam. Ukuhlolwa kwakhe akuphumelelanga, futhi umshini akakwazanga ukwenza ukuphakama okuqondile, njengoba umsunguli enethemba.

Lesi simo sashintsha ngokufika kwezinjini ze-petroli, ezazinamandla kakhulu futhi zilinganiselwe kunesithambile. Ngo-September 29, 1907 kwakuyizindiza zokuqala ezihamba phambili. Yenziwa imoto engenawo imoto eyakhiwe yi-Gyroplane, eyakhiwa uLouis noJacques Breguet, ngokusekelwa kweProfesa S. Richet. Kwahlala ngaphasi kweminithi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umshini wakwazi ukuzulazula emhlabathini kuphela ngamasentimitha angu-50. Naphezu kokuphumelela, ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lapho bephendula umbuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani owasungula i-helicopter, akunakwenzeka ukubiza abadali be-Gyroplane, ngoba indiza yakhe yayingenakulawula, futhi idivayisi ngokwayo Isikhathi sokubuyiselwa sasiyi-leash.

Izindiza zokuqala ezizimele

Ngo-1907 umFulentshi uPaul Cornu waba ngowokuqala owasungula i-helicopter, eyadala umdali wayo emoyeni. Umshini wawubalekele imizuzwana engu-2 kuphela futhi wafinyelela ukuphakama kwama-50 cm. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Cornu yazama ukulawula idivayisi, kodwa ayikwazi ukusho ukuthi iphumelele.

Umlando oqhubekayo wokusungulwa kwe-helicopter

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana, abaklami nabanjiniyela abakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yokuphatha indiza enjalo. Ukuguquka kwenzeka ngo-1911, lapho uBN Yuryev eba nguye owasungula i-helicopter nge-screw screw. Indlela yokwakhiwa kwezindiza isetshenziselwa emkhakheni wokwakha izindiza kuze kube yilolu suku.

Ngo-1922, uProfesa G. Botezat, owasuka eRussia waya e-United States ngemva kokuvukela umbuso, wakha i-helicopter yokuqala elawulwa yizwe, eyabelwa yi-US Army. Kodwa-ke, esevukile emoyeni endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha amahlanu, wakwazi ukuhlala ezindiza imizuzu embalwa nje.

Intuthuko embonini yezindiza

Eminyakeni elandelayo, amarekhodi ambalwa ayekwe isikhathi nobubanzi bezindiza. Phakathi kwabo singakhuluma:

• Umlando weRainine Raul Pateras Pescara, owawunqoba ibanga elingamamitha angu-736 enqoleni ye-helicopter yakhe;
• Isikhathi eside kunazo zonke ngaleso sikhathi (1924) indiza eyayihlala imizuzu engu-40 imizuzwana engu-40, eyenziwe ngumFulentshi E. Emisenom;
• Umlando we-helicopter yase-Italy u-Ascanio, unqobe ibanga elingaphezu kwe-1 km ngo-1930;
• Irekhodi lejubane (100 km / h), efakwe ngo-1935 yiGyroplane.

Ngubani owasungula i-helicopter yokuqala emhlabeni?

Kukholelwa ukuthi ngokuphendula lo mbuzo, igama lomsunguli-umshayeli wezindiza u-Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky kufanele liqanjwe igama. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwendalo yakhe eyinhloko - i-helicopter yokuqala yezwe eliyindilinga - wakha i-advanced advanced ngaleso sikhathi izindiza ezine-injini "Knight Russian". Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphethe indawo yokuqala ekudalweni kwe-hydroplanes ye-transatlantic.

Emuva ngo-1931 uSikhorsky unelungelo lobunikazi bokuklanywa kwezindiza, umklamo owawubonakala ohlukile kakhulu owenzelwe izindiza ze-helicopter ezisetshenziswa namuhla. Ngokuyinhloko, wasikisela ukusebenzisa ama-propellers amabili: okuyinhloko - ophahleni kanye nomsizi - ngomsila.

I-helicopter yokuqala yokuhlola ye-Sikorsky - i-VS-300, eqhutshwa yedwa, yakhuphukela esibhakabhakeni ngo-September 1939. Kwakuyipayipi yensimbi yobubanzi obukhulu nge-cockpit evulekile yomshayeli. Le ndege yayinamandla angama-65 amalitha. Nge. Futhi yayine-Injini ezayo ejikeleza i-rotor eyinhloko yama-3.

Ukuphumelela okwengeziwe kweSikhorsky

Maphakathi nonyaka ka-1941, umklami wezindiza wabeka i-helicopter yokuqala ye-amphibious emhlabeni emhlabeni jikelele, okuyi-alteration kakade edumile ngaleso sikhathi i-aircraft VS-300. I-rotorcraft yasuka ebusweni bamanzi futhi yafika ngempumelelo emhlabathini. Ubude bendiza yakhe yayingu-1 ihora elingu-35 imizuzu, futhi ijubane lafinyelela ku-100 km ngehora.

Ngemva kwalokho, umklami wezindiza wadala izinhlobo ezingu-18 zama-helicopter, ezaqala ukukhiqizwa ngokulandelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenzelwa ama-turbine models, ama-amphibians anezikebhe zokugibela, futhi okuthiwa ama-cranes ezindizayo. Ezindizeni ze-helicopter ezakhiwe yiSikorsky, i-trans-Atlantic ne-trans-Pacific izindiza ngokuqhutshwa emoyeni. Imishini yaseGibhithe yasetshenziselwa izinhloso ezihlukahlukene. Umsebenzi wakhe ngaphambi kokuthatha umhlalaphansi uSikorsky wagcwalisa ukudala i-helicopter ye-S-58, ngokufanele wacabangela i-helicopter engcono kakhulu yesizukulwane sokuqala.

Manje uyazi ukuthi kungani kuvunywa ukuthi u-Igor Sikorsky wasungula i-helicopter yokuqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akunakwenzeka ukunciphisa izinzuzo zabanye onjiniyela kanye nabaqambi abazinike iminyaka eminingi yokuphila kwabo ekudalweni nasekuthuthukiseni i-rotorcraft.