Umfula waseYenisei: izici kanye nencazelo. Ukuwa nomthambeko weMfula Yenisei

I-Yenisei ingenye yemifula emikhulu hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa emhlabeni wonke. Indawo yendawo yamanzi yindawo yaseSiberia. I-Yenisei isuka e-Arctic Ocean izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha kuya kuLwandle LwaKara. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi leli gama livela egameni elithi "Ionesis", elihunyushwa kusukela olimini lwe-Evenk ngokuthi "amanzi amakhulu". I-Big Yenisei yaqanjwa ngokuthi iByy-Khem, ne-Small-Kaa-Khem.

Incazelo yendawo yamanzi

Umlomo weMfula Yenisei uvela echibini elibizwa ngeKara-Balyk, elisemaphandleni aseMountain Sayan Mountains. Le ndawo ibhekwa njengomthombo we-Biy-Khem. Ngokuqondene neKaa-Khem, unamacala amaningana eMongolia. I-confluence yemilomo iyenzeka ogwini lomuzi waseKyzyl.

Incazelo yoMfula i- Yenisei ibonakala ngokuyinhloko endaweni yesitsha. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuningi bomhlaba wamanzi, iHema liphakathi kwamakhomishini ayisikhombisa amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. E-Russia, i-Ob ibhekwa njengobungcweti obukhulu. Indawo yase-Yenisei yamanzi ingamakhulu amaningana kunezingxenye ezihlangene ze-Volga ne-Dnieper. Ngokwesakhiwo salo, umfula ulinganiselwe futhi awufani. Ingxenye enkulu ikhona ngakwesokudla kwe-axis ephakathi. I-asymmetry ephumelele ngenxa yamakhompi amakhulu amakhulu njenge-Tunguska ne-Angara. Incazelo yoMfula we-Yenisei kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuhlukana kwendawo. Namuhla kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwengxenye ephezulu, ephansi naphakathi kwesitsha. Ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa okunemibandela enjalo, abantu abaningi baqala ukudideka, lapho uMfula i-Yenisei uhlala khona ngokuqondene nendawo yawo yokuhlala. Eqinisweni, indawo yamanzi iqala eSiberia naseMongolia, njengoba kuvame ukukholelwa. Ngokuqondene ne-Upper Yenisei, ubude bayo buyi-600 km, futhi buqala kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kukaKaa-Khem noByy-Khem. Ingxenye ephakathi komfula itholakala eMfuleni i-Angara ukuya e-Krasnoyarsk Reservoir. I-Hem engezansi iyona ende kunazo zonke futhi inkulu kakhulu. Iphela ku-Ust-Port, eduze ne-Cape Sopochnaya karga.

Izici zokudoba

Ubude bomfula i-Yenisei kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kweBy-Khem neKaa-Khem cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-3487. Ubude obuphelele besitsha esivela ekugcineni komthombo ngu-4287 km. Ubude bendawo yamanzi, etholakala ensimini yeRussia, kuyahluka kuya ku-4123 km.

In hydrology kukhona into enjengebude bomgwaqo wamanzi. Ihlanganisa izitsha zokubaluleka ezibaluleke kunawo wonke, okuyizinye izindlela ezihlotshaniswa nomfula othile. Endabeni ye-Yenisei, ubude bendlela enjalo buyoba yindlela eya e-Idar, kuhlanganise neLake Baikal. Lesi sibalo cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-5550.

Indawo ephelele yendawo yamanzi yethempeli inqunywa ngamamitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2580. I-Km. Ngokwale nkomba, leli damu liyisikhombisa emhlabeni. Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuwa nomthamo woMfula iYenisei. Ukuze ubale, qala ukuthi unqume inani lempahla yokuqala. Ukuwa nomthamo woMfula i-Yenisei - imingcele iyashintshana futhi incike komunye nomunye. Ekunqumeni inani, ukuphakama komthombo (3.3 km) nomlomo (0 km) yizinkomba ezibalulekile. Kusukela ekutholeni kokuqala, okwesibili kususwe, futhi kube ngu-3300 m. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukucacisa ubude bomfula - 4287 km. Manje i-3300 ihlukaniswe ngo-4287. Inani elifunyenwe lihunyushwa ngo-ppm. Ngakho, ukuwa nomthamo woMfula iYenisei kungamamitha angu-3.3 no-0.77 m / km, ngokulandelana.

Isakhiwo sesiteshi

Umngcele wemvelo womfula yiyona ndlela yokuhlukaniswa kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga Siberia. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi iningi lebhange lasekhohlo leHema lisethafeni, futhi ibhange elungile lisentabeni ye-taiga. Ichibi lokubhukuda lisendaweni eziningana zezulu. Ngakho-ke uphi uMfula i-Yenisei, uma ufinyelela ezindaweni eziphansi uhlala ezibhebheni ze-polar, nasezintabeni ezingaphezulu - amakamela? Umthombo wendawo yendawo yamanzi idolobha laseKyzyl. Kukhona ukuthi i-Big and Small Yenisei ihlangene.

Amakhilomitha ayisishiyagalombili angu-188 okuphumula emfuleni yizimbobo ezingenamkhawulo futhi zihamba. Kulesi sigaba, ububanzi bebhasi buhluka kusuka ku-100 ukuya ku-650 m ububanzi obuphakathi kwamamitha angu-12. Lapha, ukuwa nomthamo woMfula i-Yenisei cishe kukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo yamanzi imelwa yi-Shushensky reservoir ku-HPP yendawo. Ngasemuva kwentaba ye-Sayany, isiteshi sihamba ngokushelela ngakwesobunxele, siye eMainskaya HPP ku-290 km. I-reservoir enkulu kunazo zonke eya eKhem i-Krasnoyarsk. Ubude bayo buba ngu-360 km. Kulesi simo, ububanzi besigodi kwezinye izindawo kudlula u-5 km. Ngokuqondene nesiteshi, cishe ngamamitha angu-500. Eduze emlonyeni weTunguska engezansi, ichibi liqhubeka kakhulu - kuze kufike ku-40 km, futhi eduze nase-Ust-Port - kufika ku-150 km. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umfula ugcina ubukhulu bawo phakathi kuka-2500 kuya ku-5000 m. Ubunzulu bomfula buqala kusuka ku-5 ukuya ku-30 m. Isivimbelo sokugcina olwandle yiziqhingi zaseBrekhov, ezihlukanisa isiteshi zibe neziteshi eziningi. Ububanzi bomkhawulo we-strait ngu-50 km. Indawo yokugcina yomzila yiLwandle LwaKara. Ixhuma nge-sleeve ye-Yenisei Bay.

Izici zendawo yamanzi

Isiqondiso somfula i-Yenisei siqondile: kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho. Indawo yamanzi yeTema ihlukaniswa njengokudla okuxubile. Le nkomba inqunywa izinhlobo zemithombo. Inani elikhulu lechibi liqhwa, li-48%. Okulandelayo yizinhlobo zemvula - 36% nangaphansi komhlaba - 16%. Isibonakaliso samandla sisho umthombo wokugcwalisa indawo yamanzi ngamanzi. Kuzo, futhi, ukugeleza komfula kuncike.

I-Yenisei iqala ukugwinya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Emagcekeni aphansi emgodini kukhona iqhwa elinamandla eliqhwaqhakazile, eligcina kuze kube sekupheleni kukaNovemba. Ezinqabeni zezintaba, amaqhwa amakhulu amaqhwa avame ukuvela. Esikhathini sehlobo sonyaka wezentwasahlobo kufika isikhukhula, ngezinye izikhathi eziphuthumayo Ezindaweni ezingenhla zendawo yamanzi, zivame ukukhukhula kwamanzi ezindawo ezisogwini ezihlala kuze kube phakathi kwehlobo. Ukuphuma kwamanzi okuphansi kunazo zonke kubonakala emthonjeni womfula - 1009 cubic metres. I-M / s, enkulu kunayo yonke - e-Igarka (engaphezu kuka-18,000 cubic m / s). Ngokusho izinkomba zokugeleza, i-Hem ithatha indawo yokuqala ezweni. Umthamo wonyaka uhluka phakathi kuka-630 cubic metres.

Ama-tributaries kanye nezihlanganisi

Umlomo weMfula i-Yenisei uhlukile, kodwa isiteshi esengeziwe sihlangene njalo kwezinye izitsha ezinkulu. Ama-tributary amakhulu kakhulu futhi amakhulu kunawo wonke amaHema yi-Abakan, eSm, Kantegir, Yelogui, eHeta, Dubce, Tanama, iTuba, iSisim, iTunguska, Us, Bakhta, Kureka, Angara, Dudinka, Kebezh, Haytayka nabanye. Ingqikithi, imifula engaphezu kuka-500 izogeleza endaweni yangamanzi, ubude bayo obude bungaba ngu-300 000 km.

Endaweni, ama-tributaries alungile aphezulu kakhulu ngakwesobunxele. Lapha umfula omkhulu ogelezayo yi-Angara. Noma kunjalo, njalo eminyakeni engu-10-12, i-Lower Tunguska ihamba phambili emanzini waminyaka yonke. Isizathu salokhu umsebenzi we-hydrological yisithwathwa samanje esasemkhathini nokuqhakaziza. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi emva kokuhlangana kwe-Angara, i-Yenisei yesimanje ibhekwa njenge-Angara. Konke mayelana nobuhle ngokulandela izinkomba ezinjengendawo yokuqoqa nokugeleza kwamanzi. Noma kunjalo, ososayensi baseRussia bathi le ndawo yi-Yenisei-Angara. I-confluence yomfula ivela ngakwesokudla.

I-Great Yenisei

Le ndawo yamanzi inendawo ekhethekile ohlelweni lwe-hydrological of Russia. Ubude bomfula bungaphezu kuka-605 km endaweni engqikithi yombhede wamamitha ayisigidi angu-56.8. I-Km. Isilinganiso sokukhulelwa kwamanzi sishintsha cishe ema-585 cubic metres. M / s. Lesi sici soMfula i-Yenisei sinquma izinga lokugijima okujwayelekile endaweni yamanzi iKhem. Umthombo uthathwa njengelwandle elibizwa ngeKara-Balyk. Ukuphakama kwalo ngaphezu kwezinga elwandle kungu-1521 m. Umfula uthathwa njengengxenye yokuphatha yeRiphabhliki yaseTuva. Indlela yokuthumela ilula ngo-285 km ukusuka emlonyeni. Kumele kuqashelwe okuqukethwe kwamanzi aphezulu kule ngxenye yendawo yamanzi. Kuchazwa indawo enkulu nokujula kokucindezeleka kukaTolzha. Ukukhululeka kwalo kuvumela ukuthi kube nesitsha esikhulu sokudoba. E-Biy-Khem, cishe izinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa ezivela emikhulu, i-Systyg, Toora neKhamsara.

Ingxenye eduma kakhulu kunogwini isemngceleni neBuryatia no-Irkutsk. Kukhona incazelo ehlukile yemvelo yomfula. I-Yenisei igeleza ngemigodi yezintaba-mlilo ezingu-9 ezingasebenzi. Ngenxa yendawo enobungozi, le ndawo ayitholakali yizintombi ngezinyathelo zezimboni. Namuhla leli damu limelelwa yiLake Azas, okubhekwa njengelondolozwe futhi liheha izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke.

Umlando wokuthumela

Njengamanje, i-Yenisei yiyona ndlela ebaluleke kunazo zonke zokuthutha nezomboni zaseRussia. Imikhumbi eminingi emikhulu nemincane idabula emfuleni nsuku zonke. Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yendawo enzima kanye nesiteshi esibukhali endaweni yamanzi, izinhlekelele zivame ukuvela. Emuva ngo-1877, umkhumbi "Thames" kanye ne-schooner ebizwa ngokuthi "I-Northern Lights" yahlaselwa. Kuzo zombili izitimela zakwazi ukusinda amayunithi. Esikhathini kusukela ngo-1892 kuya ku-1941, ngenxa yekhefu elinzima leqhwa, imikhumbi engaba yikhulu yaphela.

Eminyakeni yamuva, i-Yenisei isengozini ngokuyinhloko izikhukhula zayo ezingapheli. Ngenxa yalokho, imikhumbi eminingi ithola izimbobo ezindaweni eziphakeme zezinkumbi.

Inhlekelele engokwemvelo

Namuhla, izingozi ezinkulu kunazo zonke eziteshini zamandla kagesi zixhunywe noMfula we-Yenisei. Ngo-2009, ngenxa yezikhukhula ze-Shushenskiy basin, izinto zamakhemikhali namafutha ayingozi angena emanzini. Kanti futhi amahholo amaningana kanye neminyango ebalulekile yesiteshi yabhujiswa. Umphumela wengozi kwakuyizinkulungwane zempilo yabasebenzi besiteshi se-hydroelectric.

Ingozi yengozi yayibizwa ngokuthi imishini endala, eyayisesimweni esiphuthumayo. Ukuphuma kwamanzi ngo-2009 sekube yinhlekelele enkulu yomuntu kanye neyomhlaba wonke. Ngonyaka owodwa kuphela kwakunokwenzeka ukuqeda kancane kancane umonakalo ovela engozini, okulinganiselwa ku-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-22. Ngo-2014, umbuso wanikeza inani elifanayo leminyaka yesayensi ye-Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP, ukuze kuvinjelwe inhlekelele ephindaphindiwe.

Indawo ephumelelayo

Umfula udlula ezindaweni ezinjengoSosanogorsk, Kyzyl, Abakan, Krasnoyarsk, Novoselovo, iZheleznogorsk, Cheryomushki, Turukhansk, Divnogorsk, Ust-Port, Minusinsk, Karaus nabanye. Amabhuloho amaningi amakhulu asebenza phakathi kwamadolobha. Okusha kakhulu umgwaqo we-bypass oholela emgwaqweni we-M53.

Cishe zonke izindawo zendawo yamanzi ye-Yenisei zinokufinyelela ngqo olwandle. Lokhu kusiza ukuthuthwa kwemithwalo emikhulu. Emgodini womfula, iziteshi ezintathu zamandla kagesi zisebenza ngasikhathi sinye, zinikeze izindawo ezigcwele ugesi.