Imibhalo esuka ku Usihlalo Mao Tse-tung. "Izingcaphuno": nenguqulo yesiShayina ku-Russian

Mao Tszedun - omunye ababusi abanonya kakhulu, hhayi kuphela China, kodwa emhlabeni wonke. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi ngokuvamile wagqoka par uStalin. Ngaphezu kokunamathela endleleni yokubhala imfundiso kaMarx-Leninist, labafanana Liyindawo control eqinile lizwe. Ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe, China lutho iye yashintshwa ngokuphelele kusimo sezenhlalo, futhi kwathatha kwakusala kude kobuhlungu. Imibono yamaKhomanisi kaMarx Wamphatha ngempela ngobuhlakani, okwaholela yokuthi version Chinese yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi Maoism. Imibhalo esuka ku Usihlalo Mao Tse-tung, eshicilelwe encwadini ifomu phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, ukunikeza umbono ophelele ubuntu umbusi futhi umbono wakhe ngendlela lamaKhomanisi yokuhlela isimo.

ekuqaleni komgwaqo

Mao Tszedun wazalelwa emndenini umlimi elichumayo 1893. Classical imfundo Chinese wathola esikoleni. Wabe waba yisosha ngesikhathi salezi zinguquko ka-1911, bese wabhalisa ekolishi ukuqeqeshwa uthisha. Ngo-1918, Mao wadala umphakathi "abantu abasha." Umgomo wakhe kwakuwukuba ukuthola izindlela uguqule China. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi esizayo we helmsman Omkhulu bajwayelane kaMarx-Leninist amafilosofi, kunqunywa isiphetho Mao Zedong futhi lonke lelo zwe.

Ngenxa umsebenzi walo asebenzayo Mao Tszedun ngokushesha ekubeni sibalo kwezombusazwe. Ngo-1921 waba isihambeli induna Chinese Communist Party, futhi ngo-1923 eduze ubuzwe Kuomintang party. Nale nhlangano kulo endleleni yayo ngaphambi kokuza amandla Mao eboshiwe sengqondo kunalokho okuphikisayo: cishe ngokushesha wayenedili izingxabano zezombangazwe kanye nomholi walo Chan Kay-Shek, Mao Tszedun futhi ngokushesha uhlukanise kusukela KMT, banamathela kwesokunxele ngaphakathi CCP. Nokho, ukuhlaselwa Japanese of China ngo-1936 ophoqelelwe amaqembu alwayo isikhathi bakwemukele.

Rise ukuze amandla

Phakathi ilwa neJapane Mao Tszedun ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ekuqiniseni izikhundla zabo zezombusazwe phakathi abantukazana. Yena ngenkuthalo kwaholela ekuqothulweni hlelo, wabhala uchungechunge lwezihloko lapho yena kuchazwa ua version Chinese wobukhomanisi ku abantukazana, hhayi zokusebenza ekilasini ezisemadolobheni. Nge ekupheleni kwempi ime futhi kuthula kanye Kuomintang. udlame phakathi kwezinhlangano kuholele impi olunegazi civil, okwaphela nge kokunqotshwa kwe Kuomintang, wabalekela Taiwan kanye isimemezelo ngo-1949 yase-China.

Mao Tszedun (China): Into Engakwenza Injabulo emgaqweni washaywa wase-USSR

United States, wasekela Chan Kay-Shek enqabe khona ukuqaphela republic entsha Mao Zedong, ngokuphambene kakhulu neSoviet Union. Phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili esayinwe 1950 isivumelwano sokuthula usizo mutual nobungane. Ukuhlanza, collectivization, plan oneminyaka emihlanu, "uhambisane zikufice" - konke yayinezinto eziningi kwesikhathi yokucindezelwa uStalin eSoviet Union, futhi manje wavakashela China. Mao Tszedun kokufa kukaStalin waba umholi ezinethonya kunazo lamaKhomanisi emhlabeni, ngazo zonke izindlela ukuba ukhuthaze lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa abaningi elikhulayo ubuntu bakhe. Nokho, ngokushesha yaba sobala ukuthi inqubomgomo ophoqelelwe "Omkhulu Leap Phambili" akukuniki imiphumela ingabonakali. Okuye bawa ngokucijile ezingeni lempilo abantukazana, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali anda, amavolumu ukukhiqizwa kunqatshelwe. indlala ezweni.

Inguquko kwamasiko

Eminyakeni 60, China elinezikhonzi waqala ukushushiswa abaphikisi bombuso. Ngokwe isignali esingu imfucuza isikimu isihloko Yao Venyunya "Le nguqulo entsha ye-drama engokomlando" Ukulahlwa Hai Jui. "Isazi-mlando zaseChina Ghanem wasolwa anti-sokusebenzela wagxeka izindlela zezombusazwe elibusayo. Ngemva kwalokho abe eseqala uchungechunge yokucindezelwa wezimpi ezalandela. Mao Abasekeli baye bancika kakhulu ezifana izinjongo nezithameli - osemusha angavuthiwe, kusukela lapho eziqhelelene Red Guard kwamiswa izinkulungwane zabantu zabulawa ngenxa ye "revolution kwamasiko", amakhulu ezinkulungwane zixoshwa ezweni, nakakhulu wagijima okuningi .. e baphoqeleka sokuzibulala futhi kwaba ngalesi sikhathi kuza "Izingcaphuno." abadumile - incwadi lapho Mao Tszedun lembula ngokugcwele kakhulu umbono wakhe ngale ekuphathweni isimo, nokuningi.

AmaKhomanisi New Bible

Ukuqoqwa izitatimende eyinhloko Mao Zedong Isikhishwe nguhulumeni ngo-1966. Ukusakazwa kwalo sasisikhulu kangangokuba ingakwazi kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa ne kwegazi yezincwadi ezingcwele - ngobunyoninco, iBhayibheli noma iTorah. Empeleni, yokukhulekela cishe zenkolo salolu shicilelo akugcini nje ezifudumele, kodwa wayethi abasekeli Mao. Inguqulo yokuqala kusukela Chinese izingcaphuno Russian ka Chairman Mao Zedong obenziwe ngo-1967. Liqukethe izingxenye kusukela izihloko futhi izinkulumo we helmsman Omkhulu. Enguqulweni Western yalo msebenzi uye kancane Okuxakayo wabiza "Little Red Book" njengoba abantu abaningi kakhulu edition ephaketheni - ngakho ungahlale bawuthwale nami. Ukuhumusha kusukela Chinese Russian kwakuzwakala ngemininingwane yakhona: "Ukuqoqwa Izingcaphuno Chairman Mao Zedong." Incwadi kuhunyushwe ngisho Esperanto.

Imibhalo esuka ku Usihlalo Mao Tse-tung - uquqaba

Ukuze uhlole leli qoqo ekhethekile amakilabhu zihlelekile, uyahamba ngisho ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Kukholakala ukuthi ngemva msebenzi umsebenzi kuyoba nemiphumela engcono ukuze ubhekane nemisebenzi yawo. Ngezinye zonke izinyathelo hung amaphosta isithombe sabantu ukubambana ngezandla ku "Izingcaphuno". I Umhlahlandlela lencwadi leitmotif wezwa amagama amabili - ukuba bafunde futhi basebenzise. Iphakanyiswe ukufunda izinkulumo eziyisisekelo ngekhanda. Izihloko iphephandaba kwadingeka ukuba bafake njalo ucaphune Mao Zedong, nge ukwaba nabo ngokugqamile, ukuthi akekho okwadingeka nanoma yikuphi ukungabaza ngokuthi ubuqambi yabo.

Sikhuluma-nje izitatimende yesiteleka kakhulu

Ngokuyinhloko, izingcaphuno Mao Zedong libuthinta isihloko wezepolitiki phakathi ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni kanye ne-capitalism. Abaphikisi main lwesintu khulula ecabange US nababusi balo. Ukuyibiza tiger iphepha, Mao ucele abantu emhlabeni wonke bahlangane ukulwa naye. Nesithakazelo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe mayelana impi yezwe yesithathu. Yena ngokucacile likwenza kucace ukuthi, naphezu akhuza kungenzeka yokugqashuka okunye ukungqubuzana emhlabeni, lapho livela khona, uyozuza kuphela. Eqinisweni, ngemva kokuphindela eSoviet Union elinabantu abantu abayizigidi ezingu-200 Okokuqala Umhlaba wazalwa, ngemva yesibili - lonke ikamu sezenhlalo, futhi lokhu eziyizigidi ezingu-900. Ngemva eyesithathu, wayethemba, babefika lokwakuvamile jikelele emhlabeni wonke.

Futhi kule "Izingcaphuno" zingatholakala futhi nalokho elikushoyo ngezindaba ajwayelekile, nakuba isabelo sabo sincane kakhulu ukwedlula behlasela nababusi balo. Ngokwesibonelo, isiphakamiso esinjalo zefilosofi: "Yileyo engase icatshangwe, kukhona" - a rehash we aphorism odumile Descartes. Noma buka olubhekela inqubomgomo - kuba impi ngaphandle zokuchitha igazi, ngenkathi impi - ezombusazwe zigcwele ukuchitha igazi.
Ngokuvamile, izingcaphuno Mao Zedong sika ezinikezwe "incwadi encane ebomvu", nika isithombe sasivumela oluphelele ngakho konke okwenzekile Wayengumuntu onjani helmsman okukhulu. Ayikho vulamehlo ekhethekile ngeke ukuthole, kodwa mhlawumbe kusukela Ngokombono ongokomlando kubo kuyoba mnandi ukufunda.