Kwekuhlela kabusha Onxiwankulu zeminyaka 60-70 of XIX leminyaka eRussia

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye eYurophu izinguquko kwezezimboni iqala. It kuholela isidingo ukuguqula izindawo eziningi. Ngokushesha "kabusha" ngendlela entsha, amazwe aseYurophu kakhulu kudlule Russia. Lokho kubanika, nokuhileleka neMpi YaseCrimea, waphinda wabona nobuthakathaka umbuso tsarist futhi inqubomgomo loMbuso jikelele. Kube hung emkhathini esindayo lokulinda.

U-Alexander II kwaba wazi kahle ukuthi kuzodingeka afeze kwekuhlela kabusha zeminyaka 60-70 - kulokhu safuna entsha, ngokushesha kushiya Russia e-Europe. Phawula ukuthi inkosi idinga ukukhuthazela eside futhi isibindi sokuya isinyathelo engathandwa ezigabeni ezithile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona kwangqingetshe. kwekuhlela kabusha Onxiwankulu zeminyaka 60-70 kwekhulu le-19 kwakufanele aqulwe.

Ukulungiselela kwaba eside iminyaka eyisithupha. Imibono lokuqala wasuka kudala njengoba 1855, kodwa akatholanga kwakuyisenzakalo esiphawulekayo ngenxa ushintsho imithetho yombusi (ngonyaka Nicholas ngaphumelela u-Alexander II). Ukuphela iMpi YaseCrimea kwenza ukuba athathe Inqubomgomo yasekhaya ngokuqondile. Manje izinguquko wobunxiwankulu zeminyaka 60-70 ziye ngenkuthalo okuxoxiswene kumibuthano eliphakeme. I kabusha sokuqala nesibaluleke kakhulu - "Manifesto of the ukuqedwa serfdom" ngo-1861 le dokhumenti begubha wesithupha ukuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, u-Alexander II waletha abalimi inkululeko yomuntu siqu. uthathe leso sinyathelo uye kwaphoqa lonke izinguquko wobunxiwankulu zeminyaka 60-70, kwenza kwaba lula ukuba sifeze ezinye izinguquko eziphawulekayo. Nokho, lokhu inzuzo ukuthi ngesineke umthunzi ezimbi. Kanye abalimi khulula wathola siqu ... Kuyinto lutho. Land - umhlengikazi yabo eyinhloko, wasala isihe umninindlu. Ukuze wakhe, umlimi kwakudingeka akhokhe imali isihlengo, akazange alale lapho. Eqinisweni, abantu baye balahlwa ukuba isiphetho sabo. Ngokwezinga elikhulu lawushaya kabusha futhi umninindawo umnotho, ngoba uquqaba abalimi iyiswe emadolobheni umsebenzi.

Ushintsho olunjalo okusisekelo zwe zaholela kwezinye omunye ngaphandle kwekuhlela kabusha wobunxiwankulu zeminyaka 60-70. Lezi zihlanganisa yasemakhaya, zokwahlulela, sezempi nezincomo zikamasipala ezibhekwa ngayo kwezemfundo.

On kabusha zokwahlulela owethulwa umshushisi nommeli. Manje inkantolo isibe impikiswano. Isihluthulelo ekuthathweni kwaba amajaji, okuyinto yakhipha lomusho ku wecala emzini wale ndoda. AbaHluleli indima unikezwe indaba nje kuphela ukuqapha ukunemba ukudlula inqubo.

Zemstvo kabusha kuhlanganisiwe ukwethulwa ukuzibusa emkhakheni. Manje zemstvos kuhlanganisiwe abameleli wonke amakilasi. Phakathi izinzuzo Zemstvos uzinake ukusungulwa inethiwekhi izikhungo zemfundo kanye wezokwelapha.

kabusha Military kuhilela kumiswa ibutho njalo inkonzo jikelele zabasebenzi. Nokho, isikhathi yayo kakhulu ziyancipha. Esikhundleni engu-25 manje lafinyelela esiphezulu iminyaka eyisithupha ezithile amagatsha ezempi. Ngesikhathi inkonzo nabizelwa kufanelekile ngenxa yezizathu zempilo amadoda eziye zaphetha engamashumi amabili nanye.

Kwadingeka kunezinzuzo ezithile kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha zemfundo. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke izingane kwadingeka ukuba bathole imfundo eyisisekelo, kufinyeleleka emfundvweni lephakeme ngokomthetho wavula ukhathalela abantu bazo zonke izigaba zokuphila, amanyuvesi ukuthola ukuzimela esikhulu.

kwekuhlela kabusha Onxiwankulu zeminyaka 60-70, yebo, zibe nemiphumela emihle. Siyabonga kuye eRussia evela ezweni lase nezokulima ayephenduka ibe zezimboni, nakuba emkhakheni wezolimo namanje ithatha umthamo omkhulu emnothweni. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo waqhubeka ngokushesha. Izinguquko ezinjalo, ngakho ifoni awasekelwe yiwo wonke. Against u-Alexander II waphenduka ushushiso lweSonto populists, ngubani ngokuphindiwe imizamo ekuphileni kwakhe. Ngo-1881, lo mzamo waba impumelelo, kodwa imoto yayisivele umkhankaso kabusha ekugcineni izwe Ufake esigabeni esisha yentuthuko.