Ukuthula kukaGulustan kwakuphelile nini?

Umlando weCaucasus ugcwele izenzakalo ezimangalisayo kanye nokushaqeka okubangelwa ukwandiswa kwe-Arab-Iranian, okuhloswe ngawo ukukhishwa kwemimoya yezindawo zale ndawo enkulu. Wabekwa uphawu lokuthula eGulustan, isivumelwano esenziwa phakathi kukahulumeni waseRussia nePersia (i-Iran) ngo-1813. Waqala isikhathi esisha empilweni yabantu baseCaucasus futhi iminyaka eminingi wabasindisa ekuqothulweni komakhelwane abanobudlova.

Izindonga zaseRashiya eMfuleni iTerek

Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ukubaluleka kwezwe laseGulistan (1813), umuntu kufanele aphenduke emlandweni futhi alandele uchungechunge olungapheli lwezilwane ze-Iran ne-Turkey ensimini yeCaucasus. Kwaqala ngekhulu le-16, ngenkathi eRussia, emva kokubanjwa kwama-khanti ase-Astrakhan naseKazan, inqubo yokwakhiwa kombuso wezwe yaqedwa.

Naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga zale nkathi, ngo-1567, uTshay Ivan the Terrible wathola ithuba lokukwakha ezinqabeni eziningana ezavimbela indlela eya kubahluleli baseTurkey nabasePheresiya. Lokhu kwakuyisiqalo senqubo yokwakha ubudlelwane obuseduze phakathi kweRussia kanye nabantu baseCaucasus, esinye sezixhumanisi zabo kwakuyizokuthula eGulustan esayinwe emakhulwini amabili nengxenye kamuva.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukwakhiwa kwezinqaba eTerek kwakungenxa yezimpikiswano ezavela phakathi kweRussia, i-Iran kanye ne-Turkey ikakhulukazi, ehlela ukusabalalisa ukwanda kwayo kulo lonke iNorth Caucasus. I-Russia, nayo, yayinesithakazelo ekuhlanganiseni izikhundla zayo kule ndawo ebalulekile, futhi yabonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuhlaselwa kwamabutho ase-Ottoman.

Ukukhalaza ngosizo kumakhelwane osenyakatho

Ekhulwini le-18 leminyaka, ukuhlukunyezwa kwaqhubeka ngokwengeziwe, ngenxa yokuncintisana okunzima phakathi kwe-Iran neTurkey, okwazama ukuheha amaKhanani wendawo futhi bazuze kuqala.

Esimweni esinjalo, abantu baseCaucasus, ikakhulukazi i-Dagestan, babenenkinga enkulu kakhulu, futhi bacela iziphathimandla zaseRussia ngokuphindaphindiwe ngekhulu le-18 nele-19 ukuba bazisize. Esikhathini esizayo lokhu bekusebenza njengesici, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthula kukaGulustan kusayinwe.

I-aspiration yababusi baseCaucasia ngaphansi kwenkosi yama-tsars aseRussia

Ukuqhubeka nezifiso zabakhileyo baseDagestan, umsunguli weRomanano Dynasty, uTshay Mikhail Fedorovich, engakapheli unyaka ngemuva kokungena kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi, wamukela igunya laseRussia ye-Avar, i-Erpilin, iKazikumukh neKimyk khans kanye nezindawo zabo.

Kamuva, phakathi nekhulu le-XVII, ama-khans amaningi alandela isibonelo sabo, okwabangela ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe kwezikhundla zaseRussia eCaucasus. Bonke ababusi basekhaya abazinikela ngokuzithandela intonga yaseTsar, basebenzela isibopho sokuvikela abathengisi baseRussia, futhi bajoyine amabutho ajwayelekile nabantu basekhaya. Ngokuya kulezi zidingo, bathola emalini e-treasury, ngaphandle kwalokho babekwe eceleni.

Ukuhlukunyezwa kweTurkish ngaphansi kwempi yempi

Ngakho ukuthula okwakusungulwa eCaucasus kwaba khona isikhathi esifushane. Kakade ekhulwini le-18 leminyaka elilandelayo, iTurkey, eyashukumisa izenzo zayo, yaletha ukungezwani. Ngalesi sikhathi, isizathu sokwandisa sasitholakale, ngokwezitshalo zabaphathi bayo, ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi baseCaucasia, ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi zaseDagestan, emthethweni wase Sharia. Ebizela impi engcwele yeJahad, amaTurkey aqala ukuhlukumeza.

Eqinisweni, ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwezempi, iTurkey yaxoshwa yi-Iran (iPersia) ebuthakathaka eyayiqaphela ngaleso sikhathi, okwakungenxa yenkinga yezomnotho eqhubekayo kuyo. Njengoba leli zwe libhekwa i-Istanbul njengompikiswano walo oyinhloko, lo mzuzu wawubonakala sengathi i-sultan inhle kakhulu kwisixazululo sekhadinali sezingxabano zendawo.

Izingxabano zomhlaba zekhulu le-XVIII

Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo ze-Illustrious Port (njengoba kwakuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi iTurkey) zavinjelwa yiRussia efanayo eholwa nguPeter I. Ngokufeza umkhankaso weCaspian ngo-1722 futhi wasayina isivumelwano sokuthula nePersia, wahlanganisa iBaku, Derbent, Resht, Kanye nezinombolo zezifundazwe ezithathwe yiTurkey.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo umbuso wamukela ubuzwe bamakhosi amaningana e-Dagestani feudal. Nakuba ama-Ottomans akwazi ukubhubhisa i-Armenia, iGeorgia kanye neningi lase-Azerbaijan, lo mfundisi waphoqeleka ukuba aqaphele ilungelo laseRussia lokuthola esifundeni saseCaspian. Kodwa-ke, izivumelwano ezenziwe ngokuvumelana nezivumelwano azikwazanga ukuqeda izimpi ezingapheli eziqothula iCaucasus phakathi nekhulu le-18.

Ukusayina kwesivumelwano sokuthula neTurkey

Ngokuphambene neqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu le-19 yonke iDagestan kanye nengxenye yasempumalanga yeGeorgia yayingaphansi kwamandla ama-tsars aseRashiya, bobabili abaseTurkey nabase-Irani bavuselela izenzo zabo, befisa ukusizakala ngezinkinga ezibucayi eRussia ezazibhekana nazo ngaleso sikhathi.

Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwakho konke, abameleli bezombusazwe ze- Alexander I ngo-1812 bakwazi ukuphetha isivumelwano sokuthula noMbuso wase-Ottoman, owaqeda impi yaseRussia-Turkish, eyaqhubeka iminyaka eyisithupha edlule. Ukusayina kwale dokhumenti isikhathi esithile kubangele ukuthi amaTurkey ayeke ukusebenza okusebenzayo eCaucasus. Kwasala ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga ngePersia (i-Iran), futhi ngokushesha kwenzeka icala elinjalo.

Isivumelwano sisayinwe ku-Gulustan

Ngonyaka olandelayo waphela impi yaseRussia nePheresiya, eyahlala iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye edlule, lapho amaPheresiya ahlukunyezwa khona, futhi umphathi wabo oyinhloko, indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi, wasinda ekuthunjweni. Imiphumela enjalo ebabazayo yomkhankaso wezempi yabhidliza bonke abantu bezwe kanye ne-elite ebusayo.

Ngenxa yalokho, abaxoshwe baseRussia banikezwa ithuba lokuphetha isivumelwano sokuthula se-Gulustan (1813) ngendlela efanele eMoscow. I-Russia isayine le dokhumenti ne-Iran ngo-Septhemba 12 emzaneni omncane waseGarabagh waseGulistan, owawuqamba igama layo ngakho wangena emlandweni.

Indima yomlamuleli ezinkulumweni yenziwa ngumkhulumeli waseBrithani uSir Horus Ousli. Ehlangothini lwaseRussia, izwe laseGulistan, eliye lahlelwa yizihloko ezingu-11, lisayinwe yiLieutenant-General N. Rtishchev, nakwasePheresiya eyodwa ngu-Abul-Hasan Khan.

Lesi sivumelwane samukelwa ngenjabulo yibo bonke abantu baseCaucasus. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba izenzo zempi ezaziphambi kwazo zanciphisa kakhulu umnotho wazo, owabuyiselwa yi-Gulustan isivumelwano sokuthula. Chaza kafushane ukuthi isisekelo salo singaba yini, sigxile ezintweni eziyinhloko ezikulo.

Okuletha naye isivumelwano esilandelayo nePheresiya

Okokuqala, yanikeza ukuphela kokuphikisana nokusekwa kokuthula phakathi kweRussia nePersia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mbhalo wachaza ngokucacile imingcele ehlukanisa izinhlangothi ezimbili eziphikisana ngaphambili, nezindawo ezibalwe eMbusweni waseRussia, kuhlanganise ne-Abkhazia, i-Imeretia, iKakheti, i-Dagestan, i-Guria, i-Megrelia, iKartli, nengxenye ebalulekile ye-Azerbaijan yanamuhla. Ngokufanayo, iRussia, isayina ukuthula kweGulustan, yenza isibopho sokunikeza usizo lonke ePersia.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivumelwano esifinyelelwe sinikezwe ilungelo lokwenza iqembu ngalinye ukukhulula ukuhamba kuyo yonke indawo yamanzi eLwandle lweCaspian kanye nokushintshaniswa kweziboshwa ezithathwe phakathi nempi yokugcina. Emkhakheni wobudlelwane obumbano phakathi kweRussia nezwe lasePheresiya, isimo sezithunywa kanye nezikhonzi sasichazwe ngokucacile.

Ukusungulwa kwezinkambiso zomthetho emkhakheni wokuhweba

Ezingxenyeni eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili zesivumelwano, ezintathu ziyizimiso zokuhweba phakathi kwamazwe amabili, nazo zihlanganiswe nesivumelwano sokuthula seGulustan. Imibandela yesivumelwano esinikezwe inkululeko yokuhweba imisebenzi yabathengi bobabili ababambe iqhaza ezindaweni zombili. Ukwengeza, umthamo wemisebenzi ekhokhelwa umthwalo wenziwa, kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe.

Naphezu kokuthi ukuthula kukaGulustan kwacaca ngokucacile futhi ngokucacile imigomo esemthethweni eyasinika ithemba lokuthi ukwanda okusheshayo kwezohwebo phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili, empeleni kwafika ukulibazisa okukhulu, imbangela yayo yayikulibaziseka kokungabi nabulungisa.

Ngenxa yesiphambeko seziphathimandla zaseRussia, kumasiko ase-Astrakhan naseBaku eminye iminyaka emihlanu, umsebenzi wawukhokhiswa isikhathi eside "Isikweletu Esingenqatshelwe sakwa-1755" futhi sisho ukukhokhwa kwama-23% wezindleko zezimpahla ezingenisiwe.

Imiphumela yomphumela wesivumelwano seGulustan

Isimo samanje sasivamile kuphela emva kokuba isivumelwano se-Gulustan sokuthula senziwe ngokomthetho ngo-1815. Izimo ezimbalwa ezibalwe ezingxenyeni zangaphambilini zalesi sihloko zakha uhlaka lomthetho lokusungula ubudlelwane obunokuthula, okwakuholela ekushintsheni okuhle emkhakheni wezohwebo. Ngenxa yalokho, wonke umnotho wawunqobile.

Naphezu kokuthi ukuthula kukaGulistan kwaqedwa ngokuyinhloko ngenhloso yokugcina ubudlelwane phakathi kweRussia nePersia, kwaba nemiphumela emibi eminingi, kokubili okuhle nokubi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wabakhulula abantu baseTranscaucas kusukela ekuhlanganyeleni kwabahlaseli basePheresiya nabaseTurkey, banikele ekuqedeni ukungafani kwamanye eminyaka kanye nokukhula komnotho, ngakho-ke, izinga lokuphila ngokuphakama okusha. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuxhuma phakathi kwamaRussia nabantu baseCaucasus obangelwa yibo ngokuvamile kwakubangela ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabo ngezinhlanga nezenkolo.

Impi entsha kanye nesivumelwano esilandelayo sokuthula

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhlaba owasungulwa ngenxa yesiphetho seSivumelwano saseGulistan wabonakala unesibindi. Kakade ngo-1826 i-Persia, eyasungulwa yiBrithani, ephula isivumelwano esifinyelele ekuqaleni, yavula impi entsha yaseRussia nePheresiya, eyadlula iminyaka emibili futhi iphelile ngesimiso sayo esilandelayo.

Lapho izibhamu zithula, futhi isinyathelo esadluliselwa esitokisini sabadiplomate, kwasayina isivumelwano sokuthula, esibizwa ngeTurkmanchay. Ngokwezihloko zakhe, iRussia yagcina yonke indawo eyayifikile kuye ngenxa yesivumelwano seGulistan, isayinwe eminyakeni engu-13 edlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithola ngaphansi kwegunya layo uNakhchivan no-Erivan khanates, kanye nensimu yaseMpumalanga Armenia. Kuyaziwa ukuthi imbongi evelele yaseRussia, umdlali wezemidlalo kanye nodiplomate u-Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov bahlanganyele ekusebenziseni lesi sivumelwano.