Ukuyeka emsebenzini kaKhrushchev. Iminyaka kahulumeni, izizathu zokusula uNikita Khrushchev

Ukuphila kwezombusazwe emva kwempi e-USSR kwazinzile. Noma yini kuze kube ngu-1991 yayingavamile kakhulu. Abantu bavele bajwayele isimo sezinto ezibonakalayo, abameli bayo abathandekayo babethwala ngokuzijabulisa abaholi abasha e-Red Square ngamehlo kaMeyi noNovemba, kanti nalabo ababehle kakhulu, kodwa nakakhulu, benza okufanayo nakwamanye amadolobha, izikhungo zesifunda, izikhungo Futhi izindawo zokuhlala. Izikhulu zombuso noma izintambo ezilahlekile (ngaphandle kukaLenin) zazikhohliwe cishe ngokushesha, zaze zayeka ukuloba ngamahlaya. Imisebenzi evelele yemfundiso yayingakaze ifundwe ezikoleni, ezikoleni zobuchwepheshe kanye nezikhungo - indawo yabo yayithathwe yizincwadi zabalobi abasha abajwayelekile, cishe okuqukethwe okufanayo. Okunye okunye kwakungu NS Khrushchev - osombusazwe owachitha phansi igunya likaStalin ukuze athathe indawo yakhe engqondweni nasemiphefumulweni.

Icala eliyingqayizivele

Waba yinto ehlukile kubo bonke abaholi beqembu hhayi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi emva kwakhe. Ukuyeka emsebenzini okungenanjongo nokuthula ngaphandle kuka-Khrushchev, okunikezwa ngemingcwabo eningi nemivulwe, kwakusondele ngokushesha futhi kubonakala sengathi kuyilungiselelo elilungiselelwe kahle. Ngomqondo othile, kwakunjalo, kodwa, ngezindinganiso ze-CPSU Charter, zonke izindinganiso zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha zenziwa. Konke kwenzeka okwenyusa ngentando yeningi, naphezu kokuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwe-centralism. Kwabanjwa i-plenum eyingqayizivele, exoxwa ngokuziphatha komngane wayo, yalahla ezinye zeziphambeko zakhe, futhi yafika esiphethweni sokuthi kwakudingeka ukumthathe isikhundla esikhundleni sakhe sokuhola. Njengoba babhala ngaleso sikhathi, "balalela - banquma". Yiqiniso, emaqinisweni aseSoviet lesi sigameko saba yinto eyingqayizivele, njengenkathi yase Khrushchev ngokwayo nazo zonke izimangaliso nobugebengu okwenzeka kuwo. Bonke abaNobhala Jikelele abaPhezulu nabalandelayo babethelwe ngokuqinile eKremlin necropolis - indawo yokuphumula kwabo kokugcina - ngokuthutha izibhamu, ngaphandle kweGrbochechev, nakanjani. Okokuqala, ngoba uMikhail Sergeyevich usaphila, futhi okwesibili, washiya isikhundla sakhe hhayi ngenxa yelungu, kodwa mayelana nokuqedwa kweposi lakhe. Futhi okwesithathu, babefana noNicita Sergeyevich. Isibonelo esisodwa esiyingqayizivele, kodwa manje hhayi ngakho.

Umzamo wokuqala

Ukuyeka emsebenzini kaKhrushchev, okwenzeka ngo-Okthoba 1964, kwenzeke ngomqondo ngomzamo wesibili. Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-7 ngaphambi kwalesi senzakalo esimnandi ezweni, amalungu amathathu e-Presidium eKomidi Ephakathi, ebizwa ngokuthi "iqembu eliphikisana neqembu", elithi Kaganovich, Molotov noMalenkov, baqala uhlelo lokususa unobhala wokuqala. Uma sicabanga ukuthi empeleni kwakunezinkampani ezine (ukuze kuphume lesi simo, omunye umqaphi, uShepilov, wamemezelwa nje ngokuthi "ohlangene"), ngakho-ke konke kwenzeka futhi ngokuhambisana ne-party charter. Kwadingeka ngisebenzise izinyathelo ezingajwayelekile. Amalungu eKomidi Ephakathi ahanjiswa ngokuphuthumayo eMoscow evela eplumeni evela ezweni lonke ngezindiza zempi esebenzisa izigijimi ezigijima ngesivinini se-MiG (ukuqeqeshwa "izinhlansi" ze-UTI) namabhomu. Usizo olubaluleke kakhulu olwenziwa nguNgqongqoshe wezokuPhepha uGK Zhukov (ngaphandle kokuyeka kwakhe, uKhushchov wayezogcinwa emuva ngo-1957). "Abalindi bakaStalin" bakwazi ukunciphisa amandla: baxoshwa kuqala ku-Presidium, bevela eKomidini Ephakathi, futhi ngo-1962, futhi baxoshwa ngokuphelele ku-CPSU. Babengamdubula, njengoL. P. Beria, kodwa wakwenza.

Okudingekayo

Ukufuduka kweKrushchev ngo-1964 kwaba yimpumelelo hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokulungiswa kahle kwesenzo, kodwa futhi ngoba kwakufanele cishe wonke umuntu. Izimangalo ezenziwe ngo-Okthoba i-plenum, yazo zonke izinkolelo zabo zeqembu-lobbyist, azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi zingalungile. Ngokuvamile kuzo zonke izikhombisi-ndlela ezibalulekile zezombangazwe nezomnotho kwakukhona ukuhluleka okuyingozi. Ukuchuma kwemibutho ebanzi yabantu abasebenzayo yaba nzima kakhulu, ukuhlolwa okuqinile ngesibambiso sokuvikela kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwengxenye yebutho lempi kanye nemikhumbi, amafama ahlangene aqala ukukhula, abe "izigidi eziphambene nalokho," udumo lwawela emhlabeni wonke. Izizathu zokuyeka emsebenzini kaKhrushchev zaziningi, futhi ngokwayo zazingenakugwema. Abantu babona ukuguqulwa kwamandla ngokuthokoza okuthulile, izikhulu ezincishisiwe zagubungula izandla zabo, abaculi abazitholile amabheji e-laureate ezikhathini zikaStalin, bamamukela ukubonakaliswa kwentando yeningi. Ukukhathala kokuhlwanyela ummbila, abalimi abaqoqiwe kuzo zonke izindawo ezingezansi zezulu babengazilindelanga izimangaliso kumabhalane omusha jikelele, kodwa ngokungazelelwe babethemba okuhle. Ngokuvamile, ngemuva kokushiya uKhruschvv, kwakungenakho ukuphazamiseka okudumile.

Impumelelo kaNicita Sergeevich

Ngenxa yezobulungiswa, asikwazi ukwehluleka ukubalula izinto eziqhakazile ukuthi unobhala wokuqala, owasuswa kuhulumeni, wakwazi ukufeza phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokusebenza.

Okokuqala, kunezenzakalo eziningi ezenzeka kuleli zwe, okumaka ukuhamba komkhuba ongabonakali wobuqhawe osukwini lweStalin. Ngokuvamile babizwa ngokuthi ukubuyiselwa kwemigomo yobuholi yobuLenin, empeleni babekhona ekuqothulweni kwazo zonke izikhumbuzo eziningi (ngaphandle kokuthi baseGori), imvume yokunyathelisa izincwadi ezithile eziveze u-tyranny, nokuhlukaniswa komgqa weqembu kusuka kumfanelo yomuntu siqu ofile ngo-1953 Umholi.

Okwesibili, abalimi abahlangene ekugcineni banikezwa ama-passports, ngokusemthethweni bawafanele njengezakhamuzi ezigcwele ze-USSR. Lokhu akusho ukuthi inkululeko yokuzikhethela yokuhlala, kodwa ezinye izintambo zikhona.

Okwesithathu, eminyakeni eyishumi, kwenziwa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu. Izigidi zamamitha ayisishiyagalombili zanikezwa minyaka yonke, kodwa, naphezu kwezimpumelelo ezinkulu, amafulethi ayengakwanele. Lezi zindawo zaqala "ukuvuvukala" kubalimi abaqoqiwe ababeza kubo (bheka isigaba sangaphambilini). Izindlu zazincipha futhi zingakhululekile, kepha "amaKhushchevs" abonakala kubakhileyo ngaleso sikhathi ezakhiweni zemikhakha, efanekisela izitayela ezintsha nezanamuhla.

Okwesine, i-cosmos futhi iphinda ibuye i-cosmos. Eyokuqala futhi engcono kakhulu yayiyiMicrosoft. Izindiza zikaGagarin, Titov, Tereshkova, futhi phambi kwazo izikwele ze-squirrels, ama-Arrows nama-Sprockets-konke lokhu kwavusa intshiseko enkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimpumelelo zazihlobene ngqo nokuzivikela. Izakhamizi zase-USSR zaziziqhenya izwe abahlala kuzo, nakuba kwakungekho izizathu eziningi kangaka njengoba befuna.

Kwakukhona amanye amakhasi aqhakazile esikhathini seKrushchev, kodwa ayengabalulekile kakhulu. Izigidi zeziboshwa zezombangazwe zakhululeka, kodwa lapho ziphuma emakamu, ngokushesha zaqiniseka ukuthi kungcono ukubamba ulimi lwabo ngisho nanamuhla. Ngakho kunokwethenjelwa okunye.

Thaw

Namuhla lesi simo senza abantu abahle kuphela. Kubonakala kubantu besikhathi sethu ukuthi ngaleyo minyaka leli zwe lavuka kusukela ebuthongweni obude bebusika, njengebhebhe elinamandla. Ama-rivulets aqala ukukhala, ehleka ngamazwi eqiniso ngama-horrorism e-Stalinism nasemakamu aseGulag, amazwi wezinkondlo ezazizwakala esikhumulweni sePushkin, ama-dudes aziqhenya ngokuziqhenya izinwele zabo ezinhle futhi baqala ukudansa idwala. Cishe lesi sithombe simelelwa ngamafilimu anamuhla aphethwe ngesihloko samashumi amahlanu namashumi ayisithupha. Maye, izinto zazingekho ngempela. Ngisho neziboshwa zezombangazwe ezivuselelekile nezikhululekile zahlala zingenqatshelwe. Indawo yokuhlala ayanele futhi "evamile", okungukuthi, hhayi izakhamuzi ezihleli.

Futhi kwakukhona esinye isimo esithile, esibalulekile esimweni sayo sengqondo. Ngisho nalabo abahlukunyezwa yiStalin, bavame ukuba abalandeli bakhe. Abakwazanga ukwamukela ukukhwabanisa kubonakala ekuqothulweni kwesithombe sabo. Ngangihamba ngep pun enkolweni, okuyinto eqinisile, kodwa nangomuntu oyenze futhi. Ukusikisela kwakuhlanganisa ukulinganisa okuphansi kwesigumbu kanye nesiphambeko sakhe ngokwedlule.

Ama-stalin ayingxenye ebalulekile kulabo abanganelisekile ngenqubomgomo kaKhrushchev, futhi bamxosha njengelungelo lokubuyisela.

Ukunganeliseki kwabantu

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, isimo sezomnotho seSoviet Union saqala ukuwohloka. Kube nezizathu eziningi zalokhu. Ukuhluleka kwezitshalo kwaba umphumela wamapulazi ahlangene, okwalahlekelwa izigidi eziningi zabasebenzi abasebenza ezindaweni zokuqasha komuzi kanye namafemu. Izinyathelo ezithathwe ngendlela yokwandisa intela ezihlahleni nasezinkomeni zaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu: ukungena kwemithi enkulu kanye "nokumisa ummese" wezilwane.

Ukungaqiniseki futhi ngemuva kweminyaka embi kakhulu yokushushiswa "obomvu" kwavela amakholwa. Imisebenzi ye Khrushchev kule ndlela ingachazwa njenge-barbarous. Ukuvalwa okuphindiwe kwamathempeli nama-monasteri kwaholela ekwenzeni igazi.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-"polytechnical" kwesikole kwakungaphumelelanga kakhulu futhi akufundile. Bayikhansele kuphela ngo-1966, futhi imiphumela yathinteka isikhathi eside.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1957, uhulumeni waqeda ukukhokhwa kwezibopho iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu enqunywe abasebenzi. Namuhla izobizwa ngokuthi i-default.

Izizathu zokunganeliseki zabaningi, kuhlanganise nokwanda kwezinkambiso ekukhiqizeni, kuhambisana nokwehla kwamanani, kanye nezintengo eziphakeme zokudla. Futhi ukubekezela kwabantu kwakungenakukuma: injabulo yaqala, edume kakhulu kunazo zonke okwakungezenzakalo zeNovocherkassk. Abasebenzi badutshulwa kulezi zindawo, abasindile babanjwa, bazama futhi bagwetshwa ngesilinganiso esifanayo. Abantu babenombuzo ongokwemvelo: kungani uKrushchev egxekisa ukukhulekela kukaStalin nobani okungcono?

Isisulu esilandelayo yiziNqoqo Zase-USSR

Engxenyeni yesibili yamashumi amahlanu, iSoviet Army yahlasela kakhulu, eyonakalisa futhi eyonakalisayo. Cha, kwakungeyona amasosha e-NATO noma amaMelika ane amabhomu awo e-hydrogen awakhipha. I-USSR ilahlekelwe ngabasebenzi abayizigidi ezingu-1.3 esimweni esinokuthula ngokuphelele. Labo abadlula empini, ababengabachwepheshe futhi abangenakwenza lutho ngaphandle kokukhonza amaMelandland, amasosha ayesemgwaqeni - ancishisiwe. Ukujatshulwa kweKrushchev, okunikezwe yiyo, kungaba yinkinga yokucwaninga ngezilimi, kodwa ngeke kwenzeke ukushicilela ukuphathwa okunjalo kokucwaninga. Ngokuqondene nemikhumbi, kukhona ingxoxo ekhethekile lapha. Yonke imikhumbi emikhulu ehlinzeka ukuzinza kwamapayipi, ikakhulukazi izimpi, yayingenwa yensimbi. Ngokungenasisekelo nangamsebenzi, izisekelo ezibalulekile eChina naseFinland zashiywa, amasosha asuka e-Austria. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwangaphandle kuzokwenza umonakalo omkhulu njengokusebenza kukaKhrushchev "okuzivikela". Abaphikisi balo mbono bangase baphikise, bathi, imikhosi yethu yayesaba ama-strategist angaphandle. Maye, baqala ukuthuthukiswa ngisho naseStalin.

Ngendlela, akazange akhulume u-First nomsindisi wakhe "kwi-anti-Party clique". UZhukov wakhululwa ehhovisi likaNgqongqoshe, wasuswa ePhini likaMongameli weKomiti Ephakathi futhi wathumela e-Odessa - ukuyoyala isifunda.

"Ngagxila ezandleni zami ..."

Yebo, yile nkulumo evela esivumelwaneni sezombangazwe seLeninist esisebenza nakakhulu kumuntu olwa ne-Stalinist. Ngo-1958 uNkk Khrushchev waba nguSihlalo weMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe, yena kuphela owayengenamandla eqembu kuphela. Izindlela zobuholi, ezibekwe ngokuthi "uLeninist", empeleni azivumelanga ithuba lokuveza imibono engahambisani nomugqa jikelele. Futhi umthombo walo wawuwumlomo wobhala wokuqala. Kuzo zonke iziphathimandla zalo, uJV Stalin wayevame ukulalela ukuphikisana, ikakhulu uma bevela kubantu ababazi ibhizinisi labo. Ngisho nasezinsukwini ezibuhlungu kunazo zonke, "u-tyrant" angashintsha isinqumo uma kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akulungile. U-Khrushchev wayehlale eveza isikhundla sakhe kuqala futhi wathatha zonke izikhalazo njengokuthuka kwakhe siqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emikhumeni engcono yamaKommunist, wazibheka njengomuntu owazi konke kusuka kwezobuchwepheshe nobuciko. Wonke umuntu uyayazi le nkinga ku-Manege, lapho abaculi be-avant-garde beba izisulu zokuhlaselwa "kwekhanda leqembu", owayesethukuthele. Kuleli zwe kwakukhona izilingo ezindabeni zabalobi abahlazekile, abadwebi bamatshe abahlambalazwa ngethusi elichithekile, "imicibisholo ayanele." Ngendlela, mayelana nabo. Mayelana nendlela uKhrushchev owayengumchwepheshe emkhakheni we-rocketry, isinqumo sakhe ku-VA Sudts, umdali we-Dvina (S-75) SAM system, ngokusobala ukhuluma ngesiphakamiso sakhe sokudubula okuyinkimbinkimbi ... Yebo, ngokujwayelekile, kude. Icala lalingu-1963 kuBubinka, endaweni yokuhlola.

Khrushchev idiplomat

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi uKhrushchev ubambe kanjani isikhwama sakhe esikhulwini, ngisho nabantwana besikole banamanje okungenani okuthile, kodwa bezwa ngakho. Okuthandwa kakhulu yilokho okushiwo umama kaZuzkin, umholi weSoviet owahlose ukukhombisa wonke umhlaba oyinhloko-capitalist, obangela ubunzima kubahumushi. Lezi zicaphuno ezimbili ziyaziwa kakhulu, nakuba zaziziningi ezivela ku-Nikita Sergeyevich ngqo. Kodwa into esemqoka akuyona amagama, kodwa izenzo. Naphezu kokuqiniswa kwezitatimende, i-USSR yahola ukuncintisana kwamaphuzu ambalwa. Ukuthunyelwa kwezimpi eziya eCuba kwavulwa, futhi kwaqala ukungqubuzana okwabulala bonke abantu. Ukungenelela eHungary kwabangela ukuthukuthela ngisho naphakathi kwama-allies ase-USSR. Ukusekelwa kwezimiso "eziqhubekayo" e-Afrika, eLatin America nase-Asia kwakubiza kakhulu kwizezimali zesabelomali zaseSoviet futhi akuhlose ukufeza imigomo ewusizo yezwe, kodwa ngenxa yokulimaza kakhulu emazweni aseNtshonalanga. Umsunguli walezi zinhlelo wayevame ukwakhiwa Khrushchev ngokwakhe. Indoda yezombusazwe ihluke kumuntu oyisifundazwe ngokuthi ucabanga nje ngezifiso zesikhashana. Yilokho indlela eCrimea eyethulwa ngayo e-Ukraine, nakuba kungekho muntu owayengacabanga ukuthi lesi sinqumo sasizofaka imiphumela yomhlaba wonke.

Indlela yokukhishwa

Ngakho kwakunguKhrushchev? Itafula emakholomu amabili, ngakwesokudla lapho imisebenzi yakhe ewusizo ibonisiwe khona, futhi kukholomu lwesobunxele - eyingozi, izohlukanisa izici ezimbili zobuntu bakhe. Ngakho-ke ethuneni, lidalwe yi-Ergan Neizvestny, oqalekisiwe nguye, imibala emnyama nemhlophe ihlanganisiwe. Kodwa yiwo wonke amazwi, kodwa empeleni ukufuduka kukaKhrushchev kwenzeke ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokunganeliseki ne-nomenclature yeqembu. Akubona muntu, noma ibutho, noma amalungu avamile we-CPSU, akekho owake wabuza, konke kunqunywe ngemuva kwemifanekiso futhi, nakanjani, esimweni sokufihla.

Inhloko yombuso yahlala ngokuthula eSochi, ngokungazihloniphi izixwayiso ezitholiwe mayelana nesiqephu. Lapho ehambele eMoscow, wayeseke ethemba ukuthi uzoyilungisa lesi simo. Ukusekela, noma kunjalo, kwakungekho. Ikomidi lezokuPhepha koMbuso, eliholwa ngu-AN Shelepin, lithatha ohlangothini lwabaqhamuzi, ibutho libonise ukungathathi hlangothi (abaphathi kanye namashasha akusoze akhohlwa izinguquko nokunciphisa). Futhi kwakungekho omunye umuntu ongazibheka. Ukuyeka emsebenzini kaKhrushchev kwenziwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi ngaphandle kwezenzakalo ezibuhlungu.

ULeonid Brezhnev, oneminyaka engu-58, ilungu lePhalamende, wahamba futhi wenza lokhu "ukukhishwa kwezindlovu". Ngokungangabazeki, kwakuyisenzo esiqinekile: uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka, imiphumela yabahlanganyeli kulolu phiko kungaba yinto ebabazayo kakhulu. U-Brezhnev noKrushchev babenobungane, kodwa ngendlela ekhethekile, ngendlela yephathi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kuka Nikita Sergeevich noLavrenty Pavlovich babefudumala kakhulu. Futhi kuStalin, umhlalaphansi womuntu wesimo seNyunyana wayehlonipha kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ekwindla ka-1964, isikhathi sikaKhrushchev siphelile.

Ukuphendula

E-West, ekuqaleni ngokuqapha kakhulu bamukela ukushintsha umhlali we ezibiyele oyinhloko. Osopolitiki, undunankulu nomongameli ngikucabange usongo "uMalume Joe" e fatigues paramilitary nepayipi bakhe njalo. ukwesula Khrushchev sika kungasho kabusha Stalinization ka kokubili ezifuywayo inqubomgomo angaphandle yase-USSR. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kwenzeke. Leonid Ilyich kwenzakala umholi banobungane kakhulu, lweli nokuhlalisana ngokuthula izinhlelo ezimbili, okungukuthi, ngokuvamile, livele njengenhlangano pererozhdenchestvo Orthodox wamaKhomanisi. Indlela Stalin ngesikhathi saba sibi kakhulu elala comrades Chinese. Nokho, ngisho esibucayi kakhulu Khrushchev njengoba kwebalingisi revisionist ayizange kwaholela zinqobe, kuyilapho ngaphansi uBrezhnev, wayesalokhu uvele (ku Peninsula Damanskiy). izenzakalo eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia nisa embili ezithile ekumeleleni izinzuzo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni futhi liletha izinhlangano nge Hungary ngo-1956, nakuba ayengazi ezifanayo ngokuphelele. Olwaqala kamuva, ngo-1979, impi Afghanistan uqinisekisile ukuthi uvalo lwezazi mayelana nemvelo wobukhomanisi emhlabeni.

Izizathu ukwesula Khrushchev ngokuyinhloko hhayi isifiso ukushintsha Vector yentuthuko, kodwa isifiso elite party ukuba agcine eziningi futhi ukwandisa izintandokazi zabo.

Unobhala kakhulu efanayo ahlaza wacitsa sikhatsi sakhe lesinyenti e ngokuzindla sad on tape nadiktovyvaya Umlando, lapho wazama kanjani ukuzithethelela ngezenzo zabo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi uma ezisola kubo. Ngaye, nokususwa esikhundleni yaphela kahle.