Uhlolojikelele Baikonur Cosmodrome: incazelo, umlando kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Baikonur Cosmodrome, lapho phezu eminyakeni engamashumi ayisihlanu edlule kwakumane kuyisiqalo izinkulungwane unyaka nesigamu imikhumbi-mkhathi, namanje kuholela kunombolo ukuqalisa. Siyabonga kuye, iSoviet Union wakwazi ukuthatha isikhundla okuholela ukuthuthukiswa imboni Isikhala isayensi, eshiya i-United States. Kyzylkum ehlane saba yindawo zomlando lapho landizela emkhathini Cosmonaut lokuqala Yuri Gagarin, kuvuleke indlela ukuzungeza Umhlaba engaphezu kwekhulu zezinkanyezi, zazo abantu 62 - bezinye izizwe.

Ukuqalisa Baikonur

50-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka zaziphawuleka ngokungabi okwandayo umbango owawuphakathi eU.SSR United States emkhakheni lempi, ngokukhethekile, kudalwa InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic. Ukwakhiwa kwehlelo Baikonur cosmodrome wayengomunye walaba izigaba mncintiswano, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho iSoviet InterContinental missile lokuqala ballistic kwaba ukuthi uhlolwe.

Njengoba ibanga Umklamo indiza yayo kwaba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili namakhulu, kwaphakama isidingo umzila omusha ngokusebenzisa ingxenye Asian-USSR futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuletha kwezindawo eziwugwadule, efanelekayo zokuqeda qeda rocket yayo izigaba futhi ukwakhiwa iziteshi wokulinganisa.

A umsebenzi okhethekile wahlola ongakhetha eziningana: Dagestan, iMari ASSR, Astrakhan futhi Kyzylorda izifunda. Inketho yokugcina ingaphezu nabanye sihlangabezane nezimfuneko R-7 rocket Abaklami ngoba akuvumelekile ukuma elikhulu izinto yezikhali ezicitshwayo ballistic nokusetshenziswa umsakazo ekuqaleni Ukujikeleza komhlaba.

Ngo-February 1955, uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe yokutholwa isimemezelo № 292-181, ibayala ukwakhiwa kuqale sikhungo. Ngakho e-Kazakhstan ehlane uvele "inombolo Polygon 5" - lo cosmodrome esizayo Baikonur.

Beka Baikonur

Ngemva enifeza kwesimo endaweni yokwakha ehlongozwayo Spaceport izifunda ikhomishana USSR uhulumeni wakhetha ingxenye eyihlane Kazakhstan itholakala kwesokunxele ne-Aral Sea, eduze nedolobhana Baikonur. Indawo ekhethiwe esiphakathi Kazalinsk futhi Dzhusaly - izikhungo zesifunda Kyzylorda oblast.

Le ndawo libhekene sezwe flat kanye nosayizi esincane sabantu. On top of ukuthi yenzeka eduze motor komgwaqo futhi kujantshi eMoscow - Tashkent (patrol Ezobuchwepheshe-Tam), futhi wabe Asia Ephakathi emfuleni Syr. Lezi zici ngayo ukulethwa izinto, futhi esikhathini esizayo - kweminsalo kanye nemishini.

Kodwa ke isici esibaluleke kunazo kwaba khona into iseduze nenkabazwe, okwenza kube lula ukuqalisa kweminsalo, kusukela kulokhu ngaphezu kwalokho usebenzise isivinini eMhlabeni ukujikeleza.

Kusukela kuqala emabhalekisini isiqalo lokuqala

Ekuqaleni 1955 endaweni ye cosmodrome esizayo kufika "Baikonur" amaphayona - ukwakhiwa lempi, ehlanganisa Battalion eziyisishiyagalombili.

Umsebenzi wokuqala Ochwepheshe efika kwaba ukwakhiwa kwezindlu. emabhalekisini Okokuqala lokhuni olwaluvame eyakhelwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho abakhi amasosha nezakhamuzi kwadingeka kumiswa base ukukhiqizwa, ezazihlanganisa izitshalo ukhonkolo ukukhiqizwa, ngoba izingxenye isixazululo, emafektri ngoba zokwakha, kanye njengokusebenza ngokhuni futhi yokusaha.

Ekupheleni kuka-1956 izinto eziseqhulwini cosmodrome lakhiwa. Waqala umsebenzi kulungiselelwa kweminsalo ukuhlolwa.

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1957 uhlelo wokulinganisa yasungulwa emikhawulweni yonke yakwa-Baikonur. Meyi 5, 1957 uhulumeni sifake ukuqala eziyinkimbinkimbi lokuqala eyalwa. Baikonur wayeselulungele kwethulwa ezicitshwayo InterContinental.

Isixazululo sale nkinga, ngesikhathi esifushane enjalo kuye kwahlotshaniswa nobunzima obukhulu.

Ubunzima endleleni emkhathini

Okokuqala izisebenzi zokwakha wahlangana elinesimo sezulu enesihluku Kazakhstan nokuphila nokwethuka. Okokuqala kwaba itende ke, nge ukufika kwentwasahlobo - the ngezingodo. Amakamu lokuqala lokhuni uvele kuphela ngoMeyi.

Ekupheleni kuka-July 1955 yaqala ukwakhiwa inombolo kwethulwa pad 1. Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa ubusuku nemini, njengoba zokukhokha into babe ezihambisanayo.

Ekuqaleni, lapho kushoda imishini. Kusukela amazwi isakhiwo party Baikonur umhlala Colonel Sergei Alekseenko, kulahlwe abakhi kwaba scrapers 5 kuphela, 2 ogandaganda, abembayo emibili 5 amaloli. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zindlela, kwakudingekile esikhathini esifushane ukwenza umgodi 50 amamitha ezijulile. Futhi ngaphezulu kuka 1 million cubic metres edwaleni!

Ngahlangana dray Ubumba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthatha Excavator. Isimo wasinda amathani amabili iziqhumane. Ubungozi wawumkhulu, njengoba imisebenzi ukuqhumisa yayivinjelwe. Kodwa konke kwakwenziwa ngoba owokuqala rocket kwethulwa.

I siqala yokuqala

I kokuqala kusukela Baikonur Cosmodrome senziwe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-10 kuphela ngemva ukusayinwa ukwamukelwa Baikonur ikhomishana isimo.

Kwangathi 15, 1957 kwaqalwa ngempumelelo InterContinental missile ballistic 8K71 inombolo 5L, kamuva elaba-prototype ye-rocket R-7 "Union." Nokho, 4 kuphela Okthoba kulo nyaka, wethulwa emkhathini ngowokuqala yokufakelwa Earth satellite.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba namanje eningi ngqa ka siqala:

• September 14, 1959 - ukuqala okuzenzakalelayo "Luna 2" esiteshini, iya phansi surface eMhlabeni we satellite;
• Okthoba 4, 1959 - kwethulwa "Luna-3" izithombe ohlangothini emuva of the Moon;
• Agasti 19, 1960 - Launch of "Vostok", okuyinto ubuyile capsule nezinja;
• April 12, 1961 - Launch of "Vostok" ne Cosmonaut lokuqala Yuriem Gagarinym.

Umusho "Baikonur", "Ukwethulwa", "indiza inabasebenzi" zaziya ijwayelekile izakhamuzi zezwe lethu.

Ukuthuthukiswa cosmodrome

Omunye kokuqala eziyinkimbinkimbi akugcini ukwakhiwa kwalesi Baikonur cosmodrome. Esikhathini esizayo, insimu eyabelwe ngaphansi kwaso ezakhiwa izakhiwo, eyenzelwe imicibisholo amakilasi ezahlukene umthwalo umthamo, "Cyclone-M" yokukhanya, "Union", "Zenith", "Umbani" ophansi, "Proton" esindayo futhi "amandla" class super-esindayo.

iminyaka 4 emva kusungulwa starting eziyinkimbinkimbi lokuqala "Union" yayakhiwe omunye, ofuze owokuqala.

Ngo-1965 wavalelwa isiqalisi lokuqala "Proton", futhi ngemva konyaka - yesibili. Ngo-1967, it ethunywe ukufaka ezimbili esiphathiswa rocket "Cyclone". Ngokulandelayo, ukwakhiwa nokubeka izindawo entsha umile kwaze 1979. Ngo-1979 e Kyzylorda esifundeni, lapho Baikonur Cosmodrome, isiqalo eziqhutshwa ukufakwa ezimbili ezengeziwe "Proton".

ingqalasizinda ahlobene uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa Spaceport.

Uhlolojikelele Baikonur

Sibutsetelo Baikonur isikhala nendawo emoyeni umxhwele futhi ivumela ukulinganisa ezidlula yayo. Okokuqala, endaweni yalo iyamangalisa - 6717 amakhilomitha square. Ibanga ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu 75 km, kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga - 90 km.

Kulokhu, efanele ukuba akhulume 'Baikonur "eziyinkimbinkimbi, esakhiwa spaceport futhi edolobheni.

ingqalasizinda Ground siqukethe kwethulwa izakhiwo nambili. Nokho, ukusebenza kukhona eziyisithupha kuphela: I-rocket "Soyuz", "Zenith", "Proton", "Energy", "Energy-Buran".

Yakhelwe nanye isakhiwo inhlangano, lapho izimoto ukuqeqeshwa kwethulwa (LV), booster ukuqalisa. Kukhona uhlelo wokulinganisa semibukiso, lesi sitshalo elingenawo umoya-nitrogen ukwenziwa imikhiqizo cryogenic.

Yokulinganisa amaphuzu esilinganayo kanye insimu Russian futhi Kazakh ngokuvumelana imizila kwendiza izigaba izindawo rocket falling.

imininingwane ezithakazelisayo

Yini enye ongayisho isikhungo ezifana Baikonur kwethulwa sayithi? spaceport Umlando igcinwe amaqiniso amaningi ezithakazelisayo ngesikhathi.

Abathandwayo ngokuyinhloko umsuka igama layo. Endaweni we iqhubezela esenyakatho Tau Kazakh isigodi esincane Boykonyr (ngesiRashiya Uzwakala Baikonur).

Njengoba indawo missile kwaba into imfihlo, kwanqunywa ukuba uqale ukwakhiwa spaceport zamanga eduze nale ndawo ukuyibiza Baikonur ukudida osomaqhinga baseMelika. Soviet abezindaba endaweni ukuqalisa okwalandela satellites wabonisa edolobhaneni Baikonur, nakuba empeleni kwakwenziwa inombolo ipholigoni 5, okuyinto isikhathi esithile ababefaka igama ikhodi "ehlathini".

Ngokuthakazelisayo, "Baikonur" ivikelwe kuze kube sekupheleni 60s.

Lapho ukumba umgodi iphedi kwethulwa wathola abantu bonfire asendulo (yobudala okutholakele zazisuka 10 kuya kwezingu-30 iminyaka). Lapho lesi sifundiswa umklami jikelele Korolyov, walibiza ngokuthi indawo uyabajabulela missile ukuqalisa esizayo.

amaqiniso mayelana Were "ezilula kusuka ekuphileni." Uma usukhishwa esibhedlela ngoba inkonzo izinhlelo 12 (ishumi nambili) Amathani utshwala. Empeleni, okugeza izinhlelo kwathatha amathani 7 kuphela. Ukuze uthathe uhlaka esikhatsini lesitako, wanquma sokukhipha asele ukweqa utshwala emgodini futhi balale.

Nokho, le mfihlo ngandlela-thile kudalulwe abasebenzi ukwakhiwa, futhi umthetho "ezomile" ezazikhona ngaleso sayithi ngokushesha ngamabomu umthetho. Nokho, le nkinga yasheshe axazulula isiqondiso Baikonur Cosmodrome: utshwala kwashiswa umgodi.

Baikonur ngemva kokuwa ye-USSR

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union kwethulwa isayithi kwaba ngaphandle kwemingcele ibe ngundlalifa Russia kweSoviet futhi laba impahla yabantwana Kazakhstan. Yiqiniso, sabhekana nobunzima e ukusebenza kwawo. Njengoba ihlala futhi isebenza nemibandela abakhi lempi ngokucijile sawohloka. Lokhu kwabangela Ngivukelé yabo. Abaningi babo, ngokuba ikhefu wathola, wabuya emuva ayisekho.

Into efanayo kwenzeka ngo-1993 ne amasosha, ukulungele "Proton". Isizathu sokuba intukuthelo babo baba ingxenye understaffed. Rocketeer ezingamaKristu kwakudingeka zisebenzele emithathu.

Ngo-2003, ahlubuka ehlubukile onjiniyela lempi. Ngalesi sikhathi imbangela uthuli kwaba khona amahemuhemu okuthi ngemva ukwakhiwa kwalesi cosmodrome "East" Cosmodrome - Baikonur, ogama ebaleni lokudlala isasetshenziswa ngoba ukwethulwa rocket isiRashiya, izovalwa, futhi uzothumela amabutho eSiberia.

Ngenxa outflow engalawuliwe kwabasebenzi yehlile labantu emzini Baikonur. Abaningi amafulethi babe nalutho. Izakhamuzi siyiswe ezansi, ngaphandle ngisho ukuthatha ifenisha. Izakhamuzi imizana eseduze ugcwale amafulethi ezingenalutho self-bamba noma yebiwe.

Kukho umnqophiso phakathi Russia nase-Kazakhstan ku zokuqashisela landfill, waphetha ngo-1994, ukulondolozwa isimo. izindodla zemali yabelwe kokulilungisa.

Baikonur namuhla

Namuhla, idolobha baphile izakhamuzi amazwe amabili: Russia naseKazakhstan. Sezadlula lezo nezinkinga "ohlanganyelwe". Animated Baikonur amasevisi kwethulwa umhlinzeki PH.

Kusukela ngo-January 2016 kuya Manje ababulawa umkhankaso ngempumelelo cosmodrome "Baikonur" rocket eziyisishiyagalombili. It is kuhlelwe ukuba afeze iphelela eziyisithupha ezengeziwe.

Nokho, akubona bonke izinhlelo Russian ukuhlangana ukuqonda ohlangothini Kazakh.

Iqiniso liwukuthi ne "Baikonur" ukuqalisa okuqhubekayo "Proton" rocket eyehlayo on fuel enobuthi kakhulu.

Kule ndaba, ukwethulwa ngamunye kusukela cosmodrome "Baikonur" okubangela ukunganeliseki phakathi iziphathimandla Kazakh, ikakhulukazi ukwehluleka kwethulwa. Futhi njengoba lokhu yokulinyazwa imvelo, buyakhahlela Russia Kazakhstan akhawunti ezinkulu.

amahlaya Baikonur

Ngesikhathi singena esangweni edolobheni ungabona lesikhumbuzo ngesithombe engxenyeni engezansi yabavukuzi ephuma phansi futhi phezulu - satellite kuqala. "Kusukela emhumeni - isikhala '- elethiwa lesikhumbuzo izakhamuzi Baikonur.

Kukhona emzini futhi "Japanese Islands" futhi "Umhlaba Small", kanye "Sino namaSoviet" - kuyinto omakhelwane bayo. Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi isizathu ukubukeka kulamagama. Yiqiniso, lezi zimo ezinzima ngokusebenzisa ebengikuthanda ukuya izakhamuzi Baikonur - abakhi Baikonur cosmodrome.