Iproject 1144. I-Cruiser yeProjekthi 1144 Orlan

Eminyakeni yamuva, izakhiwo zasemaphandleni nezimboni ziye zagubha kancane ngokukhululekile: imiyalo kahulumeni iye yabonakala, futhi ekugcineni umbuso "uvuthwe" emcabangweni wokuthi akuwona umqondo omuhle kakhulu wokunikeza imisebenzi yokwenza imikhumbi nezinjini kubo phesheya. Yeka, kodwa kuze kube manje imishini yokuphinda ibuyele kancane kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, kufanele sihlale sisebenza "amadoda amadala", awakhiwe futhi awakhiwe e-USSR. Iphrojekthi ye-1144 nayo isebenza kulokhu.

Ulwazi oluyisisekelo

Laba bahamba ngesivinini esinamandla esitshalo samandla enyukliya , ukubeka nokuqaliswa okwenziwe ku-plant Baltic kusukela ngo-1973 kuya ku-1998. Ukungafani kwabo kuvele nje "enhliziyweni" yenuzi, njengoba kungekho imikhumbi enjalo emikhumbi yeSoviet neRussia. I-NATO iphinde ihlolwe lezi zitsha: usayizi wabo kanye nesibhamu bahloniphe inhlonipho nganoma yisiphi isitha esingaba khona. Umakhi owayephethe iphrojekthi 1144 nguBoris Kupensky. Esikhundleni sephini lakhe kwakunguYukhin Vladimir Evgenievich.

Kodwa-ke izinga elizwakalayo lingase lizwakale, le mikhumbi ayinayo izifanekiselo emhlabeni wokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi. Ziyonke indawo yonke, zivumela imisebenzi eyenziwa ukubhubhisa imikhumbi yesitha esiphezulu namanzi angaphansi kwamanzi. Le mikhumbi yayinezikhali ze-missile zaleli klasi ukuthi kungenzeka ngenani eliphezulu lokuqinisekisa ukubhujiswa okuphelele cishe noma yikuphi ukuqoqwa kwesitha esingaba khona.

Iphrojekthi eyaziwayo 1144 nayo iwukuthi le mikhumbi yayiyiyona enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, hhayi ukubala abathwali bezindiza. I-analog esiseduzane yaseMelika, i-cruiser eVirginia, inamaphesenti angu-2.5 amancane ekuthumeni. Lezi zitsha ziyimisebenzi eminingi: zingenza imisebenzi yokulwa isikhathi eside cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zolwandle zomhlaba, ukusekela nokumboza zombili imikhumbi yomhlaba kanye nezinqaba zogu. Ngokuvamile, babehlomile cishe zonke izindlela ezintsha, ezadalwa e-USSR ngaleso sikhathi. Amandla amakhulu okuhlasela kwakuyihlelo le-Granit missile.

Umlando Omfushane we-Series Series

Ekupheleni kukaMashi 1973, i-nuclear cruiser yokuqala yeProjekthi 1144 Kirov yabekwa, okwathi ngo-1992 yaba i-Admiral Ushakov. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1977, kwase kuqalisiwe umkhankaso, kanti kanye neminyaka emithathu kamuva umkhumbi, owadlula zonke izivivinyo zokulwa nokulwa, wanikezelwa eSoviet Navy. Ekupheleni kuka-1984, uTARK "Frunze" wajoyina izigaba. Ngo-1992, kwabizwa ngokuthi "i-Admiral Lazarev." Ekugcineni, ngo-1988, ngokweqile ngokusho kwepulani, le mikhumbi yathola iTark "Kalinin", eyaziwa ngo-1992 ngokuthi "i-Admiral Nakhimov". Ngo-1986, le phrojekthi 1144 yafika ekuphethweni kwayo okunengqondo: imikhumbi yemikhumbi yabekwa umkhumbi wokugcina "uPeter the Great".

Ekuqaleni, igama le-cruiser of project 1144 Orlan kwakunguKibyshev noma u-Yuri Andropov, kodwa ukuwa kwe-USSR akuzange kugcwaliseke kulezi zinhlelo. Phakathi nokwakhiwa, izwe lapho lo mkhumbi wakhiwa khona waqala ukuphela, ngakho-ke lesi sakhiwo sasikwazi ukuphothulwa ngo-1996 kuphela. Ngakho-ke, lo mkhumbi wathola umkhumbi wokugcina walolu chungechunge eminyakeni eyishumi kuphela emva kokubeka kwawo amasheya.

Abagibeli baleli phrojekthi babedwe kanjani?

Ngo-1961, amasosha aseSoviet azwa iqiniso elimnandi: e-US yasungula i-long Beach cruiser cruiser cruiser Long Beach. Lokhu kwaphazamisa ucwaningo lwasekhaya emkhakheni wokusebenzisa izigameko zenuzi njengendlela yokuthutha imikhumbi. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kwakuyisisombululo esilindelekile: i-USSR yayikude ekuthuthukiseni kwayo, ngakho-ke yayidinga kakhulu impi yempi emikhulu eyayingase isebenze isikhathi eside ngokuzihlukanisa namandla abo amakhulu.

Isitshalo samandla enyukliya siye sabangelwa kakhulu ekusebenzeni okuphumelelayo kwemisebenzi enjalo. Ngo-1964, ucwaningo lwesayensi olusebenzayo kule nsimu lwase luvele luvele ezweni. Okokuqala, imboni kanye nososayensi banikezwa umsebenzi wokwakha umkhumbi onokufuduka kwamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili.

Ukulwa nombhangqwana

Lo mklamo wenziwa kusukela ekubukeni, yonke i-cruiser ye-project engu-1144 kufanele ibe nelungelo lokubhekana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezikhali ezitholakalayo kulesi sithuthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha aseSoviet acabange ngokucophelela usongo olwenziwa yizindiza zezitha, ngakho-ke wacela ukwakha imishini yokuzivikela ehamba phambili yomkhumbi. Ekuqaleni, abadwebi bacabanga ukuthi enye ye-cruiser yeProjekthi 1144 ngeke isakwazi ukuphatha izikhali eziningi kangaka. Ngakho ekuqaleni babefuna ukwakha imikhumbi emibili ngesikhathi esisodwa : uhlobo lwe- 1165 nohlobo lwe-1144. Kwadingeka bahlanganisane, benza okuphelele.

Emkhunjini wokuqala kwakudingeka kube nokulwa nomkhumbi, okwesibili - imicibisholo yokulwa nomkhumbi. Izikhali zokulwa nezindiza kwakufanele zitholwe ngokulinganisela okulinganayo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi kwakhiwa ukuvikela emoyeni okunamandla. Kodwa-ke, ukuphumelela okunye kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe beSoviet kwasungula ukuthi kungenzeka ukunciphisa izinhlelo eziningi zokuthumela umkhumbi, futhi kunqunywe ukushiya umklamo onamandla ngokungadingekile wemikhumbi emibili. Yonke imisebenzi yohlobo lwe-1165 yavalwa, ezinye zezinto ezithuthukisiwe zadluliselwa ku-cruiseers ye-nyukliya ye-Project 1144 Orlan.

Ukwandisa ezandleni nokuhamba

Phakathi nomsebenzi, umkhumbi wathola izikhali eziningi, okwakushukumisa ukukhula okusheshayo kokuhamba kwawo. Ngenxa yalokho, akekho owakhumbula umkhankaso wokuqala wokulwa nomkhumbi wamanzi, njengoba onjiniyela banikezwa inkululeko ephelele yokwakha i-cruiser enkulu emhlabeni jikelele ngokufuduka kwamathani angama-20,000. Kunqunywe ukuba kungeniswe "ekugxotsheni" kwayo yonke ubuchwepheshe besimanje ukuthi iSoviet Union yakwazi ukudala ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakunjalo uhlobo olusha lomkhumbi - i-cruiser cruise missile cruiser (TAKR). Abagibeli abasha be-missile ye-Project 1144 Orlan bathembisa ukuba yikhalenda elimethemba kakhulu nelinamandla kuwo wonke ama-Soviet.

Ekugcineni, izidingo zemoto entsha zakhishwa ngo-1972. Le phrojekthi yasungulwa ngesivinini esisheshayo eLeningrad. Njengakuzo zonke izimo ezinjalo, ososayensi nabanjiniyela basebenze ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwabaphathi babo abaseduze kuphela, kodwa futhi nomlondolozi wemikhumbi. Lesi sikhathi kwakuyiKaputeni 2 isigaba AA Savin. Le ndlela yavumela iNavy ukuba ithole imikhumbi eyayiyidinga, yenza izinguquko ezifanele ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Ukuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abashayeli be-Project 1144 abashayeli be-missile base-II11, besithathu nabesine bazokwakhiwa ngokusho komsebenzi omusha, othuthukisiwe 11442. Wahloselwe ukufaka esikhundleni sesistimu esebenzile kakade ngezinhlobo ezintsha zezikhali: umbhoshongo onamapulangwe angama-30-mm ovalwe esikhundleni se-Dirk "ephelele. Esikhundleni se-"Osa" uhlelo lwama-missile yokuvikela umoya, "i-Dagger" yafakwa, ukulingana kweyunithi yamabutho e-universe kwanda ngo-130 mm, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi ye-"Metel" sashintsha "i-Waterfall" eyathuthukisiwe, izinhlelo ezintsha zokuqhuma amabhomu (amacala okujula), njll nazo zifakiwe.

Ekucaleni, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi bonke abahamba ngezinyawo ezinkulu zeProjekthi 1144 emva kweKirov bazokwakhiwa ngqo kule phrojekthi, kodwa imboni yehlulekile: akuzona zonke lezi zikhali ezikwazi ukuletha uhlobo oludingekayo, ngakho-ke zibeka lokho ababekuqedile kakade. Ngakho empeleni (cishe kungabikho ukubhuka) kule phrojekthi 11442 kuphela "uPetru Omkhulu", futhi imikhumbi yesibili nowesithathu ithatha isikhundla esiphakathi, sesikhashana. Yileyo ndlela umklamo othi "Orlan" (1144) owavela ngayo, ukuthi imikhumbi yamuva yani nanamuhla.

Izici eziyisisekelo zokuklama

Umzimba ngamunye "u-Orlan" uhlukaniswe ngecala elilodwa elincithakalo. Kule ndawo - amakomidi angu-16, ahlukaniswe omunye nomunye ngamaphakheji angenawo amanzi. Kunezinsika ezinhlanu ezigcwele kulo lonke ubude besakhiwo. I-hydro acoustic eyinkimbinkimbi "i-Polynom" efakwe emgqeni. Ngasenhla kukhona i-hangar (ngaphansi kwebhokisi), okuvumela ukubekwa kwe-tatu-anti-submarine yama-helicopter Ka-27. Kunezikhwama zezinqola zezindiza, kanye namathangi okugcina nge-helicopter fuel.

Ngaseningizimu kukhona igumbi lapho i-antenna eqothulwa yinkimbinkimbi yePolynom ihla. Cishe zonke izakhi zomzimba zomzimba zenziwe ngama-alloys magnesium-aluminium. Ukuhlelwa kwezikhali kungokwemvelo - iningi lalezi zindawo zokulwa zikhona ngemuva nangemuva.

Izimpawu zokuzivikela zomkhumbi

I-Project ngayinye ye-1144 ye-missile cruiser ithwala izikhali ezinamandla zokulwa ne-torpedo, iphansi elibili lihlinzekwa kuwo wonke umzimba. Izingxenye ezibalulekile zomkhumbi zivikelekile endaweni. Izindwangu zokubopha ngesimo sazo zakudala azikho (njengemikhumbi eminingi yanamuhla). Ukuvikelwa okuyinhloko kutholakala ekujuleni kwecala. Umehluko kusuka kwabanye abahamba ngezinyawo ngaleso sikhathi wukuthi iTAKR inesikhumba esikhukhulile kusukela ngemuva kuya ekhaleni elingamamitha angu-3.5 phezulu. Amamitha - ngaphansi kwamanzi, 2.5 metres - ukuvikelwa kwezimoto nabasebenzi.

Futhi lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imikhumbi yalesi silasi iyingqayizivele, ngoba i-cruisers ye-Project 1144 enezikhali ezinamandla kakhulu yiziqukathi zokuqala emva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili lapho kutholakala khona ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bokubhuka. Amakamelo omshini, amakhemikhali kanye nama-rocket avikelwe izikhali eziyizikhulu eziyi-100 mm. Izindleko zokulwa nokulalelwa kokuthunyelwa komkhumbi zivikelwe ngendlela efanayo. Kukhona izikhali ezungeze i-hangar yezindiza, i-depot yezinhlamvu zivikelwe ngendlela efanayo. Ama-tillers ahlanganiswa endaweni yangakini.

Ukufakelwa amandla

Idizayini isebenzisa i-reactor KN-3 (ne-zone esebenzayo BM-16). Lokhu ukufakwa kuyinzalo eqondile yezigameko ze-ice-break OK-900, kodwa ihluke kakhulu kubo. Into ehlukanisa kakhulu i-uranium enezinga eliphezulu lokucebisa. Esiteshini esisodwa segesi, i-cruiser ingasebenza okungenani iminyaka eyishumi. Ama-reactors angama-circuit amabili, esifundeni ngasinye, amanzi asetshenziswa njengenethiwekhi yokushisa (ngokuqondile, ukufakazela). Amanzi akhethekile ayizinga eliphakeme lokuhlanzwa, ejikeleza endaweni esebenzayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-atmospheres 200. Lokhu kunikeza ukupheka okusheshayo kwesifunda sesibili kanye nokusebenza kahle kwendawo yonke.

Isitshalo samandla sisebenzisa uhlelo nge-shafts amabili, futhi ngasinye "sisebenza" sama-70,000 amalitha. Nge. Ifakwe ngokuphelele emagumbini amathathu aft. Inombolo ephelele yezigameko zenuzi ziyizimboni ezimbili, amandla azo wonke angama-342 MW. Ukuze uqhathanise, i-Permskaya GRES ikhiqiza ama-megawatts angu-2,400, ngakho umkhumbi udla amandla, okwanele umuzi, ohlala kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-100-150. Kukhona amabheyili amabili okulondoloza ama-boilers ezinkampanini ze-turbine (ngaphezu kwamakhulu).

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi iPhrojekthi 1144 i-Orlan ineyunithi yamandla okugcina (hhayi i-athomu), evumela umkhumbi ukuba uthuthukise ijubane lama-knots angu-17. I-reservoir fuel diesel injalo kangangokuthi i-cruiser ingadlula ngamakhilomitha angu- 1 300 e-nautical. Uma usebenzisa izigameko zenuzi, umkhumbi ungathuthuka ngesivinini esingama-31 ama-knots, amandla agcina angenamkhawulo. Iziqephu ezicatshangelwayo zesikhwama zinikeza lezi mikhumbi ngobuningi bokuhamba, okuvumela ukuba zimboze amabanga amakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.

Ulwazi mayelana nabasebenzi

Ingqikithi, abasebenzi basebenabantu abangu-759, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa angu-120. Kunezindawo ezingu-1 600 zokuhlala. Ukuze kutholakale izikhulu nezinkundla zokugunyaza izikhulu ezingu-140 ezingashadile, kunezinkampani ezingu-30 zokudoba abagibeli, abaphathi bahlala emakolishi anekhono labantu abangu-8-30. Izidingo zomkhaya zihlinzeka ngamagumbi okugeza angu-15 namabhati amabili, kukhona ichibi lokubhukuda elilinganisa amamitha ayi-6x2.5 ne-sauna.

Izidingo zezokwelapha zihlangabezana neyunithi yezinga ezimbili, okubandakanya igumbi lokuphulukisa iziguli kanye negumbi lokusebenzela elihlomele ngokugcwele, i-insulators, ihhovisi lamazinyo kanye nekhemisi. Ifomu elisezingeni lomzimba labadlali bangakwazi ukusekela ekuzivocavoca, behlomele ngokugcwele nawo wonke ama-simulators angenzeka. Kunezindawo zokugqoka ezintathu, indawo yokuphumula ehlukile yokuphumula, kanye ne-cinema yangempela.

Isikhali esikhulu sama-cruisers 1144

Njengoba sesishilo kakade, indima yesibambiso esiyinhloko idlala yi-P-700 "Granit". Lezi yimicibisholo yesizukulwane sesithathu, i-supersonic, uphawu oluyiyona indlela yokufinyelela kwelitshe eliphakeme kakhulu. Isisindo sabo singamathani ayi-7, futhi lapho behamba khona bahlakulela isivinini seMac Mach (2.5 izikhathi ngokushesha kunejubane lomsindo), bangakwazi ukuphatha imali ejwayelekile yokuqhuma kuze kube ngu-750 kilogram. Inketho yesibili yi-charge-nyulokliya eyi-500 kiloton ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-625. Ubude be-rocket buyizingamamitha ayishumi, ububanzi buyi-85 cm. Ngenkimbinkimbi eyodwa kukhona ama-projectile anjalo angama-20 afakwe engeni lika-degrees angu-60 kuya phezulu kwendawo. Ukukhiqizwa kweziqalisi kwenziwa eLeningrad.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaGranites ayehloselwe ekuqaleni ukuvela emanzini amanzi, ngakho-ke ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukulwa kwawo kugcwele amanzi olwandle. Ukudubula phansi izinqola ezinjalo kunzima kakhulu. Abaqambi baye bafeza lokho ngisho nokunqotshwa kweGranite nge-missile engavumelaniyo, igcina umfutho wekinetic wamandla anjalo ukuze ifikelele ekufinyeleleni.

Ukuvikeleka ngokumelene ne-air attack

Isisekelo sokuzivikela kwemishini kule mikhumbi yi-S-300F (Fort), amadubhu ahlongozwayo afakwa ngaphansi komkhumbi womkhumbi. Inani eliphelele lemicibisholo yokulwa nezindiza yizicucu ezingu-96. Ku-"Peter the Great" kufakwe i-S-300FM ebuyekeziwe "Fort-M", ekhona ikhophi eyodwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zinkimbinkimbi zinganciphisa izinhloso eziyisithupha, ngesikhathi esifanayo zihambisana nomunye. 12. Ngamanye amathekisthi "ohlangothini" aqondiswa umsizi, futhi lokhu akuvimbeli ukuphazanyiswa okungenzeka emoyeni lapho umuntu ongase abe khona.

Abahamba ngesivinini seProjekthi 1144 Orlan banamaphutha angu-94 njengamanje. Ukunciphisa ngobuningi babo kubangelwa ukwanda kwezici zobuningi nobukhulu. Ekuqaleni, lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sakhiwe ngesisekelo somoya wezokuphepha we-S-Z00PMU2 "Favorit". Izinzuzo zalo ngaphezu kwezinga elithi "Fort" yilokuthi lingakwazi ukushaya amathekisthi ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-150, okungenani ngamamitha angu-10 kuphela, okubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ze-RCC, "okuthanda" ukuba iqhubekele kwelitshe ekude kakhulu. Ukukhushulwa okuqhubekayo kwendawo ethintekile kwafezwa ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okubukhali kwezici ezisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma kwe-elekthronikhi.

I-echelon yesibili ye-ABM

I-SAM "Dagger" yiyona "yesibili" esivela ku-TAKR. Ngokwemvelo, kwakudingeka ifakwe kuyo yonke imikhumbi yomsebenzi othuthukisiwe 11442, kodwa empeleni lesi sikhali samukelwa ngokufanayo "Peter". Inhloso ukubona nokubhubhisa izinhloso ezikwazi ukuphulukana nomugqa wokuqala we-system echeloned missile defense system. Amandla amakhulu kuleli cala yizimpi eziqinile-9M330, ezihlanganisa ngokuphelele umhlaba owaziwayo "Tor-M1".

Ukuziqhenya kwala ma-projectiles ukuthi baphonswa ngaphandle kwegodini lokuqalwa nge-catapult ekhethekile, futhi kuphela lapho i-marine injini iqala khona. Le ndlela iye yavumela kakhulu ukunciphisa izici zabo zesisindo nesayizi ngenkathi kugcinwa uhla olubhekiswe kulo.

Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi silayishwa ngokuzenzekelayo, izivolumu zihamba njalo ngemva kwemizuzwana emithathu. Kumodi othomathikhi, izinhloso zingatholakala ngamakhilomitha angu-45, isikhathi sokusabela - kufika kumasekhondi ayisishiyagalombili. Inombolo yesikhathi esifanayo ixoshwa futhi ihanjiswe amathekhelwe kuya kwabane. Lokhu kufakwa kusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kokudinga ukuhambisana nabasebenzi. Ngokusho komkhiqizi, emkhunjini owodwa kufanele kube nemicibisholo engu-128 ku "Daggers".

I-echelon yesithathu ye-ABM

Isakhiwo iseduze ukuzivikela - "Dirk". Esikhundleni salawo emdala ayisithupha emgqonyeni isethaphu. Njengasendabeni yabase langaphambilini, isistimu ingakwazi ukuthola umkhondo target imodi othomathikhi ngokugcwele. ukunqoba inhloso ukunikeza ethuthukisiwe ayisithupha emgqonyeni iyunithi (izingcezu ezimbili), izinga ingqikithi okuyinto ayizinkulungwane 10 imizuliswano ngomzuzu. "Ningesabi" emabhuloki ezimbili 9M311 ezicitshwayo ezine ngamunye. Basuke izimpawu kwehlukana-core ukulwa imiqulu kanye yokuxhumana fuse. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo missile hit ilitshe nje ngokuba nginaye, okuyinto kakhulu kwandisa amathuba isiphelo sesimiso projectile isitha phansi.

Isikhala turret unit ngayinye kungenzeka yezikhali ezicitshwayo enjalo izigubhu 32. Basuke obumbene nge eziyinkimbinkimbi umhlaba 2S6 "Tunguska". Ingabe ukwenza imisebenzi kukho ukubhubha anti-umkhumbi ezicitshwayo, amabhomu waqondisa, izindiza, ezinophephela emhlane kanye drones isitha. Micibisholo "Dirk" ungathola khona ilitshe ibanga elilodwa nesigamu amakhilomitha eziyisishiyagalombili, umlilo amayunithi ayisithupha barreled kokuba ibanga kusuka amamitha 50 150 kusukela ohlangothini umkhumbi.

Bangakwazi Okuqondiwe hit flying emachibini ezisukela emihlanu ukuba amamitha anamane amawaka. Okugcwele izinhlamvu "Kortikov" kuyinto 192 namarokhethi kanye 36.000 imizuliswano. Okwamanje kwiphrojekthi 1144, i-sesimanje okuyinto namanje ungakaqedi, Ufika ngcono izinguqulo zalezi ukufaka.

Maye, kodwa namuhla akukho ulwazi, kungakhathaliseki bafeza sesimanje ephelele imikhumbi lesi sigaba, Besizokujanyiselelwa nozakwabo zesimanje ze-elekthroniki. Kwethenjwa ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenziwa. Cruisers okusha le phrojekthi ngokucacile akulindelekile, ngakho asele kumele ubukeke kahle.