3M indiza: umlando ekudalweni nokuthuthuka, ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe

3M yendiza - Soviet webhomu amasu, okuyinto ayekhonze khona mayelana amashumi amane. Ngo-mlando emlandweni walesi izindiza kwadingeka eningi izenzakalo ezahlukene. Wagcina got a idumela okuxubile. Abanye bathi le ndiza imodeli eziphuthumayo, kuyilapho abanye bakubheka njengodumo noma impumelelo enkulu. Noma kunjalo, 3M izindiza, umlando ebikade isihloko ingxoxo yethu, kudingeka siyinake njengoba iphrojekthi ezibucayi izindiza Soviet.

ISENDLALELO SOMTHETHO

Ngo-1940 ngasekupheleni, lapho kwakukhona sikhona yini isikhali senuzi, kwadingeka ezintweni zokuhamba yayo futhi ukulethwa mobile indawo oyifunayo. eziyinkimbinkimbi Military wayedinga webhomu ukuthi izici kungenzeka kwedlule labo itholakala ngesikhathi imodeli kuyizikhathi 1.5-2. Ngakho kwamiswa nomqondo webhomu zamasu. Melika basungula lezi izindiza ngaphambili. Ngo-1946, ababili nje inkampani American zezindiza - "Boeing" futhi "Convair" - wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa webhomu zamasu. Ngakho, ngendiza yokuqala ngo-1952 izimisele izindiza B-52 no-B-60. Bobabili onobuhle zihluke ababengaphambi zabo ophahleni okusezingeni eliphezulu nesivinini umxhwele futhi ububanzi.

Qala yentuthuko

Esikhathini iSoviet Union yaqala ukuthuthukiswa obufanayo ukubambezeleka okukhulu. Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi yokuthi umklami B. Myasischev, uprofesa wase-Moscow Aviation Institute, wasikisela ukuba uhulumeni ukudala webhomu amasu esekwazi ukundiza kuze kube 12,000 amakhilomitha. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuxhumana ochwepheshe, uStalin azinqumela ngokwawo umthwalo ukuphathisa Myasishcheva ukuthuthukiswa yayo izindiza zayo ezihlongozwayo, kodwa ukusetha zokukhokha esiqinile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwaba okumele agcwaliswe Meyi 24, 1951. OPhethe Ministries-USSR wayala ukuba kwakhiwe le ndiza ukusungulwa emva kwetheksthi okb-23 MAP. umklami Chief baba Myasischev. Ngokushesha Air Force umkhuzi induna izidingo Tactical futhi technical umshini sivunyiwe. ububanzi Maximum kwakungafanele kube ngaphansi kuka-12 eziyinkulungwane amakhilomitha nge umthwalo ibhomu amathani 5. I izindiza kwadingeka fly ngesivinini 900 km / h endaweni engamamitha 9 amakhilomitha.

Isikhathi esabelwe aklame futhi akhe webhomu ngoba "Project 25" (njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo phakathi ukuthuthukiswa), efunwa ngabakwa umklamo bureau wokubambisana nge eziningana nezinye izinhlangano embonini: amanye amahhovisi design, zocwaningo kanye nezimboni.

Ngentuthuko lokuqala

Indiza yokuqala owayezamazamisa imidwebo L. Selyakov - ayenakho indima umklami, ekwazi ukumelana namandla omoya futhi prochnista kanyekanye. B. Myasischev isikhathi wahlanganyela kumiswa ukuhlukana, iminyango kahulumeni kanye amaqembu. Ithimba sidalwe parallel idelakufa. Esikhatsini lesifisha emfushane Iphrojekthi alungiswa agunyazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke nobuchwepheshe ukukhiqiza, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa eSoviet Union akazange ukukhipha izindiza kangaka futhi ezisindayo. Ukuze umshini udinga omusha osayizi bobunjwa izinto, kanye ngesilwane esifuywayo.

Idelakufa kwadingeka ukuba ukusebenza okuhle sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza, ukuthuthukisa isivinini okwengeziwe futhi kube njengoba ukukhanya ngangokunokwenzeka. Abaklami alalelwa kakhulu ukuma iphiko. Ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisithupha nokuthuthuka emgudwini womoya TsAGI ihlolwe ezihlukahlukene onobuhle, kuze kutholakale elilungile. iphiko Wadala kwakuhunyushwa ukukhanya, waba nezimo ekupheleni izingxenye futhi decompression eyenziwa isakhiwo. Kuyinto kufanele amelane nokuthambekela flutter ithonya. Impande iphiko behlaliswe izinjini, ngalinye linezinsuku anele emoyeni. Ngalo ibingaqeda ithonya mutual injini lapho ezisebenza izindlela ezahlukene. Imibhobho esemzimbeni ziye atshalwa izindiza evundla mpo ngaso 4 degrees. Lesi isilinganiso kwakudingekile ukuba ukususwa hot igesi jet kusukela fuselage futhi empennage.

imishini

Amandla isitshalo webhomu kuhlanganisiwe ezine Mikulino ukwakhiwa enamandla jet injini. induku yabo kwaba 8700 kg. Ngo ukuklanywa ibhidi amandla plant kwenziwe nokwethenjelwa esiphezulu. By the way, ngokuvumelana ukuklanywa, indiza kwaba ifakwe izinjini ezintathu nge wagxila 13,000 kgf. Nokho, okb Dobrynin babengenaso isikhathi ngesikhathi esifushane enjalo ukulungiselela prototypes lezi izinjini.

Kufanele futhi usho ezikhethiwe inketho Abaklami webhomu chassis. Ukuze ukufunda Dynamics ukuhamba izindiza osinda kangaka evulekile iqembu elikhethekile uchwepheshe lahlelwa. Ekuqaleni kubhekwe izikimu eziningana chassis: indinganiso ngemilenze emithathu, multisupporting kanye wamabhayisikili. Ngesikhathi sesivivinyo ngokwayo kubonakala kangcono chassis esakhiwe kusukela ngebhayisikili isikimu phambi "vzdyblivayuscheysya" Sibona bese struts lateral ahlelwe enisemikhawulweni amaphiko. Le ndiza ibisuka kancane kancane evulekile futhi wakhumula nobude oyifunayo ngokugcina isiqalo ukugijima.

pair ikhanda amasondo igibele phambi inqola, ngamakhasimende engela ezahlukene elincane (15 + ^0). Lapho umbhangqwana waphenduka, ohlangothini ukunyakaza izinqola zokudla washintsha, futhi ngemva kwaso lashintsha futhi isiqondiso salo lonke izindiza. Ngo "vzdyblivaniya" Imodi, ngaphambili pair of amasondo ekubeni unmanageable. Ngesikhathi ngxenye yokugcina ukusuka kwekhala izindiza iziphakamisile kanye engela zokuhlasela anda. Ukuhlanganyela ukusuka umshayeli kwakungu omncane. Leli cebo evivinywa laboratory flying "Tu-4", amathathu kokwehla igiya okuyinto ngokukhethekile esikhundleni ibhayisikili. Kwakukhona futhi eyisibonelo ahlukene izinqola zokudla eziqhutshwa kagesi. chassis amasampula abanolwazi kwavele eziyinkimbinkimbi egcwele izivivinyo futhi baqinisekisa sokufaneleka yayo ukusetshenziswa kwi webhomu.

Aircraft ibhomu umthwalo amathani 24 kanye ngobukhulu osezingeni amabhomu - 9000 kg. Ngenxa radar emehlweni BPM-4 enikeziwe ngokunemba ngamabhomu. Esikhathini webhomu kwaba izikhali namandla ngempela zokuzivikela. Siqukethe eziyisithupha izibhamu okuzenzakalelayo osezingeni 23 mm. Bakhandwa ibekwe amabhangqa amathathu amayunithi rotary fuselage engenhla, ephansi futhi bakhulise. Amatilosi, ehlanganisa abantu abayisishiyagalombili, ukuvalelwa gumbi ezimbili Umfutho. Izihlalo ukhiphe phansi ngokusebenzisa kubhaklazeka.

ukuhlolwa

Ngawo-December 1952-prototype webhomu lakhiwa. NgoJanuwari 20 wangonyaka ozayo, imoto okokuqala ephakanyiswe emoyeni. Flight test umshayeli iqondiswe by F. Opadchiy. Kusukela ngalolo suku lwaqala ekushoneni ifektri isampula izivivinyo isivinini igcwele. Bona wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-Ephreli 15, 1954. Ukubambezeleka kwakubangelwa bulkiness nobunkimbinkimbi isivivinyo.

Umkhawulo indiza isisindo indiza zaba amathani 181,5. Isivinini salo endaweni engamamitha 6700 m zazilingana 947 amakhilomitha ngehora. Izikhungo ophahleni (ububanzi esiphezulu) kanye isisindo amathani 138 kwaba 12.500 amamitha. Abaklami ephethwe ukubeka ebhodini ivolumu enkulu amathangi nophethiloli. Babeka 132 390 amalitha nophethiloli. Nokho, leli cala esiphezulu lwalulinganiselwe ukuba 123600 amalitha.

Ngo-1954, ukuhlolwa ixhunywe prototype yesibili, okuyinto sancishiswa saba 1 m ekhaleni ingxenye, elikhulu iphiko endaweni kanye nezinye izindawo eziningana lapho kutlhogeka bona kulungiswe. Abacwaningi baye zaqala ukulungela ekukhiqizweni webhomu. Ngalesi sikhathi yokudumisa umklami Myasishcheva umshini yabizwa ngokuthi "yendiza M". "3M" - ikhodi elanikelwa imodeli kamuva. Kodwa ekuqaleni, wabizwa ngokuthi M-4.

Uhlolo babe ezingasehlela akuyona indlela engcono. On kakhulu izindiza ukusebenza ngokugcwele kuhambisana imiyalelo, kodwa funa main - uhla esiphezulu nge 5 amathani amabhomu ebhodini - wayengathembekile ukuhlangabezana. Ngemva izibuyekezo eziningana webhomu namanje eselineminyaka. Kodwa umbuzo enganele indiza ibanga lisavuliwe.

Ekuthuthukisweni Kokuhleleka

Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga ngenhla, a webhomu kwi izinjini ezinamandla kakhudlwana futhi okwamanje ukonga RD-3M, eye yathuthuka P. Barb. Bomber nge entsha amandla plant wathola Inkomba "3M". Eqinisweni, i-motors kuthiwa Ushintshe izinguqulo AM-3A izinjini. Yokudonsa at umthamo esiphezulu singezelelwe ukuba 9500 kgf. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa RD-3M kwadingeka imodi eziphuthumayo, 500kGs okuyinto uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka imoto amandla ukukhuphuka 10 nezinye. Njengoba imishini amandla indiza 3M ayikwazanga ukufinyelela isivinini 930 km / h futhi fly ngaphandle kokuma Ibanga 8100 km.

Kulesi search amathuba ukwandisa uhla ndiza iphelile. Ukuhlolwa version yesibili ifakwe refueling uhlelo akhiwa okb Alekseev. Kwakubonakala "induku" lalibhekisela ukuthola uphethiloli ngenhla abanikeze asebenza nabo. Awu ngamaloli ifakwe i tank ezengeziwe, imishini uzotshala kanye indophi.

Nakuba le ndiza sidalwe 3M Myasishcheva umsebenzi parallel wenziwa ukuthuthukiswa eliphezulu liphumele version yayo, okuyinto wathola isihloko ukusebenza 2M. Kuyinto Abaklami ebekwe ukusungula ngesikhathi esisodwa ezine turbojet injini HP-5 - kwi pylons ngaphansi iphiko ahlukaniswe. Nokho, ukuklanywa "ephakeme" wayeka kusukela version 3M wakwazi ukufinyelela nomklamo walo izici.

3M Air: ukuthuthukiswa

Naphezu ukusebenza okuhle, imodeli uye waqhubeka ziphenduke. Mashi 27, 1956 ngendiza yokuqala kwi imoto 3M. Indiza wathola izinjini vd-7 entsha, eyayintula wagxila 11,000 kgf. Nokho, Zase zilinganisela fuel sazikhohlwa esetshenziselwa. Okokuqala, indiza ifakwe izinjini ezimbili ezintsha, futhi ngo-1957 - konke ezine. Through the ukufakwa ukucushwa entsha amaphiko ngcono izici ovundlile umsila izinga sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza indiza lenyuka ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthamo Kwandiswa fuel amathangi. It ephethwe ukufezekisa lokhu, kuhlanganise ngokusebenzisa amathangi esasinenjini. Ababili babo babehamba hung olwandle ibhomu (uma umthwalo ibhomu ovunyelwe), nabanye ababili - ngaphansi kwamaphiko, phakathi izinjini.

indiza 3M, izimfanelo okuyinto sixoxa namuhla, wathola umklamo engasindi. Nokho, isisindo sakhe namanje wasukuma ukuze amathani 193, kanye iconsi amathangi, ngisho nangokwengeziwe - ezingamathani angaba ngu-202. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, phambi ingxenye fuselage ithole isakhiwo esisha. Kube kungenzeka ezihambayo esiteshini antenna kusukela fuselage ekhaleni ingxenye, okuyinto linwetshelwe-1 imitha. With the new imishini navigation 3M izindiza akwazi ukuqhuba esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa ngempumelelo kusukela ephakeme nganoma isiphi isikhathi nangaphansi kwanoma iziphi izimo.

Ngenxa yalokho labo bonke ngcono uholé yokuthi ububanzi esiphezulu, uma kuqhathaniswa izinguqulo ezandulele, inyuswe ngesamba 40%. Nomunye refueling, iconsi amathangi kanye esiphezulu ibhomu umthwalo lesi sibalo kudlulwe 15,000 km. Ukuze anqobe ibanga esinjalo, izindiza kwadingeka ukuba amahora angu-20. Ngakho, kwakungekho nethemba usebenzisa njengethuba webhomu InterContinental. 3M izindiza kwaba ngokunembile umshini ukuthi ekuqaleni ubufuna ukudala Myasischev ukuthatha imithwalo yemfanelo eyengeziwe, futhi ngokusekelwa uStalin.

Enye imfanelo ezithakazelisayo 3M Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela imiphumela yesikhathi eside ezayo torpedo zasolwandle. Torpedoes wangena abasebenzi izikhali, kodwa zisetshenziselwa kakhulu kuyaqabukela. Uhlolo lokuqala Kwakuseshwa inketho sogu lolwandle webhomu namanje at prototype M-4.

3M izindiza Merit

Plane emva ngcono yamuva lwemukelwa futhi ayifake ukukhiqizwa. Ngo-1959, abashayeli bezindiza N. Goryainov-BI Stepanov, kanye nabasebenza kuzo efakwe ke 12 amarekhodi zomhlaba. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka avuke baleli 10 ton a ukuphakama engaphezu kwengu-15 amakhilomitha futhi isishiya cargo 55 ton a ukuphakama 2 amakhilomitha. Amathebula indiza World Records ngokuthi 201M. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ukuhlolwa umshayeli A. enamathelayo nethimba lakhe setha irekhodi ijubane eziyisikhombisa ku umzila avaliwe, nge ntshashintshe yokulayisha. Nge isisindo umthwalo amathani 25, wahlakulela isivinini 1028 km / h. Ngo asemthethweni indiza 3M Myasishcheva yasibuya imbiza kwenye - 103M.

Lapho webhomu entsha wangenela inkonzo, ingxenye izinguqulo ngaphambilini kudedelwa we-M-4, okuyinto kwahluka ababuthakathaka kuphela amandla plant, iguqulelwe ngamaloli.

Imiraro ukusebenza kanye motor entsha

Naphezu ukusebenza kunakho konke, izindiza kwadingeka eziningi izinkinga. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo kwakuwukuthi isikhathi phakathi overhauls izinjini vd-7 kwaba ephansi kakhulu kunalelo izinjini RD-3M-500A. Ngakho-ke, ngenhloso yokufeza isimiso ukulungiswa izinjini njalo. Nakuba izinkinga ne-HP-7, ezindizeni setha lezo RD-3M, okwaqala ngokubekwa impumelelo imodeli. Nge lesi sitshalo amandla lalibizwa 3ms. Yiqiniso, uma kuqhathaniswa nabangu-izindiza 3M yabonisa imiphumela embi kakhulu, kodwa kwaba ngcono kakhulu kunalokho ephambene yayo - version of the M-4. Ikakhulukazi, ngaphandle refueling indiza ZMS kungase fly 9.400 amakhilomitha.

Izinkinga injini bavunyelwa ukuba ushintshe ukuthuthukiswa vd-7b. Ukuze isikhathi ekuphileni yenjini, abaklami kwadingeka ukunciphisa wagxila yayo ezingeni RD-3M. Kwaba 9500 AmaKh. Kufanele sivume ukuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi impilo injini ladluliselwa futhi ngakhula izikhathi eziningana, akukaze kufinyelelwe ezingeni RD-3M. Noma kunjalo, ngokuvamile, Ukuwohloka izici isukela, ngenxa nekusebenta sokuphehla amandla, 15% ngaphezu kwezihlalo 3ms ukukhululwa ibanga.

Ukuguqulwa nge vd-7b izinjini ngokuthi 3MN. Ngaphandle engafani version-bonnet 3ms kuphela. Kumi esiqongweni sezindawo hood ka vd-7b enqatshelwa kubhaklazeka emiselwe kufuneka uveze ukukhungatheka air hot ngaphansi amabhande dlula. Uma indiza, indiza futhi kwahluka: vd-7b injini kushiya umzila kahle imakwe intuthu.

ukulungiswa kwakamuva

Ngo-1960 kwafika enye ukuguqulwa kwendiza, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i 3MD. It efakiwe imishini eziphambili kakhulu futhi ekwazi ukumelana namandla omoya ngcono. Motor azishintshile.

Ngo-edition lama-60 le ndiza aqala ukuncipha kancane kancane, futhi ngokushesha zaphela nya. ubuholi wezwe uye sigudluke eziza kuqala kude rocketry. Ngakho-ke, enye ekuhlaseleni ukulungiswa wathola imoto vd-7P igama 3ME, wahlala prototypes. Ukusuka wagxila izinjini lakhuphuka lafika ku-11300 Khos. Ukuhlolwa Kwakuseshwa ngo-1963. Nokho, umphakathi namanje ukhumbula 3M indiza - Umlando Model akugcini lapha.

Nge ekuphunguleni isibalo ekuhlaseleni amasu, ezinye zazo (inguqulo 3ms futhi 3MN) ibe emathangini avuzayo ukuze ifake uphethiloli. Bona refueled emoyeni njengoba "Tu-95", kanye asele umthelela ahlomile 3M izindiza. Uphethiloli 3M, ngaleyo ndlela, washintsha version of the M-4-2. Kodwa, eqinisweni, kwaba wonke umshini owodwa, kuphela izinjini ezahlukene kanye nezokuxhumana ezihlobene.

izinkinga kwezokuthutha

In the 70s sekwephuzile kwakunesidingo e amayunithi ezokuthutha entsha missile eziyinkimbinkimbi nge izimboni ku Baikonur cosmodrome. Ngenxa yobukhulu enkulu, isisindo futhi ehloniphekile ezokuthutha ibanga, ayikho izinhlobo elihambayo abakwazi ukuxazulula le nkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, maphakathi ithangi isiqalisi ubude 40 nobubanzi - 8 amamitha. B. Myasischev ukukhunjuzwa yena wanikela ukuba athwale imithwalo phezu fuselage ka webhomu yakhe. 3M indiza ngaleso sikhathi kakade sebehoxisiwe ekubeni emakethe, futhi owayeyinhloko umklami Myasischev lakhiwa ngo-1967 okb. Ngo-1978 wathatha isiphakamiso sakhe. Lapho uVladimir wafa (Okthoba 14, 1978), umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka V fedotov.

Ukuze hhayi uyephuza ukuthuthukiswa, ukwakhiwa kanye nokuhlola we othwala izindiza, ezintathu ezikhethiwe ngamaloli. Zagijima ngokushesha wathumela ukuhlola ukubona ubuthakathaka. Ngenxa yalokho, le ndiza wathola luhlaka entsha futhi iphaneli entsha fuselage. Tailpiece ihlelwe kabusha bese enwetshiwe by 7 amamitha. I izimpaphe kwaba ezimbili keel. Inani amasistimu neyesifunda eziye zaguqulwa noma ushintshwa ngomunye. Ezindizeni ukubeka izinjini ezinamandla kakhudlwana vd-7M nge afterburner ekhishiwe, wagxila okuyinto kwafinyelela 11,000 AmaKh. I izinjini okufanayo, kodwa kunezinto afterburner, efakwe "Tu-22" Nokho, kwase sesikhishiwe.

Ngenxa yalokho, yasungulwa ezinhlanu izindiza yenethiwekhi ukucupha, ngalinye elikwazi, ngenxa izici ethize ashukumisayo futhi indiza, senzelwe impahla isisindo ezithile. Imodeli ubizwa ngokuthi 3M-T. Omunye izindiza ezintathu eyakhelwe wayiswa TsAGI ukuhlolwa static. Esinye ifakwe kwenye refueling induku.

Ngo-1980, indiza ezokuthutha 3M-T yaqale ephakanyiswe esibhakabhakeni. A Kucherenko ukuhlolwa Umshayeli wendiza wokuqala zithutha izimpahla phezu kwakhe ngo-January 6 ngonyaka ozayo. indiza Ngemva kwalokho uqambe kabusha "Atlas ZM-T." On the abathutha yochungechunge ke uhanjiswe izimpahla ezingaphezu kuka-150 e-Baikonur. Bathuthela zonke izingxenye ezinkulu izakhiwo "Amandla" futhi "Bhutan". 3M Commercial Aircraft, izithombe zazo ngesikhathi esisodwa lwamukelwa ngokomthetho uMkhandlu-zonke, kuboniswa njalo emikhosini zonke izinhlobo izindiza, kuhlanganise at umbukiso emoyeni ngo-1992.

Ekugcineni kuyafaneleka ukuthi izindiza "Tu-134A-3M", okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi kudidaniswe hero indaba yethu ngenxa "3M" Inkomba egameni, akukho maqondana nayo iyingozi. Zonke "Tu-134" - umgibeli. A izindiza "Tu-134A-3M" futhi ingabe kukhona VIP-nguqulo ye ukuguqulwa 134SKH wezolimo.

isiphetho

Ngo-2003, i-iminyaka engu-50 M-4 izindiza indiza yokuqala eyayikhuluma izibulo emndenini ekuhlaseleni Soviet. Ngokumangalisayo, 3M imodeli izindiza namanje atholakala e-Air Force ukulwa amayunithi. Thina kuphela kudingeka ubunyoninco ithalente abaklami abaye aphethwe eminyakeni enzima post-yimpi ukwakha amasu, kokuba ezingaba oluqinile.