Umlando kasimov Khanate, indawo, nokubusa

Lokhu ukunikeza umphakathi imfundo, esadaleka ngekhulu le-15 futhi yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ubudala, namanje ekhulunywe evuthayo, kubahlanganyeli okuyizinto mlando ogunyaziwe. Kasimov Khanate - into okuyingqayizivele ngempela kokuphila esidlule. Lapho kuphakama? Yini yesimo? Iyini indima eyabelwe yena emlandweni Russian? Kungani umbuso "Genghisides" zigoqiwe? Nazi izindaba ayinhloko impikiswano ngoba izazi esidlule. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela imithombo ngqo kanye paucity kobufakazi nokuphoqa mlando ukuphakamisa kokuqagela yodwa mayelana nokuthi kwaba namakhulu eminyaka ambalwa edlule kasimov Khanate. Namuhla, lesi simanga awuzange wafunda kuze kube sekupheleni. Ake sizame ukuba afingqe main yokufunda nemibono ahlaziye, lokho kungaba indaba kasimov Khanate.

nucleation isikhungo

Isakhiwo ngenhla kulandelwa imfanelo wekuba sive sekukhona, ngokososayensi, endaweni lapho isizwe wahlala Meshchera. ngabameleli bayo, ukukhuluma olunye lwezilimi Finno-Ugric, abantu semi ayimizulane. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesibili yeminyaka, insimu besizwe yahlasela Slavic krivichi. Asinakusho ukuthi meschertsy bakujabulela izivakashi bengamenyiwe, kodwa uyobaxosha ensimini, zazingasho lokho.

Futhi krivichi emi eziteji ephakeme yentuthuko, ngakho ukusiza AboMdabu ukuze bathuthukise ukuphila kwabo ophucukile xaxa isiko. Nokho, Sebawoti kusimangaze, njengoba lwamaSlav zibe zinde endaweni eyodwa. Meschertsy kuqala wabona emizini oshkurennyh izingodo ukuphila kuyo lalinethezeke okuningi kuka ku dugouts. Ngemva kwesikhashana, futhi "Abomdabu" wakhela ngokwayo eqhugwaneni, elandela isibonelo Krivichy. Futhi kwakusadingeka ukondla ezolimo, kanye wahlanganyela izitsha zobumba namatshe Blacksmithing. Konke lokhu waphunyuka ukunakwa abanikazi. Ekugcineni, imikhaya emibili podruzhatsya futhi rock ndawonye. igazi labo liphezu okuxubile, ngesikhathi Aboriginal ukubohla ku amasiko isizinda abangamaqaba, kolimi namasiko. Bona kuyogcwala yonke 'eziphambili "ukufeza lwamaSlav futhi siphile isibonelo sabo.

Gorodets Meshchersky

kamuva Iminyaka meschertsy krivichi futhi uzobe kuhlanganiswe. Esigodini sakubo uguqulwe ube umphakathi nomphakathi-indawo nge igama elihle Gorodets Meshchersky. Yingaleso sikhathi futhi kwakungekho kasimov Khanate. isiphetho Wendawo kuleyo ndawo lapho umfula agelezela the Oka Babenka.

Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, phakathi nekhulu-12, Gorodets Meshchersky wavakashela Grand Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Wabe esethatha ukunakekelwa yokuqinisa imingcele ERussia yasendulo, futhi siqiniseke ukuthi isiphetho lwamaSlav Krivichy futhi endaweni ekahle, Gorodets Meshchersky ngaphambilini ibe inqaba.

Kwakungenxa 1152, futhi ngokusemthethweni kunenkolelo edolobheni yasungulwa ngesikhathi. Lesi sivumelwano ivikelwe ocingweni lamapulangwe, umsele kanye kukhale zobumba. Ngakho Gorodets Meshchersky waba umnakekeli eyinhloko Suzdal-Vladimir ubukhulu. Settlement ngokuqinile sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo imisebenzi eyabelwe kuze ku 1376 akafikanga Russia amaMongol-AmaTatar. Isitha aphanga futhi umlilo Gorodets Meshchersky.

edolobheni entsha

Nokho, ngemva kwesikhashana abasindile meschertsam ayehlasela wakwazi ayokwakha kabusha umuzi, kodwa endaweni ehlukile. Manje settlement (kamuva wathola elinye igama - okusha Nizovoy idolobha) itholakala phakathi nemihosha ezimbili ezinkulu, okwakukhona kusukela izinhlangothi entshonalanga nasempumalanga kwezithiyo ukulwelapha isitha. Kusukela enyakatho umuzi wabizwa Kwakwakhiwa amahlathi kuyo, futhi kusukela eningizimu - emfuleni ugu okusezingeni eliphezulu sezintaba. Ukuze kuqiniswe lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela okuvimbezela idolobha efakiwe nhlangothi zonke, phezu okuyinto liphuma udonga lokhuni. Inqubo ukwakhiwa abavamile entsha lalowo muzi kwathiwa eyenziwa phakathi nokubusa Prince Dmitry Donskoy eMoscow Prince uVasili. Bobabili labetibambile Inqubomgomo ukuhlanganisa Russian ezweni, futhi ngokushesha settlement meschertsev entsha bese Krivichy, yanquma ukuthi u-Alexander Ukovich Prince, ezaba yingxenye yemiBhalo ubukhulu eMoscow. Futhi okusha Nizovoy edolobheni, njengasekuqaleni, eyenziwa imingcele umsebenzi ukuzivikela, ngoba wakhe nasendaweni kwakumane esinamandla Kazan Khanate, okuyinto phakathi nokubusa u-Ivan IV baba yingxenye Russia.

Inqubomgomo Kazan ababusi

Amandla umbuso Kazan yanjalo lidlule isuka kwesinye isandla iye kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene. Omunye wamadodana ka-lwamakhosi elibusayo okuthiwa Mahmutek ukuze sizuze sobukhosi wadlulisela ukuphila uyise nomfowabo.

Abafowabo ababili abancane (futhi Qasim Yakub), ukubaleka, baphoqeleka ukuba babaleke kusukela Khanate lwakubo. Kwathi kungakabiphi, la bazithola ubukhulu eMoscow, okuyinto wabuza Ukuvikelwa Prince Basil II abo kanye nabafuna ukukhoseliswa. Nokho, umbusi waseRussia phakathi nekhulu le-15 engafuni ukuya ukukulungisa evulekile nababusi Kazan. Ehlobo 1445 Vasiliy Temny walahlekelwa empini eduze Suzdal inzalo Khan Ulu-Muhammed. Futhi iNkosi eMoscow, kanye nomzala wakhe uvele lapho zivalelwe. Kodwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa Vasily II ededeliwe lwezihlengo omkhulu. umbusi Russian waphoqeleka ukuba siyophetha ngenkulumo inkontileka Ulu-Mohammed emigomeni uhlupho olukhulu kuhulumeni. Prince isiveze ukuthi athathe eziningi amaTatar, wayevela emndenini ihloniphekile futhi iletha ukucacisa ubukhulu eMoscow "ekunikezeni ukudla." Ngokwemvelo, abantu Russian kukhona thukuthele lezi zihambi kuyodingeka aqukethe. Kodwa lapho amadodana Kazan Khan beza ukubuza Basil Dark ukusekelwa, wathokoza yilokhu kushintsha kwezinto. Amadodana Ulu-Muhammed ngempela wakhonza njalo. Prince Kasim wasiza ekulweni Dmitry Shemyaka, wabuye wathatha ohlangothini Russian nomkhankaso wempi ngokumelene khans iGolden zidlamlilo. Ukuze anamandla, isibindi nokuzinikela Basil II waletha Qasim ifa, elaliyisikhungo ka Gorodets Meshchersky. Ngakho emngceleni Muscovy kwakhiwa kasimov Khanate (isikhathi imvelaphi - 1452), ukuqhuba okwakukhona enye yamadodana Encane Khan Ulu-Muhammed.

Nokho, ezinye izazi-mlando bacabange ukuthi amaTartar uvele on Mescherskaya emhlabathini phambi lanikeza ekuphathweni Kashima. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, ukhuluma ngani abameleli bomkhaya kwesikhulu Shira. Ngokusho yetinsita bashiya leli zwe buthaka Golden zidlamlilo futhi bathuthela endaweni entsha yokuhlala, okuyinto territorially etholakala eduze ogwini emifuleni Oka futhi CNA. Futhi omunye izikhulu Shira wakhetha ukuhlala Mescherskaya emhlabeni ngisho ebuKristwini, anikwa igama elisha - Michael. Ezinye izazi zikholelwa ukuthi wayengumuntu ngukhokho izikhulu Meshchersky. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi empeleni ayaziwa.

Qasim umbuso

Ngisho ngesikhathi kubusa Kashima amphathisa khona ukuba eziningi Gorodets Meshchersky iqanjwe kabusha. Wathola igama edolobheni kasimov futhi Kashima City. Ngemva indodana Khan Ulu Muhammad wafa, inhloko-dolobha komnikazi wangaphambili futhi Meshcherov Krivichy wabizwa ngokuthi kasimov. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka embalwa zokuhlala 'siguqulwe' mlando e kasimov Khanate (umbuso). Uma kwakhiwa, lolu phiko uhulumeni, wanikeza inkulumo eyayisekelwe ku-Rus lasendulo, laqala ukusetshenziswa izakhiwo ngokubabazekayo bokwakha Muslim.

isiko

Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi hhayi kuphela umlando eziyingqayizivele kasimov Khanate, kodwa futhi amasiko alo.

Engxenyeni kwekhulu le-15 yesibili, abaklami baye bakha wobuciko real bokwakha - itshe mosque nge minaret, okuyinto liyalondolozwa, uma hhayi inguqulo yasekuqaleni, kuze kube namuhla. Futhi namhlanje ungakwazi ukukhuphuka minaret ubone uhlobo olunothile we Ryazan esifundeni kusuka endizeni senyoni. Dome isakhiwo omkhulu nge emphemeni evulekile netshe Kuvunguza ezitebhisini. On emphemeni kukhona ebaleni lokudlala, kukhwela lapho Mullah ngokuthi izakhamuzi ukuba bathandaze. Nokho, endaweni emphemeni basembhoshongweni ngakhonza nanjengombonisi indawo lapho izinduna zihlolwe amabutho. Budebuduze mosque iyona Mausoleum ka Khan Shah Ali (Tekie), yakhiwa ngamatshe amhlophe.

Engingakusho umbuzo ngokuphawulekayo ukuthi olwenziwa ilifa kwezinsuku ezingeziningi indodana encane we Ulu-Mohammed imali metal. Yini kungaba kahle umlando ochwepheshe bathi. Okungenani ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-16. Nokho numismatists sokungabaza ukuthi uhlamvu lwemali kasimov Khanate babukhona nakwa isimiso. Nokho, ngezansi umthengisi N. Shishkin emsebenzini wakhe tetemibhalo, wabhala wathi waba nenhlanhla kutsi ayibambe ngesandla imali metal maphakathi no-16 bekhulu. Umnini-sitolo uhlamvu lwemali wabona kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe Arabhu, okuyinto uhumusha njengoba: "Shah Ali / yinkosi kasimov, ngonyaka 1553". Kodwa numismatists uqinisekile Shishkin got a inkohliso, ngoba ifomu enjalo lwesiTatar zemali lwalungamukelekile. Imali Real wakhomba igama yombusi, indawo kanye nonyaka ka ukukhululwa.

Yiqiniso, ukwakheka kasimov Khanate - inqubo multi-step by okuyinto nesithakazelo mlando ovelele kanye abalobi. Ngokwesibonelo, umlando Russian isimo ifa wafunda ngokuningiliziwe engxenyeni 19 usosayensi ekhulwini B. Velyaminov yesibili - okusanhlamvu. Umphumela zocwaningo baKhe kwaba omningi ezine "Isifundo namakhosi kasimov nezikhulu." Umlobi uVladimir Soloviev Kulo lelo khulu leminyaka le-19, enyatheliswa inoveli, "kasimov umakoti." Nokho, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva umthengisi N. Shishkin, owayehlala ensimini ka Mescherskaya umhlaba, wabhala incwadi lapho imininingwane imininingwane ezichazwe kwaba kanjani imfundo kasimov Khanate.

Indima emlandweni Russia

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa ensimini, okuyinto endulo kwakukhona isiphetho Krivichy futhi Meshcherov libé Russian amasu States eziningi ngisho phakathi nokubusa Yuriya Dolgorukova. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ke iye yaba ngokuya ukwenza izinhlangano zamasiko nezombusazwe kasimov Khanate. iminyaka 1445-1552 babe izinto eziphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni ngaye. Konke lokhu kwaqala lo Ulu-Mohammed, okwasiza Basil Dark bazithole sobukhosi, walahlekelwa ngenxa kuvukela. Dmitry Shemyaka liketulwa. Futhi ukuthokoza usizo isikhulu eMoscow unika Meshcherskaya ezweni lefa Qasim.

Wayesesebenza Vasily Dark iqhaza ngokwethembeka izimpi lempi ohlangothini isimo Russian. Ngakho, kasimov Khanate, ogama ababusi baqhubeka inqubomgomo indodana yakhe encane Ulu-Mohammed ngemva kokufa kwakhe, kwaba kwenqaba yangempela Russia lasendulo.

Shahghali

Ikakhulukazi kulesi sici, kufanele kuphawulwe uquketheni Khan Shah Ali. Ngisho engumfana yena lalingene shí umdlalo eyinkimbinkimbi zezombusazwe, lapho Kazan yanjalo kuthatha ohlangothini Grand Duchy of eMoscow, YaseCrimea Khanate. Shahghali ngokuphindaphindiwe waba umbusi wawo umbuso Kazan, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye liketulwa (kwelinye icala, ekuthatheni isinyathelo u-Ivan IV). Ekugcineni uzothola kasimov Khanate (inhlokodolobha - emzini Qasim).

Ngo-1552-m-Ali Shah kanye nempi yakhe kwasiza Ivanu Groznomu ayokuhlula Kazan.

Ubuhlobo Emangazayo umbusi wesikhathi esizayo Qasim Khanate futhi Suimbeki ubuhle owayenguyise umfelokazi khan oshonile Kazan. Le ntombazane yayingazi ukuthi uthanda iDemo ne-stout Shahghali, kodwa u-Ivan IV ayehlose ukuyishada ambalwa ngalolo noma izindleko, futhi nokufezekisa amaphupho abo. Kodwa injabulo ka-umshado noma Suimbeki noma Shah-Ali akazange alethwe. Beautiful umfelokazi ukuphila kwakhe konke, njengomuntu evalelwe, ngaphandle kokushiya kasimov Palace futhi Khan njalo burdened nga ngalindelekile yokuthi umkakhe nganengwa.

Izenzo izikhali kasimov Khan bayahlonishwa amadoda amaningi aseRussia. Shahghali wasiza ukucindezela ukuvukelwa Kazan e 1554, bese iqhaza empini eduze Vyborg nge abaseSweden, bese baya emkhankasweni wempi ngokumelene Livonia. Futhi 1562 walwa ohlangothini Russian ngokumelene Polish King Sigismund, kule kokuhlinzwa lempi Shah ethumba Polotsk. Ngemva konyaka, inkosi yayala ukuya Khan Lithuania. Kulesi umkhankaso Shah-Ali ephelezelwa uJehova Ivan Wolski.

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa Tatar Umkhuzi wasiza kakhulu ukwandisa imingcele isimo Russian. A omkhulu ukuthi kwakungokomthetho kasimov Khanate? Le ndawo ehlasela wefa lalinabashumayeli, ngaphezu enhlokodolobha, fiefs eziningana kusukela ukuzimela esisemthethweni, ezinye zazo yilezi: Temnikov, enka, Shack, Kadom.

Ngamagama uhlanga, "umbuso" yayimelelwe amaqembu amathathu: Mordovians, Kasimovskoye AmaTatar futhi AmaTatar-Mishars. Ngakho bathi ethnographers, izazi-mlando, sekuyisikhathi eside ababefunda mkhuba ngokuthi kasimov Khanate. Ulimi abalukhulumayo nezakhamuzi ezathinteka ngayo? Kolunye Tartar zezigodi oluxube Mishar nezandiso.

Ali Shah washona ngo 1567, futhi umzimba yombusi wembelwa Mausoleum ka kasimov.

emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva eziningana mlando V Velyaminov - Zernov wabhala ukuthi, ngaphezu Khan, izidumbu Tekie nashade naye Bulak-Shal futhi Suimbek nezihlobo eziningana.

I ngundlalifa Shah-Ali

Ubani wangena ifa kasimov Khanate? izincazelo zomlando zibonisa ukuthi lokhu ukudalelwa waklonyeliswa isihlobo elikude Shah-Ali, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo lo umzukulu Akhmat Khan iGolden zidlamlilo. Wabizwa Sain-Bulat. Ukuphathwa Mescherskaya umhlaba wayiphathisa yena Ivan Grozny. Futhi umnikazi omusha we kasimov Khanate waqala ukusiza Tsar Russian banqobe yonke indawo entsha.

Ngo 1573, Khan wabhapathizwa eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox, wathatha igama uSimeyoni. Ngemva kwalokho u-Ivan IV ayeyithathile Sain-Bulat Meshchersky onqenqemeni, kodwa lamshiya isihloko. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-Kubi kungalindelekile limenyezelwe uSimeyoni Bekbulatovich "Tsar futhi Grand Prince of All Russia." Njengokulindelekile, bonke lokhu kwenzakala i zasesiteji abavamile: u-Ivan IV noma yini ukuthi wayengeke alulahle sobukhosi. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ama-Kubi bancishwa Khan isihloko esikhulu, kodwa kunalokho kumele inikwe ifa ifa Tver. Kodwa lokho kasimov Khanate? Athatha izwe labakwa lokhu, kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa abameleli Tatar Izicukuthwane, ukuzimela, kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kancane kancane kunciphisa. Zonke ngenxa yokuthi umsebenzi we ngaphansi kwesizwe Muslim Russia kwenziwa kakade ngamakota amathathu, futhi Ivan Vi ayisabhekwa embusweni, ngokusekelwe uthunjana Ulu-Mohammed, amathemba enkulu.

LoMbuso Isikhathi Nezinkinga

Lapho sobukhosi eRussia, bazama ukuyibamba le Amanga Dmitry II, e Mescherskaya phansi obusa Khan Kazakh lwamakhosi Uraz-Mohammed. Lokhu wamnika fiefdom e 1600. Boris Godunov yena. Lapho eRussia nastupiliSmutnye izikhathi Khan uvumile "Tushino isela" umbusi samanje. Uraz-Mohammed kuhanjiswe ku Tushino. Ngenxa yalesi isinyathelo inkosi Vasiliy Shuysky dolobha ovinjezelwe kasimov Khanate. Umkhohlisi waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele, futhi kamuva uvele Kaluga. Ngokushesha Kazakh Khan ishiya imikhawulo wefa labo, futhi kuqala ku ekamu lenkosi Polish, bese baya Kaluga, ukuhlala esigodlweni Sigismund III. Indodana umbusi kasimov umbuso ngaleso sikhathi ayethembekile kuyo Kaluga. Futhi emva kwesikhashana inzalo Uraz-Mohammed wathi Amanga Dmitry II, okuyinto Khan ufuna lokumkhaphela. Ngenxa yalokho, Tushino isela bayengelwa Uraz-Mohammed yokuzingela, bese wambulala. Kodwa ngokushesha nxi sisehlela umkhohlisi, abayoba afe ebulawa of the Nogai Prince uPetru Urusova.

Meschera ekhulwini le-17

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-17 wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi kasimov Araslan Aleevich, owaqala wakhonza Okwesibili abezempi Umkhuzi futhi wayala Tartar ibutho River Vologda. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, eMoscow sekwande bagxambukela ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamazwe Khanate. ngokushesha kwababusi Russian inkosi yaqala ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano phakathi abamele Tatar yezikhulu. Evumayo Ngohlelo ngaphambi (kasimov Khanate neRussia) phakathi nokubusa Mikhail Romanov uye zibuye ziphelelwe isikhathi cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amaphesenti.

Kodwa kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi kuze 20s kwekhulu le-17 le AmaTatar baqhubeka ukuthi bazimbandakanye ohlangothini we Muscovite njengoMbusi wendawo yonke imikhankaso yezempi ngokumelene naseLithuania, nabasePoland, futhi "Russian Likhodeev". Base kuqashelwe emngceleni waseRussia osongweni ekuhlaselweni kwakhe YaseCrimea AmaTatar. Ngemva kokufa Meshchersky Araslana umhlaba Aleevicha wangena ehhovisi lakhe nomfana Seyid-Burhan. Nokho, iziphathimandla omele lwamakhosi eSiberia kwaba omncane. Kasimov Khanate, ogama umnotho eqinisweni kwenzakala ezandleni uMbuso eMoscow baba yezimbangela eziyinhloko ubuyise yengcebo Russian. Kodwa umbusi osemncane sasivunyelwa ukuxhumana abathengisi abangewona ama kanye amanxusa. Lapho esekhulile, Seid-Burhan bamukela-Orthodox ekubeni Basil Araslanovichem. Kasimov wahlala umbusi, nakuba kuzoya kancane kakhulu. Seid-Burhan washona ngo 1679.

kwelanga umbuso

Umbusi okokugcina izwe baba Meshcherskys Fatima Sultan (ngomfazi Khan Araslana Aleevicha). Ukuba oseqinile yena, kwaba sobukhosi iminyaka 2 kuphela, futhi yokubusa yayo futhi kwaba esisemthethweni. eseduze layo bancishwa ukuphila. Isizathu kubulawa ukuthi umbusi wafuna ukuguqula Lobu-Orthodox.

Kasimov Khanate, ogama indawo ngemva kokufa Fatima Sultan ekugcineni aba ngaphansi kokulawula wezikhulu eMoscow, lashabalala e 1681. Khona-ke Meshcherskys umhlaba wavakashela Tsar uPetru mina, owavumela "poteshniku" yakhe - clown Balakirev - ". Kasinovskim Khan" ngokuthi Kamuva, uMbusikazi uCatherine engalinika kasimov ekuphatheni omunye izimfihlo zakhe.

I lokhuni kasimov ngokuphindaphindiwe uma kunengozi yomlilo, esithinta ngokuyinhloko ukubukeka zomlando zomuzi. Kuphela kwekhulu le-18 kwaba sibonga itshe yemizamo wezakhiwo I. Gagina. Kasimov Modern, ise Ryazan esifundeni, siyindawo okuhlushwa zezivakashi kulo lonke elaseRussia.