UMbuso WaseFrance Wokuqala nowesibili: incazelo, umlando kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo

Emlandweni weFrance kwakukhona imibuso emibili. Owokuqala waba ngo-1804-1814 no-1815. Yadalwa umlawuli odumile uNapoleon Bonaparte. Ngemuva kokuqothulwa nokuthunjwa eFrance, uhlelo lwama-monarchical lwaluhlala luhlangene nesistimu ye-republican. Isikhathi se-1852-1870. Kuthathwa njengenkathi yoMbuso Wesibili, lapho umshana kaNapoleon I Napoleon III ebusa.

Umbusi wamaFulentshi

Umdali woMbuso Wokuqala, uNapoleon Bonaparte, wasungula isimo esisha ngoMeyi 18, 1804. Ngokusho kwekhalenda lezinguquko, kwakuyi-floreal engu-28. Ngalolo suku, iSenate yamukela uMthethosisekelo omusha, ngokusho kukaNapoleon owashiwo ngokomthetho umbusi. Ezinye izimfanelo zobukhosi besikhathi esidala (isibonelo, isikhundla se-marshal ebuthweni) babuyiselwa.

UMbuso waseFrance awuqondwanga nje kuphela ngumuntu wokuqala wombuso, kodwa futhi nomkhandlu wamakhosi, owahlanganisa nabahlonishwayo abaphezulu (umphathi-chancellor, okhethiweyo ophakeme, umgcini-mkhosi, ummemezeli omkhulu nomshayeli omkhulu). Njengangaphambili, uNapoleon wazama ukwenza izinqumo zakhe siqu ngokusemthethweni ngokuvotelwa okuthandwayo. Ekucaleni kwembuso, isibonelo, kunqunywe ukubuyisela umkhosi wokugodla. Wabuyiselwa, naphezu kokuphikiswa koMkhandlu kaHulumeni.

I-Coalition Yesibili

Eyadalwa nguNapoleon, uMbuso WaseFrance Wokuqala kusukela ekuqaleni kokukhona kwawo ubheke lonke i-Old World. Amandla ase-European Conservative aphikisana nemibono uBonaparte ayithwele. Kwamakhosi, wayeyindlalifa yempindiselo kanye nendoda eyayibeka ingozi ekubeni khona kwayo. Ngo-1805, ngokwe-Petersburg Union Treaty, kwakhiwa i-Third Anti-French Coalition. Ihlanganisa i-United Kingdom, iRussia, i-Austria, i-Sweden ne-Kingdom of Naples.

Lesi sivumelwane sasihlanganisa cishe zonke izizwe zaseYurophu. Ukulwa noMbuso WaseFrance kwaba ukuhlangana okunamandla kwabaphikisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uParis wakwazi ukukhuthaza iPrussia ukuba ihlale ingathathi hlangothi. Kwabe sekuqala enye impi enkulu. I-Napoleon yokuqala yajezisa umbuso waseNaples, inkosi owawenza umfowabo uJoseph.

Impumelelo entsha yombuso

Ngo-1806, uMbuso WaseFrance Wokuqala waphumelela ekwakheni i- Rhine Union. Ihlanganisa iziqu ezivela eBonaparte German ithi: imibuso, ama-duchies kanye nezikhulu. Ensimini yabo, uNapoleon waqala izinguquko. Waphupha ngokumisa eYurophu umyalelo omusha ngokusho kwekhodi yakhe edumile.

Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokunqothula ukuhlanganiswa kweThathu, uMbuso waseFrance waqala ukuvuselela ithonya lawo eJalimane elihlangene. Ukuguquka okunjalo kwakungekuthandi i-Prussia, okuyinto ngokwemvelo ibheka umhlaba wayo wokuzalwa njengendawo yokuzibophezela kwayo. EBerlin, uBonaparte wanikezelwa phambili, ngokusho ukuthi yikuphi eParis kwakudingeka ukuba ususe ibutho lakhe iRhinine. U-Napoleon akanandaba nalokhu kuhlaselwa.

Impi entsha isiqalile. Futhi uMbuso WaseFrance wabuye waphinda. Empi yokuqala yokuqala eduze kwaseSaulfeld, amaPrussia ahluleka kakhulu. Ngenxa yomkhankaso, uNapoleon wangena eBellin ngenhlanhla futhi wathola inzuzo enkulu. Umbuso waseFrance awuzange ume ngisho nangemva kokungenelela empini yeRussia. Ngokushesha idolobha lesibili elibaluleke kakhulu ePrussia, eKoenigsberg, lithathwe. UBonaparte uzuze ukudalwa eJalimane kombuso waseWestphalian othembekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Prussia yalahlekelwa izindawo zayo phakathi kwe-Elbe ne-Rhine. Ngakho uMbuso WaseFrance ngaphansi kweNapoleon wathola izimbali zokukhula kwendawo eYurophu.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Triumph ne-Corsican

Ngo-1812 ifulege laseMbusweni waseFrance lathinteka emadolobheni amaningi aseYurophu. I-Prussia ne-Austria babuthakathaka kakhulu, iBrithani yayivinjelwe. Kulezi zimo, uNapoleon waqala umkhankaso wakhe osempumalanga, ehlasela iRussia.

Njengoba umzila we-Great Army uhlasele, umbusi wayebhekene nezinketho ezintathu: USt. Petersburg, eMoscow noma eKiev. Ekugcineni, uNapoleon wakhetha i-Holy See. Ngemuva kwempi egazini yaseBorodino enomphumela ongaqinisekisiwe, ibutho laseFrance lafika eMoscow. Kodwa-ke, ukuthunjwa komuzi akunike lutho kwabangeneleli. Ibutho elibuthakathaka lamaFulentshi kanye nalabo ababambisana nabo kwakudingeka libuyele ezweni lakubo.

Ngemuva kokuhluleka komkhankaso weMpumalanga, amandla aseYurophu ahlangene emhlanganweni omusha. Lesi sikhathi, inhlanhla isuka eNapoleon. Wabhekana nokunqotshwa okuyinhloko futhi ekugcineni kwakunqotshwa amandla. Okokuqala wathunyelwa ekuthunjweni ku-Elba. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhashana, ngo-1815, uBonaparte ongenalutho wayebuyela ezweni lakubo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-100 zokubusa futhi ezama ukuphindiselela, inkanyezi yakhe yaphela. Umphathi omkhulu wachitha zonke izinsuku zakhe esiqhingini saseSt Helena. Esikhundleni soMbuso Wokuqala kwafika Ukubuyiselwa Kwezingqungquthela.

UMbuso Omusha

Ngo-December 2, 1852, kwakhiwa uMbuso Wesibili WaseFrance. Kwabonakala eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-40 emva kokuwa kwayo ngaphambili. Ukuqhubeka kwezakhiwo ezimbili zombuso kwabonakala. UMbuso Wesibili WaseFrance wathola inkosi kumuntu kaLouis Napoleon - umshana kaNapoleon I, owamukela igama likaNapoleon III.

Njengomalume wakhe, inkosi entsha yaqala ukusebenzisa izikhungo zentando yeningi njengenkxaso yakhe. Ngo-1852, umbuso wombuso wezomthetho wabonakala ngokusho kwemiphumela yezwe lonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uLouis Napoleon, ngaphambi kokuba abe umbusi, ngo-1848-1852. Wayengumongameli weRiphabliki yesiBili.

Inkosi ephikisanayo

Esigabeni sokuqala sikahulumeni njengenkosi, uNapoleon III wayengumuntu ozimele ngokuphelele. Wakhetha ukubunjwa kweSenate noMkhandlu WezeMbuso, izikhonzi ezikhethiwe kanye nezikhulu kuze kube yilawo maeya. Kuphela okhethwe yi-Corps Legislative Corps, kodwa ukhetho lwalugcwele ukuphikisana nezithiyo kubakhethi abazimele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1858, kubo bonke abaphathi, isifungo sokuthembeka kumbusi waba yisibopho. Konke lokhu kwaphazamisa ukuphikiswa komthetho kusuka empilweni yezombangazwe.

Isitayela seNapoleon ezimbili sasihlukile. Owokuqala waba namandla ekugqeni kwe-Revolution Great. Wavikela umyalelo omusha owawusungulwa ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphansi kweNapoleon, ithonya langaphambili lamakhosi angama-feudal labhujiswa futhi umbuso wezimbongolo ezincane waqala ukuchuma. Umshana wakhe wavikela izithakazelo ezinkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uNapoleon III wayengumsekeli wesimiso sokuhweba kwamahhala. Kuye inqwaba yezomnotho engakaze ibe khona yafika eParis Stock Exchange.

Ukuhlukunyezwa kobuhlobo noPrussia

Ekupheleni kokubusa kukaNapoleon III, umbuso waseFrance wase- colonial wawubhekene nokunciphisa kwezombangazwe, okubangelwa izinqubomgomo ezingavumelani zomuntu wokuqala. Izigaba eziningi zomphakathi zazingenelisekile yilokho inkosi, nakuba lezi zingxabano zingancishiswa kuze kube manje. Kodwa-ke, isipikili sokugcina ebhokisini lombuso kwakuwumgomo wangaphandle weNapoleon III.

Naphezu kwazo zonke izinkolelo zabacebisi bakhe, uMbusi waqhubeka ekwandisa ubuhlobo noPrussia. Lo mbuso wathola amandla angakaze abe khona emnothweni nasezempi. Omakhelwane bamazwe amabili kwakunzima yizingxabano ezungeze umngcele wase-Alsace no-Lorraine. Umbuso ngamunye wawubheka njengabo. Ingxabano ikhule ngokulandelana kwenkinga engaxazululwa yokuhlanganiswa kweJalimane. Kuze kube muva nje, i-Austria nePrussia babibeka ngokulinganayo indima yabaholi kuleli zwe, kodwa amaPrussia athola lo mzabalazo wangaphakathi futhi manje abalungiselela ukumemezela umbuso wabo.

Ukuphela koMbuso

Izizathu zempi phakathi komakhelwane akuzona zonke izizathu zomlando weqiniso ezingenhla. Kwakuyizingxabano ezungeze indlalifa yaseSpain esihlalweni sobukhosi. Nakuba uNapoleon III engadlula emuva, akazange ayeke, enethemba lokubonisa amandla akhe ezakhamuzi zakhe nakwezinye izindawo zomhlaba. Kodwa ngokuphambene nokulindelekile kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zempi, okwaqala ngoJulayi 19, 1870, amaFrance ahlukunyezwa ngemva kokunqotshwa. Lesi sinyathelo sidluliselwa kumaJalimane, futhi sathukuthelela eParis.

Impi neSedan yaphela ekuhlaseleni okubulalayo. Ngemva kokunqotshwa, uNapoleon III kwadingeka azinikele kanye nebutho lakhe. Impi yaqhubeka, kodwa uhulumeni waseParis wanquma ukungalindeli ukubuya kwenkosi futhi wamemezela ukuthunyelwa kwakhe. Ngo-September 4, 1870 eFrance kwakumenyezelwa i-republic. Waqeda impi namaJalimane. Ekhishwe ekuthunjweni, kodwa engenamandla, uNapoleon III wathuthela eBrithani. Wafela khona ngoJanuwari 9, 1873, engumdala wokugcina waseFrance emlandweni.

Amaqiniso anentshisekelo

UNapoleon Bonaparte wayelokhu ehamba ngezinyawo. Wayephila ngokuvumelana nesimiso esingekho emthethweni. Kule ndlela yokuphila, umkhuba jikelele wokulala, amahora angu-1-2, phakathi kwecala. I-Anecdotal yaba indaba eyenzeka e- Battle of Austerlitz. Phakathi nempi, uNapoleon wayala ukuthi i-bearskin ibekwa eceleni kwakhe. Umbusi wayelele kuwo imizuzu engu-20, emva kwalokho, njengokungathi akukho okwenzekile, waqhubeka ehola impi.

U-Napoleon I no-Adolf Hitler babe namandla eminyakeni engu-44. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili babememezela impi eRussia ngo-52 futhi bahlukunyezwa ngokuphelele eminyakeni engu-56 ubudala.

Igama elivamile elithi "Latin America" laqalwa umbusi uNapoleon III. Inkosi yayikholelwa ukuthi izwe lakhe linamalungelo afanele kulo ndawo. I-epithet "isiLatini" kwakuwukugcizelela ukuthi iningi labantu lapho likhuluma izilimi zaseRoma, okuyiziFulentshi.

Ngesikhathi engumongameli weRiphabhliki yesiBili kaLouis Napoleon yiyona yedwa umqashi kulokhu okuthunyelwe emlandweni wezwe. Ngomkakhe u-Eugenia, washada, esevele eseba umbusi. Umbhangqwana owenziwe umqhele wawuhlose ukukhipha (kwakunguNapoleon no-Eugene ukudansa emidlalweni eqhweni).