Izinguquko eYurophu

Ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, iSonto LamaKatolika lalingenye yezinhlangano ezicebile futhi ezinamandla kakhulu eYurophu. Kodwa leli gunya lalibonakala nje: phakathi kwamalungu esonto futhi elula futhi ehloniphekile, ukunganeliseki kwabafundisi abanamandla onke kwakhula, okwagcina kuguqulelwa ukunyakaza kwebandla - iNguquko.

Izimbangela

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XV emazweni amaningi aseYurophu kwakhiwa ngamandla amakhulu. AmaKhosi, ukuthembela emabuthweni kanye nezinsiza eziqondisayo, babengenelisekile ngokungenela kukaPapa ezindabeni zabo. Iziyalezo zabo eziyigugu ezikhosini azidingeki. Ingcebo yeSonto LamaKatolika, eyayingomunye wabanikazi bemihlaba emikhulu eYurophu, ayizange iphumule amakhosi. Yebo, uma nje lokho! Ngokukhipha okweshumi, ukukhokhela izinsizakalo zikaNkulunkulu nokuthengisa izidakamizwa, abefundisi bathola imali eningi, "egijima" eya eRoma elikude. Futhi lokhu, okwamanje, akuzange kumjabulise amakhosi.

Abantu abavamile babengathandi iSonto ngezinye izindlela. Okokuqala, izindleko eziphakeme zemikhosi kanye nezicelo ezihlukahlukene. Okwesibili, ulimi lokukhulekela - akubona konke okushiwo umpristi kuloLatin. Kodwa nakakhulu akuhambisani neqiniso lokuthi isonto lalingcwelisa ukungalingani okukhona. Kwakukhona ukuthi umuntu ovela emndenini ovamile wayemele ahlale engunaphakade, ngisho noma engena kubantu futhi ecebile. Noma ukubekezelela ukuzisebenzisela ukuxhaphaza okuyingxenye yamandla okuba nje ngoba kubikezelwe kusukela phezulu.

Ukuqala Kwezinguquko

ISonto LamaKatolika laphumela ekunganeliseki okukhulu eJalimane elihlukanisiwe. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona kuye ukuthi iNguquko yaqala eYurophu. Ngo-1517 isazi semfundiso yenkolo esisha esasikhuluma ngesonto esivumelwaneni uMartin Luther waxosha izintambo ezingu-95 eminyango yesonto lesigodlo. Isizathu sasiwukuhweba ngokweqile kweziguliso. Le mibhalo yayiyizinsuku zanamuhla izitifiketi zokuthethelelwa kwezono. Zathengiswa yizindela ezihamba ngeJalimane. Ngenxa yokungatholakali, uPapa wayehlele ukuvuselela isonto laseSt. UPetru eRoma. ULuther walahla yonke le miyalo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi uPapa wayengenalo ilungelo lokushicilela izibambiso. ULuther naye wayephikisana nemikhuba emihle, i-monasticism nesifungo sokungathembeki okunikezwa abapristi. Ukwenza iBhayibheli liqondwe nakakhulu kumaJalimane ajwayelekile ayengazi isiLatini, wahumusha ngolimi lwakhe.

Izintshumayelo zeBold Luther zenza uPapa waseRomania Leo X ukhathazekile. Wamncenga ukuba alahle imibono yakhe, futhi lapho enqabe, wamemezela ukuthi uyamhlubuka futhi wamxosha. Kodwa uLuther akazange akwesabise - ngokuphambene nalokho, esetholile inkunzi yepapa, wayiqothula. Uprofesa wangoJewe wayenabalandeli abaningi, kuhlanganise nabathonya kakhulu. Omunye wezikhulu zaseJalimane wazifihla enqabeni yakhe, lapho uLuther ebhala khona imfundiso yenkolo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iNguquko eYurophu yathuthuka ngokwengeziwe. ULuther wayenabalandeli abaphakamisa ukuthi bahambe phambili ngokusungula ukulingana jikelele. Umholi wabo, uThomas Münzer, wabangela ukuvukela okwaba yimpi yamazwe. Izikhulu zaseJalimane zashaya ngokushesha abahlukumezi abahlomile ababengenabo impi yezempi. Ukuvuswa kwacindezelwa ngonya. Ngemva kwalokhu, ukuguqulwa kweJalimane eJalimane ekugcineni kwadluliselwa ezandleni zezwe.

Umzabalazo phakathi kwamasonto amabili

Yiqiniso, akuwona wonke ama-aristocracy athatha kahle imibono kaLuther. Phakathi kwamaKatolika namaProthestani (njengoba abalandeli bemfundiso entsha baqala ukuyibiza), kwaqala umzabalazo olwahlomile. Kwahlala isikhathi eside futhi kwaphela ukuthula kuka-Augsburg, okwakusungula ukuthi zonke izikhulu zinegunya lokunquma ukuthi iyiphi inkolo ezoba khona esizindeni sakhe. Umqondo wokwakha kabusha isonto wawusatshalaliswa, futhi maduzane iNguquko eYurophu yasakazeka eningizimu yeJalimane, eSwitzerland, eFrance, emazweni aseScandinavian. ENetherlands, amaProthestani asekhaya avame ukuphakamisa ukuvukela umbuso waseSpain futhi athola ukuzimela.

Ukuguqulwa Kwezinguquko eNgilandi kwaqala ngendlela ekhethekile. INkosi uHenry VIII yacela uPapa ukuthi imvumele ukuba ahlukanise nomkakhe olandelayo. Wenqaba, futhi inkosi yamemezela ukuthi isonto laseNgisi asisekelwe eRoma. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1534, inkosi yaba yinhloko yabafundisi kuleli zwe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umnini wazo yonke impahla yesonto. Kusobala ukuthi ukwenqaba kukaPapa kwakuwukuphela kwakhe isizathu sokuthatha konke okwakungokwesonto ezandleni zakhe. Futhi yenziwa masinyane kakhulu. Yonke indawo yesonto lase-Anglican, njengoba manje ibizwa kanjalo, isikhathi eside yayifana neKatolika.

Nokho, phakathi nekhulu le-16, abefundisi bamaKatolika baqala ukuqonda, futhi iNguquko YaseYurophu yaqala ukubhekana nokuphikisana okukhulu. I-ambassade yokulwa namaProthestani yayingumyalo wamaJesuit, owasungulwa ngo-1540. Abalandeli bakhe bakhetha inethiwekhi yezikole emazweni aseYurophu abanikeza imfundo enhle futhi bafaka ukuthembeka kweSonto LamaKatolika nabafundi. Ama-Jesuit awazange agweme futhi ahlose, aphonse zonke izinkantolo zabo zenkantolo nama-agent awo. Lezi zinyathelo zasiza kakhulu ukuyeka iNguquko. Kodwa iSonto LamaKatolika lalingenalo amandla angaphambilini.