Alexander 2: ukuqedwa serfdom, izimbangela kabusha

Yayiyini indima ka-Alexander 2 ukuqedwa serfdom? Kungani wanquma ukwenza abalimi khulula? On zale mibuzo kanye neminye sizobe ngayo kulesi sihloko. Ongumlimi kabusha usesenzé saba yize nesithembiso serfdom e laseRussia laqala ngo-1861. Kwakungesinye kugucuka eziphawuleka kakhulu imithetho yombusi.

Isizathu eyisisekelo

Adume Alexander 2? Ukuqedwa serfdom - kangakanani credit wakhe. Kungani kunesidingo isidingo sokuguquka lokhu engavamile? Preconditions ngoba ukuvela yayo kwamiswa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVII. Zonke izingqimba emphakathini kubhekwe serfdom njengoba buyinto zokuziphatha okubi, okuyinto isono Russia. Abaningi ungathanda ukubona izwe yabo belingana kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu lapho kwakungekho ebugqilini. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni waseRussia ngacabanga ukuqedwa serfdom.

Izizathu zokungabi kabusha:

• Ngenxa zabasebenzi non-elikhiqizayo serfs (serfdom kahle) umninindlu umnotho zabhuntsha.
• Serfdom ingathiyeki ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha futhi ukuhweba, okuyinto kuvinjelwe ukwanda dolobha futhi kubeka Russia esigabeni lamazwe amancane.
• Ukunqotshwa eMpini YaseCrimea (1853-1856 GG.) Engathola Ngayo backwardness umbuso sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe.
• Bande inani nezibhelu abalimi wabonisa ukuthi serfdom kuyinto "powder Keg."

izinyathelo kuqala

Ngakho, siyaqhubeka eminye ukuthola lokho akwenza Alexander 2. ukuqedwa serfdom yaqale okuqalwe ngaphezulu Alexander 1, kodwa ikomidi akazange aqonde ukuthi kusetshenziswe kanjani lokhu kabusha. Khona-ke lo mbusi yayivinjelwe komthetho 1803 abalimi khulula.

Ngo-1842, u-Nicholas 1 yokutholwa uMthetho "Ngo abalimi elingenacala", owawuthi umninindlu wayenalo ilungelo ukukhulula abantu bendawo ngokubapha isiqephu sezwe. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ndawo ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni kwakudingeka bathwale izinsizwa esivuna zezimali zenkosi yayo. Nokho, lo mthetho sekuneminyaka eside, ngoba abanikazi engafuni ukuvumela serfs yabo.

UMbusi Omkhulu u-Alexander kwaba 2. ukuqedwa serfdom - izinguquko ezinkulu. ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe esisemthethweni waqala ngo-1857. Inkosi yayala ukuba kubunjwe amakomiti zezifundazwe, okwakukhona ukwenza amaphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa ukuphila kwansuku zonke labantu bakule ndawo. Ngalezi zinhlelo, ikomiti yokuhlela wabhala umthethosivivinywa, eyayizoba cabangela futhi ukusungula iKomiti Main.

Ngo-1861, February 19, Tsar Alexander 2 uphawu yi Manifesto of the ukuqedwa serfdom futhi yakwamukela "weMithethonqubo abalimi yakhululwa isimo senceku. ' Lo mbusi emlandweni owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi umkhululi.

izinto eziza kuqala

Yini okuhle benza Alexander 2? Ukuqedwa serfdom wanika emzaneni ngenkululeko civil kanye siqu ezifana ilungelo ukuya enkantolo, ukushada, angene umphakathi, zihileleke kwezentengiselwano, nokunye. Ngeshwa, laba bantu baye kungagcini ukuhamba ngenkululeko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi izindlu esiyingqayizivele okungase babe sesimeni isijeziso ngokomzimba nokubuthelwa kwenziwe.

Land wahlala impahla abanikazi bamazwe futhi izakhamuzi wema wembatha farmstead ensimini ixazululwe kuyindlela yokuphila, kwakudingeka okuyiwona ukukhonza imisebenzi yabo (emsebenzini noma imali). imithetho okusha kusukela inqaba cishe izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana. Ngokomthetho, laba bantu babe nelungelo osebenzise ngayo izindlu noma isabelo. Ngenxa yalokho, baba ezimele abantu bendawo-abanikazi. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, babizwa ngokuthi "the okwesikhashana". Redemption kwaba quitrent alinganayo, zanikela ngonyaka iphindaphindwe 17!

amandla Usizo

Yini eyaholela kwekuhlela kabusha kuka-Alexander 2? Ukuqedwa serfdom kwaba inqubo sasivumela kuyinkimbinkimbi. Uhulumeni ukusiza abantukazana suit ethize "operation wokuhlengwa." Ngemva kokuba efakwe uyisabelo, isimo umninindlu ikhokhwe 80% wentengo. 20% kwakuxhunyaniswa esinye isakhamuzi loan yengcebo, okuyinto wathatha izitolimende kanye kuyomelwe likhokhe ingakapheli iminyaka 49.

Abatshali united emiphakathini esezindaweni zasemakhaya, nalabo yena, okuhlanganiswe epherishi. Field phansi wajabulela emphakathini. Ukuze lelisu "isihlengo inkokhelo", abalimi waqala basizane.

Yard abantu ezweni is hhayi Lalima, kodwa phakathi neminyaka emibili ukuthi abophekile okwesikhashana. Ngokulandelayo, zazivunyelwa ukuba kwenziwe isibaluli emzaneni noma umphakathi ezisemadolobheni. Phakathi abalimi nabanikazi bemihlaba ukungena ezivumelwaneni enikezwe ku "efuze." Yasungulwa okuthunyelwe we conciliator, abaziqondayo izinto ongavumelani ngazo. kwekuhlela kabusha Business kwaholela "khona wesifundazwe Wezindaba yasemaphandleni."

imiphumela

Yiziphi izimo adalwe Alexander Reform 2? Ukuqedwa serfdom siguqulwe zabasebenzi ku impahla, wathonya ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane emakethe, okungukuthi, e emazweni zama-Capitalist. Ngenxa lolu shintsho buthule waqala ukwakha kwezakhi entsha social sabantu - onxiwankulu futhi sabasebenzi.

Ngenxa yezinguquko empilweni zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo nezomnotho Empire Russian emva ukuqedwa serfdom, kungani uhulumeni engabathandi ukuthuthukisa kwekuhlela kabusha okunenjongo ezathonya ekuguquleni izwe lakithi lapho sebebuswa inkosi wobunxiwankulu.

On the kafushane kabusha

Ngubani kudingeka ukuqedwa serfdom eholwa ngu-Alexander 2? ERussia, phakathi nekhulu le-19 zaqala bomnotho nezenhlalo acute, umthombo okuyinto uhlelo bakudala amakhosi asendulo-izinduna kwezomnotho. Lokhu ehilelekile ingathiyeki ukuthuthukiswa le-capitalism kanye ezikhonjwe igebe Imininingwane phakathi eRussia kanye namazwe eziphambili. Kakhulu obumbi siye sazibonakalisa e ukunqotshwa Russian eMpini YaseCrimea.

ukuxhashazwa izinduna waphikelela, okubangela nokungeneliseki kwabo abalimi, injabulo. Izakhamuzi eziningi lapho ebalekela ophoqelelwe. I ovulekile izikhulu ingxenye waqaphela isidingo sokushintsha.

Ngo 1855-1857 GG. Inkosi wathola 63 izinhlamvu isiphakamiso zokuqeda serfdom. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, u-Alexander 2 waqaphela ukuthi kungcono ukukhulula abantu bendawo ku isixazululo yabo kuze "phezulu" kunokuba ulinde ukuvukelwa kombuso "kusukela ngezansi".

Lezi zenzakalo zenzeka ngokumelene isizinda yokuqinisa ka olukhulu uhlale yeningi-wamavukelambuso emphakathini. NA Dobrolyubov noN G. Chernyshevsky yathandwa imibono ukuthi wathola asisekela kakhulu ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

umbono yezikhulu

Ngakho, wena vele ukuthi isinqumo sithathwe yi-Alexander 2. Izizathu ukuqedwa serfdom siye ezichazwe ngenhla. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola umagazini ethandwa kakhulu "Contemporary", emakhasini okuyinto abantu bedingida indaba yokuthi kufanele ikusasa Russia. ELondon, eshicilelwe "Polar Star" futhi "Bell" - Bagcwala ithemba phambili ohlanga ekuqedweni serfdom eRussia.

Ngemva kokucabangisisa, u-Alexander 2 waqala ukulungisa okusalungiswa ekutjhugululweni ongumlimi. Ngo 1857-1858 GG. Amakomidi izifundazwe kwamiswa, esasihlanganisa abameleli abafundile futhi lesichubekako yezikhulu (NA Milyukov, Yi Rostovtsev, nabanye). Nokho, ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi ebukhosini futhi gentry kuqhathaniswa emisha kanye zafuna ukulondoloza okuningi amalungelo abo. Ngenxa yalokho, luthinte imithetho okusalungiswa akhiwa Commission.

isimo

Ngokuqinisekile kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi abalimi ngabakhululekileyo Alexander 2. I ukuqedwa serfdom kafushane ezichazwe azibhala eziningi zesayensi. Ngakho, ngo-1861, 19 no-February, lo mbusi ukuba countersign le Manifesto phezu Ukuqedwa nemibono oyisicashalala. Treasury State kokuqaliswa yokukhokha kulendawo ngoba umhlaba yanika kuya Holdings ka bakule ndawo. Isilinganiso usayizi umlimi ingxenye zazilingana 3.3 esingamahektare. Abalimi abazange sibeke iziza, ngakho baqala ukuqasha indawo kusukela kulendawo, ukukhokha zabasebenzi yayo kanye nemali. Lokhu ehilelekile uzigcinile ongumlimi ukuncika inkosi futhi kubangelwa ukubuya ubudala isitayela izinduna bezinto.

Naphezu ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha ukukhiqiza nezinye impumelelo, isikhundla ongumlimi Russian namanje wahlala isimo ezicindezelayo kakhulu. izintela State, asele ubudlelwane amakhosi asendulo, izikweletu abaninimhlaba sebehlushwa ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo.

imiphakathi ongumlimi ngamalungelo abo ezweni yaphenduka othwala ubudlelwano ebumbeneko ukuthi uyawuthiya umsebenzi kwezomnotho amalungu engumthengisi kakhulu.

prehistory

Ngiyavuma, kubangela ukuqedwa serfdom eholwa ngu-Alexander 2 kuyinto kuhle onohlonze. Izinyathelo sokuqala yokukhululwa abalimi esuka kwencika oyisicashalala uPawulu Alexander 1 futhi 1. Ziyakwazi 1797 futhi 1803 ngokulandelana wasayina Manifesto we umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa yezinsuku ezintathu, okuyinto kukhawulwe basetshenziswe ngempoqo futhi Isinqumo ku khulula okusanhlamvu abatshali, okuyinto lichaze isimo abalimi abazimele.

Alexander 1 ivume uhlelo A. A. Arakcheeva ku ukubhujiswa kancane kancane serfdom ngu yibhange Manor bakule ndawo nge babuyele emasimini abo basebenze yengcebo. Kodwa lolu hlelo ukuthi ayifakiwe cishe. Kuphela 1816-1819 biennium. Ezazinikwe abantu inkululeko ukuba abalimi aseBaltic, kodwa ngaphandle ezweni.

Izimiso abalimi umhlaba ngalo ozokwakhela kulo kabusha imibono aphambana nge VA Kokoreva futhi K. D. Kavelina abathola impendulo umxhwele umphakathi kule 1850s. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Cavelin owaziwayo "Incwadi ukuba kukhululwe umuntu kulelo dolobhana" (1855) wasikisela ukuthi abantu bakule ndawo ukuba bathenge umhlaba ngosizo loan futhi ukhokhe imali ngama-5% ngonyaka iminyaka engu-37 ngokusebenzisa Abalimi Bank ekhethekile.

Kokorev ukushicilelwa "Billion ku Inkungu" (1859) owawuyidinga wathi ufuna ukuthenga amabele abalimi esebenzisa ngamabomu wasungulwa ebhange yangasese. Wabancoma abalimi ukuyidedela izwe nabanikazi bamazwe yokuyikhokhela imali usebenzisa ikhadi lesikweletu ikhokhwe bakule ndawo iminyaka engu-37.

ukuhlaziya kabusha

ochwepheshe abaningi abatadisha yini eyenza u-Alexander 2. ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia wahlolwa mlando nodokotela Alexander Skrebitskim owanikhipha ndawonye lonke ulwazi olutholakala ku-ukuthuthukiswa ekutjhugululweni encwadini yakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe yanyatheliswa kuyi 60s. XIX leminyaka ku Bonn.

Bomlando kwesikhathi ezazini eziye zahlola ngokuhlanganyela umbuzo bakule ndawo, amazwana ezahlukene ku amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo le mithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, Pokrovsky ukuthi wonke kabusha ngoba iningi labalimi kwehliselwe yokuthi sebeyekile ngokusemthethweni isihloko "serfs." "Enesibopho" Manje bebizelwa. Ngokusemthethweni, bona zazibhekwa njengochwepheshe mahhala, kodwa ukuphila kwabo ayikashintshi, ngisho yimbi nakakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, kulendawo babé baningi ngisho nangaphezu ngibabhambabula abalimi.

I-mlando esithile sabhala ukuthi "sibophekile" abalimi ukuthi lendlea intando - mbumbulu. Wagomela ukuthi amenyezelwa yenkosi indoda mahhala, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uqhubeke ukukhokha irenti bese uya serfdom - leli phutha njengento embi ngokwesabekayo, ayimkhangi. Umbono ofanayo kwaba, isibonelo, omunye ochwepheshe ihlonishwa kakhulu inkinga umbuso endala wezolimo mlando Russian NA Rozhkov, kanye nezinye izindawo eziningana lapho abalobi owabhala abalimi.

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi imithetho Februwari 1861, umthetho ngokomthetho serfdom, hhayi ukuqedwa yayo njengoba isikhungo umnotfo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo. Kodwa kwavula indlela lokhu kwenzeke e emashumini eminyaka ambalwa.

ukugxekwa

Kungani abaningi kangaka abaye wagxeka wokubusa kuka-Alexander 2? Ukuqedwa serfdom ayikuthandi ababephila ngesikhathi ezinkulu futhi izazi-mlando eziningi (ikakhulukazi WaseSoviet). Babebheka lokhu kabusha nengxenye futhi bathi ayimlethelanga ukukhululwa bakule ndawo, kodwa kuphela esibekiwe mshini le nqubo ngokungenabulungisa kunephutha.

Izazi-mlando baye bame kwelokuthi lokhu kabusha lula base okuthiwa uhlelo evulekile-field - ukubekwa elingavamile ezweni nomnikazi oyedwa, okufakwe lapha nge iziza angaphandle. Empeleni, lokhu ukusatshalaliswa kancane kancane savela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Kwaba umphumela ukuhanjiswa njalo izindawo zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi abadala emadodaneni umnyango imindeni.

Eqinisweni, wesakhiwo ongumlimi emva kabusha ngo-1861 base spoilt yi kulendawo eziningi izifundazwe eziye izwe kusukela abalimi, uma ubeke lengenako kwaba ngaphezu enqunyiwe for esifundeni. Yiqiniso, leyo nkosi yayingase futhi unike isiqephu sezwe, kodwa ngokuvamile abuzange. Kungenxa bakule ndawo enkulu izigodi ehlaselwe ukusebenza izinguquko futhi izingxenye wathola ilingana izinga aphansi.