IVolga amaJalimane: umlando, amagama, izinhlu, izithombe, amasiko, amasiko, ezinganekwaneni, ukudingiswa kwabantu abaningi

Ekhulwini XVIII, iqembu elisha ngokobuhlanga iVolga amaJalimane e-Russia. Lawa kwakungamadodana bamakoloni ayeyile East beyofuna ukuphila okungcono. Esikhathini iVolga esifundeni, baye wadala isifundazwe ngokwahlukile nalowo muntu Tenor nasendleleni yabo yokuphila. Inzalo okwenziwa maqondana nalaba bafuduki bathunyelwa Central Asia phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union wedwa wasala Kazakhstan, nezinye ayebuyele eziphambekweni iVolga esifundeni, futhi abanye baya ezweni lawo mlando.

Ububonisa uCatherine II

Ngo 1762-1763 GG. Umbusikazi uCatherine II wasayina Manifesto we sibonga ezimbili, lapho Russia kamuva wabonakala iVolga amaJalimane. Le mibhalo wavumela ezinye izizwe ukuba ufake umbuso, ethola ozitholayo. Lwafika wave enkulu bamakoloni evela eJalimane. Woza ekhululiwe okwesikhashana zonke izibopho zentela. irejista okhethekile, okubandakanya umhlaba ezinikwe isimo mahhala komnikazi yasungulwa. Uma iVolga amaJalimane sahlala nabo ke abakwazanga ukukhokha izintela zazo iminyaka engu-30.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bamakoloni etholwe loan ngaphandle kwenzalo iminyaka eyishumi. Imali kungenziwa esichithwa ukwakhiwa amakhaya ayo amasha, ukuthengwa imfuyo, ukudla, kudingeka ukuba lokuqala imishini sokuvuna wezolimo nokunye. D. amakoloni babe luhluke eduze nemizana evamile Russian. Ngo self sabo sangaphakathi ke usumisiwe. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ayikwazanga ukugxambukela emphilweni bamakoloni efika.

Setha bamakoloni eJalimane

Ekulungiseleleni ukuthutheleka bezinye izizwe e-Russia, uCatherine II (yena i yobuhlanga German) wadala Office of sivikelwe. Kwakuthinta eliholwa intandokazi Empress UGrigory Orlov. IHhovisi lasetshenziswa belingana nabanye ozakwabo.

Manifestos eziye zanyatheliswa ngezilimi eziningi zaseYurophu. Okukhulu kakhulu umkhankaso yokhetho ithuthukiswe eJalimane (ngenxa yalokho ayekubona futhi iVolga amaJalimane). Iningi bamakoloni atholakele e Frankfurt kanye Ulm. Abafisa ukuthuthela Russia waya eLübeck futhi ukusuka lapho, kuqala Petersburg. Recruitment abathintekayo hhayi izikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela, kodwa futhi osomabhizinisi yangasese, esabe sesaziwa ngokuthi ucingo. Laba bantu wenza isivumelwano ne-Ofisini sivikelwe futhi lasetshenziswa ngenxa yayo. Kubo ukuthi sezisungule Ezindaweni ezintsha, waqoqa bamakoloni wagijima nemiphakathi yabo futhi azigcina ingxenye imali kuzo.

impilo entsha

Ngo-1760. imizamo ngokuhlanganyela ucingo futhi isimo baye uyayaluza ukuba ukuthutha ayizinkulungwane 30 abantu. Ekuqaleni, amaJalimane bazinza Petersburg Oranienbaum. Kube bafunga qotho umqhele Russian futhi babuswe iNdlovukazi. Konke lokhu izifiki iyiswe iVolga, lapho kamuva kwamiswa Isifundazwe Saratov. Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala kwakukhona imizana 105. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi bonke babengamadoda lwamagama Russian. Naphezu kwalokhu amaJalimane igcinwe bangobani.

Amandla wabamba linga ngamasu ahlukahlukene ngenhloso amakoloni ukuthuthukisa ezolimo Russian. Uhulumeni wayefuna ukuhlola ukuthi kanjani sijwayelane entshonalanga ezolimo amazinga. IVolga amaJalimane ayenokuhlangenwe ikhaya scythe entsha, thresher sokhuni, igeja namanye amathuluzi ababezidlulela abalimi Russian. Abezinye Izizwe eqala ukukhuluphala amazambane bonobumba iVolga esifundeni. bona ukuthi uyabandakanyeka ukutshala Hemp, yefilakisi, ugwayi kanye nezinye izitshalo. Labantu lokuqala isiRashiya wangabaza ongabazi noma engacacile. Namuhla, abacwaningi uqhubeka utadisha yini engahambanga legend mayelana iVolga amaJalimane, futhi zaziyoba yini ubuhlobo bawo komakhelwane babo.

ukuchuma

Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlola of uCatherine II uye waphumelela kakhulu. Amapulazi eziphambili kakhulu futhi kuphumelele edolobhaneni Russian waba isiphetho, babehlala eVolga amaJalimane. Umlando amakoloni yisibonelo nokuqhakaza esitebeleni. Izinzuzo inhlalakahle ngenxa ezolimo kahle wavumela iVolga amaJalimane uthole umkhakha zabo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX e imizana babe amanzi Mills, okuyinto eyaba yomculo ukukhiqizwa ufulawa. athuthukiswe kahle uwoyela umkhakha yemifino, ukukhiqizwa imishini yezolimo noboya. Ngaphansi u-Alexander II ku Saratov esifundeni bekulokhu engaphezu kwekhulu tanneries, ngubani wasungula iVolga amaJalimane.

Udaba lwempumelelo yabo iyamangalisa. Ukubukeka bamakoloni anikeza ugqozi ukuthuthukiswa nokweluka ezimbonini. It yaba isikhungo Sarepta, obabukhona phakathi kwemingcele samanje Volgograd. Enterprises ukwenziwa shawls izindwangu usebenzisa izinga okusezingeni ntambo European kusukela Saxony futhi yeSilesia, kanye nosilika ovela e-Italy.

inkolo

Inkolo namasiko eVolga amaJalimane kwakungafanele iyunifomu. Bavela ezindaweni ezahlukene ngesikhathi lapho kwakungekho eJalimane obumbene oda ayo ahlukene yayikhona esifundazweni ngasinye. Kumayelana, futhi inkolo. Izinhlu iVolga amaJalimane, ehlanganiswe yiHhovisi etilongweni, abonisa ukuthi kwakungabafundi amaLuthela, amaKatolika, amaMennonite, amaBaptist, kanye nabamele nezinye izinhlangano zenkululeko namaqembu enkolo.

Ngokwe-Manifesto, bamakoloni angase amakhe amasonto abo kuphela ezindaweni lapho abantu non-Russian yenqwaba. AmaJalimane abahlala emadolobheni amakhulu, okokuqala malungelo zenqatshwa. Liphinde sinqatshiwe ukukhuthaza Lutheran futhi izimfundiso zamaKatolika. Ngamanye amazwi, inqubomgomo benkolo uhulumeni waseRussia wanika bamakoloni njengoba inkululeko kakhulu ngoba ayengasazi ukulimaza izithakazelo iSonto Lobu-Orthodox. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ababaleki kungaba abhapathizwe imicikilisho yabo yenkolo amaSulumane ngibenze serfs.

Njengoba kwakudlange inkolo wayehlobene ngokuqinile emasikweni amaningi nama-legends we iVolga amaJalimane. Amaholide kuthiwa owawugujwa ikhalenda LamaLuthela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bamakoloni basindza amasiko kazwelonke. Lezi zihlanganisa i- Harvest Festival, okuyinto namanje kugujwa Germany.

Ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet,

Ukuvukela 1917 kuqhubeke sashintsha ukuphila zonke izakhamuzi zangaphambili Russian Empire. Ayikho ngaphandle, futhi iVolga amaJalimane. Izithombe amakoloni zabo ngasekupheleni tsarist inkathi show ukuthi inzalo ka-abasuka Europe wahlala ukuzihlanganisa imvelo yabo, omakhelwane babo. Baye walondoloza nolimi lwawo, amasiko kanye nesazisi. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, umbuzo kazwelonke ingakaxazululwa. Kodwa nge eza emandleni amaBolshevik amaJalimane ithole ithuba ukudala ukuzimela yabo ngaphakathi Soviet Russia.

Isifiso zenzalo ka bamakoloni ukuphila ngendaba yabo umfelandawonye wamukelwa eMoscow ngokuqonda. Ngo-1918, nangokwesinqumo sokwahlulela ka Yabantu Commissars oPhethe esifundeni ezizimele we iVolga amaJalimane yasungulwa ngo-1924 uqambe Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Inhloko-dolobha yaso kwaba Pokrovsky, uqambe kabusha Engels.

collectivization

Labor namasiko iVolga amaJalimane wabavumela ukudala omunye izingxenye yokuchuma okukhulu yesifundazwe Russian. Blow enhlalakahleni yawo yaqala inguquko kanye nezenzo ezinonya neminyaka yempi. Esikhathini 20s sekube ezinye yokutakula, okuyinto wathatha anezinga eliphezulu legciwane ngesikhathi nep.

Nokho, ngo-1930 elaseSoviet Union lowacala abaphucwa mkhankaso. Collectivization kanye nokulinyazwa kwempahla yangasese kwaholela nemiphumela edabukisayo. amapulazi ngempumelelo kakhulu futhi ithele kwabhujiswa. Abalimi, abanikazi bamabhizinisi amancane, kanye nezinye izakhamuzi eziningi republic ezizimele abangu becindezela. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaJalimane bazithola iyahlaselwa belingana lonke abalimi kweSoviet Union, okuyinto baqhutshwa ku amapulazi collective bancishwa ukuphila ajwayelekile.

Yindlala ekuseni 30

Ngenxa ukubhujiswa izibopho evamile kwezomnotho iVolga-German Republic, njengoba kwezinye izifunda eziningi zase-USSR, indlala. Population ezahlukene uzama ukusindisa isikhundla sakhe. Ezinye izakhamizi wathatha rally, okuyinto wabuza uhulumeni wamaSoviet ukusiza ukudla. Okunye abalimi, wadunyazwa ngokuphelele amaBolshevik okuhleliwe kuhlaselwa ishede lapho egcinwe isimo akhethiwe isinkwa. Olunye uhlobo umbhikisho kwaba ukuziba umsebenzi emapulazini ngokuhlanganyela.

Against isizinda imizwa enjalo bezobunhloli waqala ukufuna ukuphuma "ukuvukela umbuso" kanye "mbuso" kuLowo olunzima izindlela zokucindezela. Ehlobo lika-1932 indlala iye balawulwa edolobheni. abalimi Desperate aye ayisebenzisa kaningi aphange izinkambu kwezitshalo namanje beya. Isimo uhlaliseke kuphela ngo-1934, ngesikhathi izwe babulawa indlala ngoba izinkulungwane zabantu.

sekudingiselweni

Nakuba bamakoloni inzalo eminyakeni yokuqala Soviet baye babhekana asemrarweni, base jikelele. Ngalo mqondo, eVolga amaJalimane ke neze esiphawulekayo ngengxenye yabo we yisakhamuzi Russian abavamile-USSR. Nokho, lapho kuqala ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe ekugcineni wahlukanisa abakhileyo republic kusukela lonke izakhamuzi zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Ngo-August 1941, kwenziwa isinqumo, owawuthi kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa iVolga amaJalimane. Badingiselwa Central Asia, ngenxa yokwesaba ngokubambisana neNhlangano Wehrmacht phambili. IVolga amaJalimane bekungasi kuphela abantu abaye babhekana kuthuthwa ophoqelelwe. the Chechens, le Kalmyks, zabulawa elindelwe YaseCrimea AmaTatar.

Ukuqedwa republic

Kanye Ukudingiswa kwakushaqisa ukuqedwa Autonomous Republic of the iVolga amaJalimane. ASSSR ensimini NKVD kwangena. Izakhamuzi bayalwa emahoreni angu-24 ukuqoqa izinto ezimbalwa kuvunyelwe futhi ulungiselela Izindawo. Sekukonke, abantu abangaba ngu-440.000 zixoshwa.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo inkonzo yezempi abantu ubuzwe German kwasuswa phambi nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi ezingemuva. Abesilisa nabesifazane asebeneminyaka ezazisemizini okuthiwa zabasebenzi ibutho. Bakha amabhizinisi zezimboni, bayosebenza ezimayini kanye amapulangwe emakamu.

Ukuphila-Asia Ephakathi futhi eSiberia

Ngokuyinhloko deportees esezinzile Kazakhstan. Ngemva kwempi, azizange zivunyelwe ukuba zihlangane ukuze ubuyele iVolga esifundeni futhi ubuyisele republic yabo. Mayelana 1% labantu Kazakhstan namuhla bazibheke amaJalimane.

Kuze 1956 wadingiselwa nemizana ekhethekile. Inyanga ngayinye kwadingeka aphume ehhovisi Usigaxamabhande futhi ubeke uphawu kumagazini ekhethekile. Futhi, ingxenye enkulu kwabokufika bazinza eSiberia, kanye Omsk esifundeni, le-Altai esifundeni kanye Urals.

yesimanjemanje

Ngemuva kokuwa uhulumeni zamaKhomanisi iVolga amaJalimane ekugcineni efika ukuhamba ngenkululeko. Ekupheleni kuka-80s. ngokuphila Autonomous Republic khumbula kuphela asebemnkantsh 'ubomvu. Ngakho-ke, abantu abambalwa kakhulu abantu zabuyela endaweni iVolga esifundeni (ikakhulu e Engels ku Saratov esifundeni). Abafana abaningi deportees nozalo lwabo bahlale Kazakhstan.

Ingxenye enkulu amaJalimane waya ezweni lawo mlando. Ngemva ubunye eJalimane yokutholwa inguqulo entsha umthetho ku ukubuya Bakwethu zabo, inguqulo yokuqala yavela ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we ubeka izimo ezidingekile yisakhamuzi ngokushesha. Lezi zimfuneko ziyavumelana, futhi iVolga amaJalimane. Amagama nolimi abanye babo azishintshile, okwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa ibe impilo entsha.

Ngokomthetho, yisakhamuzi wathola wonke umuntu inzalo iVolga bamakoloni. Ezinye zazo Sekuyisikhathi eside ingxenye ngokoqobo Soviet, kodwa ngangisafuna ukuya entshonalanga. Once in the '90s, iziphathimandla German baye nzima umkhuba lobuzwe, abaningi Russian-amaJalimane esezinzile Kaliningrad esifundeni. Le ndawo eyayikade yaseMpumalanga Prussia futhi yayiyingxenye eJalimane. Namuhla e-Russia kunabantu mayelana 500,000 ubuzwe isiJalimane, has izinkulungwane 178 inzalo iVolga bamakoloni bahlala Kazakhstan.