Catalytic ukuguqula - ubucwepheshe ezithuthukisiwe nge umlando wasendulo

izakhiwo awusizo amafutha aziwa esintwini kusukela kudala. Isetshenziselwa amafutha kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa for ukukhiqizwa nezindwangu zokwenziwa kanye Plastics. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abantu uye wafuna njalo ukukhulisa izinzuzo eyatholakala kusukela ngokucubungula izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi. Enye indlela bantu okhanda amanye amathuba ukuguqula - inqubo emenza eliphezulu uphethiloli hydrocarbon elimnandi. Le ndlela lamafutha ukucutshungulwa yasungulwa emuva ngo-1911, futhi kusukela ngo-1939 ubuchwepheshe isetshenziswa ngezinga ezimbonini. Njengoba izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ziphuzo zazihluzwa indlela njalo ngcono. Namuhla-ke ingenye yezindlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo ukukhiqiza uphethiloli nenombolo octane okusezingeni eliphezulu.

fuel ziphuzo zazihluzwa

Catalytic ukuguqula - is inqubo dehydrogenation (hydrogen Abstraction kusukela organic-molecule compounds) naphthenes ayisithupha membered ebukhoneni nickel namanye izinsimbi leqembu-platinum ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, okuyinto kuholela ekwakhekeni lezithako ezinuka kamnandi. Ngamanye amazwi, inqubo ukuthi ukhiqiza high-octane umkhiqizo - reformate - kusukela yekhwalithi ephansi izinto zokusetshenziswa - iqonde-ukusebenzisa uphethiloli.

Isizathu esiyinhloko esenza ngenxa ngalo kabanzi ngakho ukusakaza ukuguqula - bayakhathazeka imvelo. Ngaphambi kwalokho, ukuze bathole uphethiloli nge high inombolo octane esetshenziswa antiknock phambili ezisekelwe. Lapho isimo kwekhabhoni cishe lingekho.

Imikhiqizo okuholela

Ngokusebenzisa lesi ubuchwepheshe kungenzeka ukukhiqiza eyigugu kakhulu Petrochemical feedstock --benzene, toluene, hydrocarbon elimnandi. Namuhla, okhanda amanye amathuba ukuguqula - kuyinto inqubo lapho uvuke kuya kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-480 imikhiqizo Petrochemical ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke.

The main umkhiqizo wokugcina lomjikelezo ukukhiqiza reformate - uphethiloli nge isilinganiso octane ka 93-102. Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhona by-imikhiqizo - hydrocarbon paraffinic, futhi u-90% hydrogen, okuyinto abahlanzekile kakhulu ukwedlula etholwe ezinye izindlela.

Omunye umkhiqizo ohambisana okhanda amanye amathuba kokushintsha, kuyinto coke. It is imali phezu ekwandeni, kunciphise umsebenzi wayo. uzama yawo yokwehlisa isibalo.

Catalytic Technology ukuguqula

Ngenxa feedstock ngoba okhanda amanye amathuba ukuguqula ka naphtha izenzo - fuel nenombolo ongaphakeme octane. Yonke inqubo wenziwa 3-4 sikhungo anombhede esimisiwe kulethe. Kulesi sikhungo amaphayiphi oxhumene nge eziyinkimbinkimbi multi-ekamelweni uhlelo kanye evuthayo umkhiqizo zesikhashana.

Catalysts okhanda amanye amathuba ukuguqula kukhona yenethiwekhi - alumina (A1203) okufakwe lapha nge-platinum zinhlayiya. Ngo sikhungo ezingeni lokushisa 480-520 ° C ingcindezi kusukela 1.2 kuya kwezingu-4 MPA feedstock iguqulwe ibe high-octane Aromatics futhi isoparaffin. Isikhathi esining impela, ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza inqubo ubuchwepheshe ekusebentiseni metal ezibizayo (rhenium, germanium, Iridium), kanye halogens - chlorine ne sasekhaya.

Izinhlobo okhanda amanye amathuba ukuguqula

Namuhla yasungulwa izindlela eziningi ngokukhiqiza high-octane zikaphethiloli Aromatics ngu okhanda amanye amathuba ukusabela ukuguqula. Njalo inkampani yangaphandle kugcina imfihlo siqu ukukhiqizwa indlela yayo. Nokho, zisekelwe izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. uwoyela ukuguqula labetibambile kanyekanye sikhungo ezintathu noma ezine njalo. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi inqubo ekwandeni okokuqala ngokugcwele eba amandla ayo, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ophendulayo samiswa nje namafutha ngeke ukubuyisela impahla yabo.
2. Okuqhubekayo ukuphendula amayunithi 2-3 - reagent ngezikhathi abuyiselwe ohlelweni ngamunye njengoba okhiqizwayo. Uma le nqubo ngeke kwavinjwa, ophendulayo ukuvuselelwa kufakwa a "ezintantayo", uyathanda noma awuthandi.

Ukusebenza eliphakeme bungatholakala ngendlela eqhubekayo ukugeleza ukusabela usebenzisa izitshalo Lentulo kanye sikhungo. I kulethe, njengoba ukuwohloka impahla yayo, ibekwe ekamelweni okuzivuselela, futhi esikhundleni salo "reactant esanda walulama" kwegazi kwenzeka aljumoplatinovyh compounds.

inkinga eyinhloko

Inkinga eyinhloko obuhambisana wezinguquko - Ukwakheka kwezitho semali coke-inciphisa amandla angokwemvelo okhanda amanye amathuba aljumoplatinovyh izinto. Isixazululo sale nkinga liqukethe unganqotshwa le coke phezu izakhi esisheshayo esebenzisa ingxube elingenawo umoya-inert ezingeni lokushisa 300-500 degrees Celsius. Le nqubo emphakathini yesayensi libizwa ukuvuselelwa. ukubuyisa ngokugcwele element okhanda amanye amathuba akunakwenzeka. Njengoba ukusebenza kwakhe irrevocably ngenxa yokuthi sesibadala, bese wathumela nesitshalo ekhethekile, lapho ezikhishwe platinum kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezibizayo.

sikhungo Catalytic ukuguqula

Le ndlela lokucubungula izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi kwenziwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo. Uma sibala nje ezimbalwa zazo:

• Selectoforming. Lapha, le nqubo wezinguquko ihlanganisa dehydrogenation okhanda amanye amathuba kanye hydrocracking zikhethe.
• Platforming. It sihlanganisa ophendulayo 3, kanye nesikhathi yelikhono ivela 6 izinyanga ezingu-12.
• Ultraforming. Omunye ukufaka wokuqala onalesi "ezintantayo" ophendulayo ukuthi uqhuba inqubo nokuvulwa reagent.
• Isoplus. Ukuze umkhiqizo ehlangana ukuguqula izinqubo kwemifantu ezishisayo.

Amafutha ukuguqula kabanzi kunazo etholwe eNyakatho neMelika - kukhona njalo ngonyaka icubungula phezulu kuya kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-180 amafutha yemvelo. Ibe isilandelwa amazwe aseYurophu - akhawunti cishe abayizigidi ezingu-93 wamathani bona. Russia evala ezintathu eziphezulu ezinomthwalo ukuthi ikhiqiza iziqhumane ezingu-50 amathani uwoyela.