Zemsky Sobor ka-1613: ukhetho lukaMikhail Romanov. Indima yeZemsky Sobors eRussia

zikhungo kwavela eNtshonalanga Yurophu nasesimweni sokungasokwa eMoscow. Nokho, izimbangela kanye nemiphumela yezenzo zabo baye kakhulu ezahlukene. Esimweni sokuqala umhlangano izigodi wakhonza njengomdala enkundleni yezemidlalo ukuze kube ukuxazulula izingxabano zezombangazwe inkundla Ukuphokophelela amandla okuphatha, eRussia ku mihlangano asebenzelana imisebenzi ikakhulukazi zokuphatha. Eqinisweni, i-emperor ngajwayelana izidingo zabantu abavamile ngokusebenzisa izenzakalo ezinjalo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mibuthano iphutha ngokushesha ngemva ubunye lithi, njengoba eYurophu, futhi Muscovy, ngakho ukwakha isithombe ephelele isimo kuleli zwe, lokhu umzimba babhekana kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.

Zemsky Sobor e 1613, isibonelo, wadlala indima wamavukelambuso emlandweni Russia. Labe abasezihlalweni zobukhosi Mikhail Romanov, ogama umndeni leliya lizwe elandelayo iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu. Futhi kwaba inzalo yakhe wayiletha besesimweni emuva Ephakathi kuya phambili ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.

Zemsky Sobor eRussia

Yilabo kuphela izimo okwadala izindlu-omele amakhosi ohlanga, bavunyelwe kuphakama nokuthuthukisa izikhungo ezifana Zemsky Sobor. 1549 kwaba ovelele kule ndaba. Ivan le Kubi ebutha abantu ukuba bayeke inkohlakalo wendawo. Lesi senzakalo samenyezelwa kuyo ngokuthi "Cathedral wekubuyisana".

Igama kakhulu efanayo ngesikhathi lalisho ukuthi "kazwelonke", esibekela kohlaka imisebenzi walo mzimba.

Indima Zemsky Sobor kwakufanele zixoxe ngezepolitiki, kwezomnotho kanye nezokuphatha. Empeleni, kwaba nobuhlobo yenkosi nabantu abavamile edabula isihlungi idinga boyars nabefundisi.

Nakuba idimokhrasi kanye nokuhlonishwa ayisebenzanga, kodwa izidingo amakilasi aphansi namanje kubhekwa ephakeme kunaleyo eYurophu, okufakwe lapha nge absolutism.

Bonke abantu khulula wathatha ingxenye ngezenzakalo ezinjengezimpi, ukuthi akuvunyelwe kuphela serfs. Wonke umuntu kwadingeka ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa izinga langempela le abe eNgophezukonke isinqumo sokugcina.

Kusukela kuqala Zemsky Sobor ukuthi ibizwe intando yenkosi, kanye nokusebenza umsebenzi wayo yayiphezulu ngokwanele, lo mkhuba uye waqina ngokwengeziwe.

Nokho, imisebenzi iziphathimandla Institute ngezikhathi washintsha kuye ngokuthi isimo kuleli zwe. Ake sibheke kabanzi okwamanje.

Ukuvela indima lombhishobhi Ivana Groznogo ukuze Mikhail Romanov

Uma ukhumbula into letfolwe "Umlando, Ibanga 7" ngaphandle kokungabaza, kwenkathi XVI - XVII eminyaka bekugcwele ethakazelisayo yase iningi, enkosini ingane kwababulali isikhathi ophela izinsizi, lapho imigomo engqubuzanayo zemindeni ezihlukahlukene esihle zivela ndawo Folk namaqhawe afana Ivan Susanin.
Ake sibone ukuthi kwenzekani ngalesi sikhathi.

Eyokuqala Zemsky Sobor ukuthi ibizwe Ioannom Groznym e 1549. Abesengakalungeli iseluleko agcwele wokuziphilisa. Kwathatha esebenzayo ingxenye yabefundisi kulokhu. Ngalesi sikhathi, abaholi bamasonto ukulalela ngokugcwele inkosi futhi ukukhonza abantu abaningi liyobaqondisa kuye.

isikhathi Landelayo kufaka amnyama isikhathi Nezinkinga. Lolo hide luqala ngo lokuketula sobukhosi Vasiliya Shuyskogo e 1610. Kwakuthinta kulezi iminyaka, ukubaluleka kwengosi kuba Zemsky Sobor siyashintsha kakhulu. Manje kukhona umqondo okukhuthaza a Olwa omusha esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ngokuyinhloko izixazululo mihlangano ngesikhathi wagijima esiphikisayo ekuqiniseni wekuba sive.

Esigabeni esilandelayo kwaba "yokuchuma" wokuphatha ihlangano yokulalelwa amandla. Imisebenzi Zemsky Sobor kuhlanganiswe imisebenzi zomthetho neyokuphatha. Eqinisweni, lena kwaba yinkathi ebhodini lwesikhashana we "ephalamende ka Tsarist Russia."
Ngemva ukubukeka umbusi unomphela iqala kwesikhathi yokutakula ngemva kokubhujiswa isimo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi kudingeka iseluleko isazi inkosi intsha nabangenakho okuhlangenwe nakho. Ngakho-ke, amasonto ukwenza njenge isigungu esibunjwe. amalungu abazixoxayo umbusi ukuqonda izindaba zezimali nezokuphatha.

Eminyakeni ayisishiyagalolunye kusukela 1613, lo boyars isikhathi ukuhlela ukuqoqwa Angaba yizingxenye imali, ukuvimbela kabusha Ukuhlaselwa amabutho Polish Lithuanian ne ukubuyisela umnotho emva Nezinkinga.

Kusukela 1622, iminyaka eyishumi angizange zenzeke, ayikho Cathedral. Isimo kuleli zwe uqinile, ngoba isidingo ethize wayengekho ke.

Zemsky Sobor ekhulwini le-17 ukuthatha bayanda indima le ogunaziwe emkhakheni yangaphakathi, kodwa inqubomgomo kakhulu angaphandle. I ukubusa Ukraine, Azov, Russian-Polish-YaseCrimea ubudlelwane futhi eziningi izinkinga ixazululwe ngokuthi leli thuluzi.

Kusukela engxenyeni ekhulwini lesikhombisa yesibili, ukubaluleka kwemicimbi efana lehla kakhulu, futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu nhlobo izitobhi. Iningi esiphawulekayo amabili lombhishobhi - e 1653 kanye 1684, ngokulandelana.

Engxenyeni yokuqala ye-State eMoscow uyakuthatha Zaporozhye impi, futhi ngo-1684 kwaqoqwa zokugcina. It isinqumo isiphetho Commonwealth.
Indaba iphela Zemsky Sobor. Ikakhulukazi nomthelela Inqubomgomo lokhu uPeter Omkhulu sika wokusungula absolutism esimweni.
Kodwa ake sihlolisise izenzakalo omunye ababhishobhi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni-Russia.

Ingemuva lombhishobhi e 1613

Ngemva kokufa Fedora Ioannovicha eRussia kwafika Isikhathi Nezinkinga. WayeyiZwi lokugcina inzalo ka Ioanna Vasilevicha Groznogo. Abafowabo babulawa ngaphambili. Inkosazana, uJohane, njengomuntu ososayensi bakholelwa, wawa ezandleni uyise, omncane, uDmitri, alahlekelwa Uglich. Ubizwa bashone, kodwa amaqiniso kweqiniso sokufa kwakhe lapho.

Ngakho, ukungcola iqala 1598. Ngokungaguquguquki wabusa ezweni Irina, umka-Fedora Ioannovicha futhi Boris Godunov. Eceleni sobukhosi wavakashela indodana Boris, uTheodore, Lzhedmitry kuqala futhi Vasiliy Shuysky.

Lena inkathi nokwehla kwezomnotho, ngakho nezinxushunxushu kanye ehlasela wamabutho angomakhelwane. Enyakatho, isibonelo, uphathe abaseSweden. Esikhathini ezibiyele, ngokusekelwa labantu eMoscow, wangena amabutho Polish eholwa Vladislav, indodana ka Sigismund III, iNkosi iPoland Grand UMbusi Lithuania.

It kuvela, ngekhulu le-17, wadlala indima impikiswano emlandweni Russia. Izinto ezenzeka kuleli zwe, abantu bephoqeleka ukuza esisodwa ukuqeda izinxushunxushu. It ezama saxosha ezimbili nabakhohlisi Kremlin. Eyokuqala - ngaphansi kobuholi Lyapunov Zarutsky futhi Trubetskoy, kanti eyesibili eholwa Minin futhi Pozharsky.

It kuvela ukuthi ukubiza we Zemsky Sobor e 1613 kwaba nje ngenakugwemeka. Ukube kwakungengenxa ukujika ezinjalo izenzakalo, owazi kulokho okwakuyoba indaba, futhi yini kungaba isimo kuleli zwe lanamuhla.

Ngakho, ngo- 1612, Pozharsky futhi Minin kwaholela abezempi zabantu waxosha amabutho Polish-Lithuanian kusukela enhlokodolobha. zonke izimfanelo adaliwe ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuthula ezweni.

ukushaya

Njengoba sazi, Zemsky Sobor ekhulwini le-17 wayekade elementi uhulumeni (njengoba kuqhathaniswa okomoya). amandla Ebhizinisi iseluleko esidingekayo, okuyinto sifana kakhulu imisebenzi yomkhandlu Slavic, lapho konke lwabuthana uhlobo khulula amadoda bese unquma zimpikiswano ezibalulekile.

Ngaphambi kwalokhu, owokuqala Zemsky Sobor e 1549 abesolo ngokuhlanganyela. It ubuhanjelwe yilabo abamele yesonto neziphathi-mandla zezwe. Kamuva, kuphela Metropolitan eyenziwa abefundisi.

Nakhu okwenzeka ngo-Okthoba 1612 lapho, emva ukuxoshwa amabutho Polish-Lithuanian ngubani matasa ezibiyele enhliziyweni kwesihloko, waqala ukuhola izwe ukuze. Ibutho Rzeczpospolita, okuyinto matasa eMoscow, kwaba kwavala nje ngenxa yokuthi Hetman Khotkevich wayeka ukusekela kwakhe. EPoland, siye kakade waqonda ukuthi isimo esiphuthumayo, ngeke baphumelele.

Ngakho, ngemva bula ka lonke ibutho zangaphandle Bafica kwadingeka kuvulwe amandla evamile enamandla. Kuze kube yimanje, zathunyelwa izithunywa kuyo yonke imiphetho kanye lesifunda nge isiphakamiso ukuze ujoyine abantu abakhethiwe emkhandlwini jikelele eMoscow.

Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi uMbuso namanje incithakalo hhayi ezolile kakhulu, yizakhamizi ezimbalwa ezikwazile ukuqhathanisa kuphela emva kwenyanga. Ngakho, Zemsky Sobor ka 1613 kwaba ngo-January 6.

Ekuqaleni, ukuphela kwendawo ukuthi ukuthwala abantu bonke abantu ababeza, kwaba Cathedral of kweNyuka Kremlin. Kulinganiselwa ahlukahlukene, lemali yabo Imininingwane ivela anamakhulu asixhenxe ukuba abantu abayinkulungwane.

ukhetho

Umphumela nezinxushunxushu ezweni ngale ndlela ukube inani elikhulu labantu uzimisele ukuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ngaphandle imikhaya kwesikhulu Russian lasendulo, bajoyine uhlanga yokhetho kwamanye amazwe ababusi. Phakathi nalokhu kwesibili, isibonelo, babe IsiSwidi Kunyatheliswa uKarl isikhulu e-Commonwealth Vladislav. Lesi sakamuva akusho amahloni iqiniso lokuthi wayengumuntu kuphela inyanga edlule ujike aphume Kremlin.

Russian futhi ukwazi, Nokho, futhi kulethe angenele zalo ukuze zikhanyise Zemsky Sobor ka 1613, isisindo ekhethekile emehlweni omphakathi azange abe. Ake ubone ukuthi ubani abamele imindeni kwesikhulu inesifiso amandla.

Shuiskys njengoba inzalo eyaziwayo Rurik lwamakhosi, yebo, impela ngokuthi bazonqoba. Kodwa ingozi, futhi bazithola besesimweni esifanayo Godunov tando avenge izaphula-mthetho ngubani egumbuqela okhokho babo esidlule, laliphezulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amathuba wakhe wokunqoba babe encane, njengoba eziningi abavoti awangenisa ebuhlotsheni nalabo abangase bahlukunyezwe ababusi abasha.

Kurakins, Mstislavsky nezinye izikhulu abake wabambisana uMbuso Poland kanye Duchy of Lithuania, ngisho wenza umzamo ukuze ujoyine uhulumeni, zehlulekile. Abantu base ningathetheleli sokukhaphela.

Golitsyn ungase abuse kahle umbuso eMoscow, uma ungeyena omele esinamandla kunazo behlupheka ekuthunjweni Poland.

Vorotynskys hhayi kuhluke esidlule ezimbi, kodwa ngezizathu Imfihlo ukhetho lwabo, u-Ivan Mikhailovich, wafaka isicelo ukwenqatshwa. okufushane iqhaza lakhe "Umkhandlu eziyisikhombisa" ubhekwa le ozwakalayo kakhulu.

Futhi ekugcineni, fit best for izicelo zomsebenzi - Pozharsky futhi Trubetskoy. Ngomqondo onabile, abakwazanga ukunqoba, ngoba zihlukaniswa ngokwabo ngesikhathi Nezinkinga, waxosha amabutho Polish-Lithuanian kusukela enhlokodolobha. Nokho, wabaholela, emehlweni izikhulu zendawo, hhayi lozalo oluvelele kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokwakheka Zemsky Sobor besifanele esatshwe okwalandela "ukuhlanzwa" umkhandlu amalungu ayisikhombisa, okungamehlo kungenzeka ukuqala umsebenzi wezepolitiki ayengakwenza lezi ukhetho.

Ngakho, kuvela ukuthi kwakudingekile ukuba uthole ezazingaziwa, kodwa kungenye into ehluke kakhulu ozalweni luka wekuvana umndeni kwesikhulu, wakwazi ukuholela izwe.

izisusa esemthethweni

Ososayensi abaningi banesithakazelo sihloko. Akuyona ihlaya - ukunquma Yiqiniso langempela izenzakalo ngesikhathi kumiswa izisekelo wekuba sive yesimanje Russian!
Njengoba umlando we Zemsky Sobor, abantu ephethwe ndawonye ukwenza izinqumo ezifanele kakhulu.

Ngokusho amarekhodi Protocol, isinqumo lokuqala bantu kwaba okuhlangenwe ngaphandle ohlwini lwabakhethwa zonke izicelo angaphandle. Ngiphakathi Vladislav noma Swedish Korolevich Karl manje abakwazanga ukubamba iqhaza "uhlanga".

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukukhethwa ozobhapathizwa izicukuthwane wendawo. Inkinga eyayibalulekile ukuthi iningi labo ebucayini ngesikhathi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule.

Semiboyarshina, iqhaza nokuvukela, kusekelwa amabutho isiSwidi Polish-Lithuanian - zonke lezi zici basuke ikakhulu wadlala ngokumelene bonke abantu abaqokelwe ukuvotelwa.

Ngokusho imibhalo, ekugcineni, oyedwa vó, esiye eshiwo ngenhla cha. Wayeyisibonelo descendent ka Ioanna Groznogo. Wayengumuntu indodana yomfowabo ka-zinyanga Tsar esisemthethweni Feodor Ivanovich.

Ngakho, uma kukhethwa Mikhail Romanov yisona sixazululo ezifanele kakhulu emehlweni abavoti kakhulu. Ubunzima kuphela kwaba yokuntuleka yezikhulu. Umndeni wakhe babevela yesikhulu kwesikhulu Prussian Andrei Mares.

Okulandelayo sizoxoxa izenzakalo eziholela ithuba abadumile emhlabeni indaba.

Le nguqulo yokuqala izenzakalo

Ngekhulu le-17 emlandweni iRussia yayinabantu anencazelo ekhethekile. It is kusukela kulesi sikhathi, siyazi amagama ezifana Minin futhi Pozharsky, Troubetzkoy, Godunov, Shuisky, Dmitry Amanga, Susanin, nabanye.

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, intando ukudalelwa, noma mhlawumbe ngomunwe kaNkulunkulu, kodwa kwamiswa inhlabathi ngoba ikusasa lalowo umbuso. Ukube bekungekhona ukuthi le Cossacks, njengoba sizoxoxa ngemva kwesikhashana, inkambo yomlando, cishe, kwakuyoba ezahlukene ngokuphelele.

Ngakho, ikuphi okuyinzuzo kwaba Mikhail Romanov?

Ngokusho version olusemthethweni, echazwe mlando abaningi babelihlonipha ezifana Tcherepnin, Degtyarev nabanye, kwakukhona izinto eziningana.

Okokuqala, umfakisicelo kwakuhluke kakhulu intsha nabangenakho okuhlangenwe nakho. nalwazi yakhe ezindabeni zomphakathi ngabe baye bavumela boyars ukuba abe "okhadinali grey" e indima nabeluleki ukuba babe amakhosi langempela.

Isici sesibili kwaba ukubandakanywa uyise izenzakalo ezihlobene Amanga Dmitry II. Lokho bonke defectors ezivela Tushino ayikwazanga wesabe sokuziphindiselela noma inkosi entsha isijeziso sostorony.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Filaret, uyise, inegunya ekuphileni okungokomoya zombuso eMoscow, futhi zezindela kakhulu asekelwe ukuqokwa.

Kuzo zonke izicelo kuphela lokhu uhlobo lwe sasisincane kunazo zonke elihlobene ne-Commonwealth phakathi "Umkhandlu eziyisikhombisa", ngakho imizwa yokushisekela izwe labantu basutha ngokuphelele. Esinye kungaba: inkosi nomkhaya Ivana Kality, kokuba abe umuntu ongokomoya ezinegunya phakathi kwezihlobo, Oprichnina abaphikisi futhi abasha "povadno" njengoba kuchazwe sheremet. Nazi izinto, ngokuvumelana version esemthethweni izenzakalo ithonywe wokubusa Mikhail Romanov.

Le nguqulo lombhishobhi yesibili

Abaphikisi akholelwa ekutheni inhloso esemqoka uma kukhethwa ikhandidethi okukhulunywe lezi zinto ezilandelayo. Sheremet'ev ngempela ngokunamandla inesifiso amandla, kodwa ngendlela efanele abakwazanga ukufinyelela ngoba kwezinhlobo ovamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, indlela esingayifunda endabeni (grade 7), wakha i ngokungavamile asebenzayo ekugqugquzeleni Mikhail Romanov. Ngaye, konke kwakuyize inzuzo, ngoba ukukhetha ngendlela elula, unsophisticated insizwa ezivela kwezinye izifunda. Wayengazi lutho wanoma yimuphi uhulumeni, kwanoma iyiphi ukuphila edolobheni, akukho usongo.

Futhi ngubani uyokwenza jabula ukupha okunjalo futhi abazolalela kuqala lapho senza izinqumo ezibalulekile? Yiqiniso, labo kwamsiza ukuba enze izinto sobukhosi.

Ngenxa yomsebenzi waleli wohlanga olukhulu, iningi esasibuthene e-Zemsky Sobor ka 1613 kuye kwalungiselelwa ukuze enze "kwesokudla" isinqumo. Kodwa kukhona okungahambanga kahle. Futhi imiphumela yokuqala ivoti limenyezelwe ezingavumelekile 'ngenxa yokungabi bikho abavoti eziningi. "

I bayovotela udluliselwa amasonto amathathu kusengaphambili. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi kukhona okuningi ngezenzakalo ezibalulekile emakamu amathonya amabili aphikisanayo.

Boyars ababemelene a candidacy ezinjalo, wenza umzamo ukuba ukuhlukana Romanov. lamabutho Polish-Lithuanian of amasosha wathunyelwa ukuqeda inselele engadingeki. Kodwa inkosi yangesikhathi esizayo ukulondolozwa phambi ongumlimi usithe Ivan Susanin. Waqala besahlulelo e ixhaphozi, lapho ngokuphepha futhi babhubha (kanye iqhawe lesizwe).

Shuya futhi uphaka imisebenzi ukuhluka phambi. Efika ukuxhumana ataman we Cossacks. Kukholakala ukuthi la mandla odlale indima enkulu wokukhushulwa Mikhail Romanov.

Yiqiniso, akufanele Nokho kunganciphisa indima le Zemsky Sobor, ngaphandle izenzo asebenzayo futhi kwaletinhlelo ngekunonopha namaqembu abe inkosi yangesikhathi esizayo empeleni ongazange abe nethuba. Ukuthi empeleni ukuphoqa ukubeka wahlala esihlalweni sakhe sobukhosi. Lokhu uchaze ngezansi.

Umzamo wokugcina ukuvimbela ekunqobeni boyars Romanov baba eya kubantu, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, "umakoti." Nokho, ngokuvumelana imibhalo, Shuya wamesaba ukwehluleka, ngenxa yokuthi Michael wayeyindoda elula futhi bengakwazi ukufunda. Wayengase ngodaka ngokwayo uma iqalile ukugcina abavoti. Yingakho-ke wathatha isinyathelo kanzima neziphuthumayo.

Kungani Cossacks wangenela?

Cishe ngenxa imisebenzi asebenzayo of Shuya naseduze ukwehluleka inkampani yakhe, futhi ngenxa yokuzama boyars "ukukopela yokungathembeki" le Cossacks, imicimbi elandelayo iphutha.

Inani Zemsky Sobor Yiqiniso, omkhulu, kodwa amandla nolaka futhi ezinonya ngokuvamile kuyaphumelela. Empeleni, kwaba khona usesimweni Storming Winter Palace ekupheleni Februwari 1613.

Cossacks bagqekeza lo muzi futhi waphoqelela Metropolitan abize abantu engxoxweni. Bona ngazwi linye wayefuna ukubona inkosi yabo Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, "indoda kusukela blagodobrogo impande kuyinto umkhakha ezinhle futhi uhlobo nodumo."
umfundisi Scared ngokuthi boyars, futhi ukucindezela Enesikhathi wenza isinqumo khona lapho ukubusa ikhandidethi.

Cathedral isifungo

Empeleni olandelwayo ukuthi uyayenza Zemsky Sobor eRussia. Ikhophi onjalo ithimba dokhumenti futhi wakhulula yesibili March e Kolomna abe inkosi yangesikhathi esizayo nomama wakhe. NjengoMikayeli ingelosi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba iminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa kuphela ubudala, akumangazi ukuthi lalethukile futhi ngokushesha wenqaba anyukele sobukhosi.

Nokho, abanye abacwaningi abathi ngokwezinga baphikisa ngokuthi inkathi ukuthi inkambo kamuva ulungise, njengoba isifungo lombhishobhi empeleni iphindwa idokhumenti ukufunda Borisu Godunovu. "Ukuze uvumele abantu ukucabanga ngesizotha nangokuhluzeka ukuzishaya wenkosi yabo."

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, uMichael wakhululwa wathonyelwa. Futhi kuza inhlokodolobha, lapho egcotshwa ngo-July 11 ngonyaka ofanayo, kwesibili ngo-May 1613.

Ngaleyo ndlela, sisuke zihlekwa into enjalo eliyingqayizivele futhi kuze kube yileso kuphela kancane wafunda emlandweni isimo isiRashiya, njengoba Zemsky Sobor. Into esemqoka ukuthi namuhla ichaza lesi simanga - umehluko eliyisisekelo kusukela Chamber. Kungakhathaliseki indlela olufana, kodwa wezimiso Uyi izici ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, iChamber kwaba yendawo, nokuthola lombhishobhi - isimo. Okwesibili, owokuqala inamandla aphelele, kuyilapho yokugcina wayesalokhu ezingaphezu kuka isigungu esibunjwe.