Umlando wasendulo: i-Egypt. Amasiko, amaharahara, amaphiramidi

Umlando wasendulo ucebile futhi uhle. IGibhithe, iBabiloni, iJerusalema - lawa magama asondelene futhi aqondakala kuwo wonke umuntu okungenani obala kude nesibonakaliso sesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa komuntu. Cabanga ngalesi sihloko umkhuba waseGibhithe lasendulo.

Uhulumeni waseGibhithe wabonakala kanjani?

Ngokwezazi-mlando, inhlangano kahulumeni, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Egypt, yadalwa eNyakatho Afrika, esigodini somfula omkhulu okuthiwa iNayile. Le mpucuko ikhona, kanye namaNdiya nabaseShayina, kumasiko ase-archaic agrarian. Imvelaphi yesimiso saseGibithe sibhekwa cishe ngo-4-5 weminyaka BC.

Namuhla kukhona isayensi yonke - i-Egyptology, efundisa isiko laseGibhithe njengesiqiniseko esisodwa nesinehlukile.

Abalando-mlando bahlukanisa lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo ekuthuthukiseni leli zwe:

1. I-Egypt yase-Prehistinic.
2. Ngaphambilini, umbuso.
3. Umbuso wasendulo.
4. Umbuso ophakathi.
5. Umbuso omusha.
6. Kamuva umbuso.
7. Isikhathi sokubusa kukaPtolemy.

Umlando wasendulo kunazo zonke: i-Egypt ekuqaleni kwendlela yayo yomlando

Imfundo kahulumeni kulo mhlaba iqala ngeqiniso lokuthi lezi zibonda ezimbili zaseGibhithe Ephezulu nasezantsi zakhiwa. Inhloko yombuso omusha idolobha laseMenfis. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinxenye ezimbili zaseGibhithe kubambe umbusi wamadoda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunezikhungo ezidingekayo zesimiso somthetho: incwadi ye-hieroglyphic, ibutho, izinkolo zenkolo kanye nemibono yomuntu siqu.

Isikhathi sokukhula sombuso

Ukuphumelela okukhulu kweGibithe kwafinyelela phakathi komlando wayo. Lesi sikhathi sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yisikhathi sokudlula, lapho isihlalo sobukhosi sithintana khona ngombuso wamaharahara.

Iqiniso liwukuthi eGibhithe, kwakhiwa inkolo ekhethekileyo yenkolo, okuyiyo, ngaphezu kokuqiniswa kwamandla emvelo, kufaka phakathi ukukhishwa kobuntu benkosi. Amandla amaharahara ayekhulu kakhulu, ngoba ayemelela ukufaniswa kwabantu bonke emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, uma uFaro ehola impilo yokulunga futhi ejabulisa onkulunkulu, yena nabantu bakhe bathola insindiso emva kokufa.

Ngakho-ke ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ekulondolozweni kwemizimba yabafileyo, ngoba izinkolelo zenkolo zazivusa ukuvuswa kwemizimba. Amapiramidi okuqala aseGibhithe aqala ukwakhiwa njengamathuna amakhulu futhi amakhulu kakhulu ama-farao afile.

Yimaphi amathuna ahloniphekile kakhulu?

Ngokwesiko, ama -harafa ahlongakele angcwatshwa esigodini samakhosi. Izidumbu zabo zazinqunywa, futhi nazo zonke izinto eziningi zobuciko nokuphila zazifakwa endaweni ehlukahlukene yokubala. Noma kunjalo, phakathi nomlando walo abaseGibhithe baqala ukwakha amathuna amakhulukazi kaFaro, aziwa ngokuthi amapiramidi.

Namuhla, amathuna e-pyramidal uhlobo loJosera kaFaro, ababusi beCheops noKhephren badume kakhulu. Lezi zimpiramidi ziyizakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu, zishiya ukuphela okuyisibindi esiphezulu esibhakabhakeni.

Kuze kube manje, kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani zaqala ukwakheka, ukuthi zakhiwa kanjani ngabadwebi bezakhiwo zasendulo, ukuthi kungani ukwakhiwa kwamapiramidi kwaphela ngokungazelelwe.

Izimfihlo zamathuna ziheha izakhamuzi ezimbili ezihlakaniphile kanye nososayensi abaqaphele. Ngokweqile, kwakungenxa yalezi zingcwaba zasendulo ukuthi isiko elihle kakhulu laseGibhithe lavulelwa emhlabeni wanamuhla. Kwenzeka kuphela ekhulwini leminyaka ngaphambi kokugcina, lapho iGibhithe yaba yilapho i-Great Britain. Kwakungososayensi baseBrithani abaye bakwazi ukuthola ithuna elilodwa elingalitholakalanga le-young pharaoh Tutankhamun.

Isiko laseGibhithe: imibhalo yakhe

I-Egyptology yanamuhla kusukela esikhathini esingaphambi kwekhulu leminyaka elide lide kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, kunemithombo eningi kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi ungafunda okuningi mayelana nesiko lasendulo. Ake siwahlole ngokuningiliziwe.

Umthombo wokuqala kanye oyinhloko wolwazi yizincwadi zaseGibhithe ezilotshwe ku-hieroglyphics. Sekuyisikhathi eside le mpucuko yasendulo yayiyimfihlakalo, ngoba incwadi ye-hieroglyphic yayingenakuqondakala ngokuphelele kubantu baseYurophu. Ukuphumelela kwangempela e-Egyptology kwenziwa ngumsosayensi waseFrance uJean-Francois Champollion, owayekwazi ukuchaza ulimi lwabantu basendulo. Ngendlela, ososayensi baseBrithani nabo balwa ngalokhu, kodwa kwakunguMampollion owafika nomqondo wokuphendukela kolimi lwamaCoptic, inzalo yasendulo yamaGibhithe, okwathi ngekhulu lokuqala AD yamukela ubuKristu futhi yalahla ngokuphelele ifa lobuhedeni.

Amasiko aseGibhithe: Imibhalo Eseduze Nezizwe Eziphilayo

Umthombo wesibili wolwazi mayelana nesiko laseGibithe yiyona imibhalo yabalobi bamaGreki, kanye nemibhalo yabalwazi bezembusazwe zenkathi yasendulo. Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kweGibhithe kanye nezinye izifunda babuyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke olunye ulwazi olunikezwe kulezi zinto lungathembeki.

Ekugcineni, umthombo wokugcina wolwazi mayelana nesiko laseGibhithe kwakuyimibhalo yeBhayibheli. Igama lombuso livame ukutholakala emiBhalweni Engcwele nakweminye imibhalo yenkolo yamaJuda. Ngokuyinhloko, ukuhamba okukhulu kwabantu bamaJuda eGibhithe kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe (okuyinto eqinisekisiwe kwizifundo ososayensi banamuhla). KuseBhayibhelini ukuthi impucuko yasendulo iyolahlekelwa amandla ayo futhi ibe yindawo evamile.

Ubuciko baseGibhithe

Umbuso wasendulo waseGibhithe wangena emlandweni wesintu futhi njengesizwe lapho kwakhiwa khona izikhumbuzo ezinkulu, izakhiwo nokudweba. Izamamyuziyamu zanamuhla ezimweni eziningi zinezikhumbuzo zamasiko eziye zagcinwa emathuneni asendulo aseGibithe. Zonke zazo zihlobene nezinkolo zenkolo. Ngokuyinhloko, izithombe eziqoshiwe zonkulunkulu baseGibhithe nezintombikazi, imiphefumulo yomuntu oshonile, izigqoko ezenziwe ngamatshe ayigugu nezinfenisha ezinhle kakhulu ezimangalisayo (izihlalo eziqoshiwe ezigcotshwe ngegolide eziqoshiwe kuzo, njll) zenziwa.

Kunezithombe ezikhethekile zaseGibithe ezazivezwe ngemibala yemvelo, ngakho-ke zigcinwe endaweni emile yaseGibhithe. Imibala yabo eyinhloko ibomvu, emnyama, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, emhlophe, ephuzi nokubi. Babonisa izigcawu ezivela empilweni noma emidwebo yenkolo esihlokweni sokuphila okulandelayo, okulindeleke wonke umphefumulo emva kokufa.

I-Sunset yesiko laseGibhithe

Phakathi nombuso owedlule, umbuso wawela ekutheni, ngakho wawunqotshwa uMbuso WaseRoma. Kwenzeka ngale ndlela: amafharao amaningi athathelwa esikhundleni esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ezinye zazo zaziyizikhulu ezinkulu (njenge-Amenhotep III). Lawa madodana akhulisa kakhulu imingcele yezinto zawo, ebayisa ensimini yeSiriya.

Amanye ama -harahara akwenzanga kancane ezindabeni zomphakathi, noma ahlinzekela izinguquko ezinkulu. Umshintshi onjalo wayenguyise kaTutankhamun Akhenaten, owaphupha ngokudala inkolo entsha ye-Sun God (Ra). Noma kunjalo, izinguquko zakhe zahluleka ngokuphelele, futhi uhulumeni wawela ekutheni.

Izimbangela nemiphumela yokuncipha kweGibhithe

Izazi-mlando zihlobanisa ukwehla kancane kancane kwamandla aseGibhithe ngezimo ezimbili: ukwehla kwesistimu yangaphambili yenkolo esekelwe ekuqinisweni kukaFaro, kanye nomzabalazo womndeni wama-alite aseGibhithe.

Isimo sokuqala sasinzima kakhulu kuhulumeni, owawukholelwa ekukholweni ukuthi uFaro, njengoyise wabantu, wayezoletha zonke izikhonzi zakhe ekungafi nakuNkulunkulu. Amakhosi ayevame ukuziphatha ngendlela engafanele, futhi lokhu kwabonakala ngisho nabantu abavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona ukunyundela, ukuhlambalaza nokubulala ezigodlweni (ngendlela, izazi eziningi ze-Egypto zikhomba ukuthi iningi lamaharahara awabusayo awazange afe ngokufa kwabo).

Umndeni ulwa phakathi kwabantu baseGibithe okhulwini futhi wagqugquzela ukuthi abaholi bezempi bazibiza bona bangamafiriya futhi bafuna ukubusa ingxenye ethile yaseGibithe. Lokhu kwenza umbuso ubuthakathaka futhi wahlukana, ngakho-ke, ubungozi emabuthaneni kwezinye izifundazwe.

Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi iGibhithe yawela ngaphansi kokubhujiswa kwamabutho ompi omncane noqhoshayo u-Alexander, obizwa ngegama lesiMakedoniya. Futhi ngemva kokufa kwangaphambili nokuzumayo kwalesi sihluku esikhulu, umbuso waseGibhithe wadlulisela komunye wabangane bakhe - uPtolemy.

Ngalokho uhulumeni waqala ukuhlala embusweni wamaPtolema. Inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe yathuthela edolobheni lase-Aleksandriya, elaziwa ngamakhulu eminyaka emtatsheni wayo omangalisayo. IGibhithe ngokwayo kusukela esimweni esisodwa esinamandla sabhekana nezwe lezolimo, okwakungumhlinzeki wemikhiqizo yokudla ezweni lasendulo.

Umbuso wasendulo kuze kube phakade ulahlekelwe ukuzimela kwawo. Indlovukazi yokugcina yomndeni wasePtolemaic yayiyihle edumile uCleopatra. Wazibulala, eqaphela ukuthi amasosha aseRoma ayelungele ukuthatha isihlalo sakhe sobukhosi kuye. Ngakho iGibithe yaphenduka esinye sezifundazwe zoMbuso WamaRoma odumekayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwempucuko YaseGibhithe Yasendulo

Abaningi bethu besikhathi bajwayele umlando wasendulo. I-Egypt inendawo yokuqala nokuhlonishwa phakathi kwezinye izifundazwe. Izivakashi eziningi namuhla ziza kuleli zwe hhayi kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuvakasha okumangalisayo ezindaweni zasendulo.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe isintu, kuningi okushiwo impucuko yaseGibhithe. Wabonisa isibonelo sesistimu kahulumeni. Imfundo eqinile neyinkimbinkimbi, enezikhungo zomphakathi njengebutho elihle, ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yezimiso, uhlelo lwezemfundo nokukhulisa, lunikeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Umbuso uba umholi phakathi komakhelwane bawo, ngakho-ke ungafaka isikhundla esiphakeme futhi unike amalungu ayo umuzwa wokulondeka ngokuqondile nokuzethemba.

Umlando wasendulo uhlukile, i-Egypt kanye nempucuko yayo iyisibonelo esihle esimisweni sezwe.

Ngendlela, isiprofetho seBhayibheli sagcwaliseka: ngokufika kwenkathi entsha, impucuko yasendulo yalahlekelwa yikho isimo samandla amakhulu.

Kamuva, leli zwe lathola ukunqoba kwe-Arab, ngakho namuhla iGibhithe lingenye yamazwe ase-Arab. Abantu bomdabu, okuthiwa yiCopts, bathola ukucwaswa okuthile ngenxa yokuthi laba bantu bangamaKristu ahlala ezweni lamaSulumane.