U-Oprichnina ka-Ivan we-Terrible. Ngokufushane mayelana nenqubomgomo yokwesaba

Iminyaka oprichnina Ivan the Terrible yadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wokwakhiwa kombuso waseRashiya. Inkosi yafakwa esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1547. Kodwa eminyakeni yokuqala yokubusa kwakhe, inkambo enkulu yezombangazwe kahulumeni kwakungesiwo oprichnina ka-Ivan the Terrible.

Ngokufushane mayelana nokuguqulwa koMkhandlu Okhethiwe

I-Rada ekhethiwe yaba uhulumeni wangempela, ehlangene nama-boyars ahloniphekile, izicukuthwane, ezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nabameleli befundisi. Uhulumeni wasebenza kusukela ngo-1547 kuya ku-1560. Empeleni, zonke izinguquko zayo zazihloswe ekugxileni kombuso kanye nokugunyazwa kwamandla, ukudala ama-ejensi wombuso afanayo kanye nemiyalo ezweni lonke. Empeleni, ukuthambekela okunjalo kudinga isikhathi ngokwayo. Ukuqothulwa kobuholi bezombusazwe kwakunjalo eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

U-Oprichnina Ivan the Terrible: ngokufushane ngezizathu

Kodwa-ke, imisebenzi kanye nobukhona obukhona beMkhandlu okhethiwe ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuqala ukuphikisa izifiso zika-Ivan the Terrible. Ngo-1560 kunomkhawulo phakathi kweTsar nabangane bakhe, okwaholela ku-oprichnina ka-Ivan the Terrible. Ukubeka ngokufishane ngezizathu zokwehlukana kwaleli nyunyana, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uhlamvu oluqhubekayo lwezinguquko zeRed Elected Rada lwagcina lukhathele i-tsar. Lezi zinsuku zaqala ukubonakala ukuthi i-centralization yombuso yayibambezela ngamabomu ngamakhwenyana, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1560 wamangalela amalungu amabili e-Elected Rada - USylvester no-Adasheva - ngokuthi bafuna ukugxila ekuhambeni kwamandla ezandleni zabo. Isizathu esibalulekile salesi sipha kungukungqubuzana phakathi kwezibalo zombuso ongahlelekile kanye nomkakhe kaTar Anastasia Yurieva. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, u-Tsar wamangalela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ama-boyars "ayephila ngokukhanya kwakhe." Inhlansi yokugcina engathandanga ngokuphelele ukungathandeki kuka-Ivan IV ngomfana we-boyar kwaba ukushintsha komunye wamalungu oMkhandlu owakhethwa ngaphambili, u-Andrei Kurbsky, ohlangothini lwePoles ngesikhathi seVietonian War. Isizathu esenza ukuthi abakwa-final benze lokhu bekunganeliseki iqiniso lokuthi i-tsar yayinyathelisa izinkululeko ezingenasikhathi namalungelo ama-boyars. Ephendula, i-tsar yakha iqembu elilalelayo le-oprichniks, eliqala ukwesaba okukhulu ngokumelene namazwe angaphandle kuleli zwe.

U-Oprichnina Ivan the Terrible: ngokufushane mayelana nokubamba

Kusukela ngo-1565 embusweni waseMoscow uqala umzabalazo onamandla wokuqeda, noma kunalokho, ukubhujiswa komzimba we-boyar stratum. Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye eyodwa yaba yisiphetho somuntu siqu se-tsar futhi yayibizwa nge-oprichnina. Omunye wabuswa yiDuma boyar futhi wayebizwa ngokuthi zemshchina. Insimu ye-oprichnina yakhula njalo futhi yahlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yezwe kuleli zwe. I-essrichnina ye-oprichnina ka-Ivan the Terrible yukuthi i-tsar yazizuzela ilungelo nokuvuma kwamakhwenyana ukuthi angabonisa ngokucacile ukuvulwa kwegazi futhi abulale bonke labo ayezibheka njengabahlukumezi. Akudingeki ukuthi, ngemuva kokuhamba kwezindiza zaseKurbsky Tsar, abahlukumezi nabaqambi babonakele yonke indawo phakathi kwe-boyar elite? Phakathi neminyaka elandelayo, amakhulu emindeni yabahlonishwayo baxoshwa emazweni abo, abaye bahamba nge-oprichniki. I-apogee yayo yafikelwa ukwesaba ngo-1570, lapho isikhulu sokugcina uVladimir Staritsky ebulawa eRussia. Ukuhambela okuyisijeziso kuNovgorod, Klin, Torzhok, Tver kwenziwa. Amakhulu amadolobhana ashiswa, futhi kwabulawa abantu abaningi eMoscow.

Imiphumela oprichnina

Umphumela wale nqubomgomo kwaba ukwehluleka kwendima yezombusazwe yama-boyars ezweni. Ngenxa yalokho, i-tsar yazuza inkululeko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukumezeka kanye neqiniso lokubhujiswa okukhulu nokubulala yizimo ezimbi. Kodwa-ke, i-autocracy yavumela ukudala ibutho elinamandla kanye ne- apparatus esebenza kahle ngesikhathi sayo , okwaholela ekwandiseni okuqhubekayo kwezindawo zombuso.