I "nemizana lempi" Arakcheev: izinguquko ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo

nemizana Military yayikhona eRussia esikhathini kusuka 1810 kuya 1857, uhlelo lwenzelwe ukunikeza esiqiwini ibutho uma impi. ukuqaliswa salo sehluke ukungacaci kahle futhi eziningi Kinks.

izimfanelo

Imizana lokuqala lezempi yayikhona eRussia eside ngaphambi Alexander I. Ekhulwini XVII-XVIII ayebonakala emaphethelweni isimo ukuvikela lezakhamuzi kusukela abayimizulane, owayehlala eningizimu empumalanga imingcele. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, eziningi nemizana yempi aba kwi iVolga, eduze Orenburg kanye eCaucasus. Iningi lazo ekupheleni wokubusa uCatherine Omkhulu yahlakazeka. Leli sosha lafika base inikezwa emasosheni Cossack. Omunye ihlanganiswe ne labantu evamile ezisemadolobheni.

Lapho amandla wangena 1801, u-Alexander I, wanquma ukubuya uhlelo ibutho elidala (kuphela ngesimo olusha, nezinye izinjongo). umqhubi uMphathi izinguquko Inkosi yabeka eseduze yakhe - Bala Alekseya Arakcheeva. Grandee ekuqaleni akazange ngisho ufuna ukuba bathathe le imbangela, kodwa namanje bavumelana, owesaba ngenye ukulahlekelwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nomthelela lo mbusi osemusha.

Ukuqokwa nemizana lempi

Yini babephefumulelwe nemizana ezempi? Yena arakcheev ngemva nkosi wakhe wawuqondiswa isipiliyoni Prussian. Kukhona uhlelo kahle ayalolongwa weZempi Reserve, esasetshenziswa esikhangisweni se endabeni ingxabano ezinkulu.

Kungenxa umthamo wemvula okusheshayo amabutho esiphuthumayo futhi kudingeka nemizana lempi. Arakcheev, ngaphezu kwalokho, ayezoyinikela Alexander Pavlovich uhlelo, okwakuyoholela ukuhlukana ezweni izinsizwa akusebenzi.

isabelomali Usizo

Uma uphumelele, izinguquko yengcebo ekusindiseni ku ukulungiswa izingxenye ezisele. Empeleni, kwakuyisikhathi nokwenza, ukuze ubuyise isabelomali. Umbusi wayefuna usabalalise izimali akhululwa futhi uyithumele izinguquko kwezolimo. Okokuqala, u-Alexander wayekukhathalela ukukhipha abalimi kusukela kulendawo futhi ubasize balahle serfdom (kamuva kwaba kuphela emazweni aseBaltic kanye Finland).

Yini enye kwakufanele usize imizana lempi Arakcheev? Unyaka nonyaka, ezinhlwini lempi ephansi siyahlupheka kusukela isimo esibi sezimali nesizungu nomkhaya. I kabusha kufanele ukulungisa lokhu eziyimbangela. Kuleyandawo lempi amasosha, hhayi kuphela ukukhonza ezweni lakubo, kodwa futhi wahlala eduze nathi nomkhaya wakhe, ngesikhathi esifanayo kokuba ensimini yakhe. It ivumela umndeni ukuhlanganyela ukutshalwa umhlaba, izitshalo ezikhulayo, nokunye. D. Nge ukuziphatha ngendlela efanele osizayo amapulazi isotja yena ukondla yena, ngisho lapho sebethathe umhlalaphansi.

Ukuqala kabusha

Ngo 1810 kwavela imizana lokuqala lezempi. Arakcheev abakhethiwe ekukhombisa iphrojekthi musketeer ibutho esifundazweni Mogilev. Bala yena bahlakulele uhlelo isiphetho, ukulungiselela imidwebo nokunye. D. Isici esibalulekile izinguquko kwaba ukuthi abalimi, owawuke wahlala emhlabeni, lapho kwakukhona amasosha ababe uhulumeni isimemezelo liya esifundazweni eningizimu.

Ngokuya ngalolu hlelo, kuphela phakathi kwababusi aphansi (zangasese, izikhulu ze-non-ethunywe) kuxazululwe nemizana lempi. Arakcheev ngaphambilini ukuqala ukukhetha kuphela amasosha engcono isesimweni esihle. Njengoba umnotho kwakufanele ahole umndeni ku Ezindaweni ezintsha waya abasebenzi ikakhulukazi abashadile. Bambalwa Bachelors ayeyalwe ukuba uzobopha elikasofasilahlane nge ongumlimi wendawo. Kukho konke lokhu uhulumeni ngisho wayesekhathele inzuzo ukheshi abampofu njengoba sangasese ukuze bakwazi ukushada futhi uthenge izinto ezincane amapulazi abo. Treasury futhi wabelane wezolimo amathuluzi, imbewu kanye nemfuyo.

Kusukela ukubukeka plan ephepheni ezinye Alexander eseduze bayayeka ukwenza lo ibhizinisi, kodwa lo mbusi isandla waphikelela (ukuthi kwakuvamile ukuba naye ebusheni bakhe). Umbusi wayenethemba lokuthi ne ukusungulwa nemizana lempi, isigaba esisha kwezenhlalo izovela eRussia, okuyinto uyokusekela izinguquko ovulekile samandla okuhleliwe.

Ngemva kwempi ye-1812

Ngenxa neMpi okwadala isimo 1812 ukwethulwa nemizana lempi sanqamuka. Arakcheev wakwazi abantu bazibonele bona indlela ibutho lakhe Mogilev, owokuqala zama kabusha, walwa ngaphambili. Wawuhlanganisiwe ibutho. Lapho owasinda amasosha abuya kuhlalwe abo ezempi, kwathi-ke laphangwa ngu abalimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhundla kanye ifayela babe balimi abampofu. Bona babengayazi emisebenzini yezolimo.

Treasury ekuqaleni ukuba zilimale sina. Khona-ke Emperor unqume ukwenza izinguquko ezithile ngenxa kanembeza nemizana Arakcheev. Ngamafuphi, walala yokuthi esikhathini neziphathimandla ayekile evict abalimi, ngaphambi bahlale kulomhlaba, lapho kanye wahlala ibutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bendawo hhayi kuphela kwesokunxele ezindaweni lwabo lwendabuko, kodwa futhi babhaliswa emijondolo lempi. It bavunyelwe bushelelezi engeli kwezomnotho - umnotho yaqala ukuthela izitshalo ocebile futhi kwesokunxele kuya nokwaneliswa.

izindlu

Ngaphansi imithetho imindeni lamasosha ababenakho ukuthatha kwesigamu isivuno kulesi sikhwama jikelele (ezinye babekwazi bachithe ngokubona kwayo). Ezolimo uvinjelwe iziqondiso eziqinile, eyayisekelwe imibono eyiphutha Arakcheeva umsebenzi emhlabathini.

Iziphathimandla Babezama ukusiza amasosha ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, kuleyandawo kukhishelwa bamakoloni German ukuthi wawuhlutha kudingekile izindlela. Nokho, ngisho iseluleko zawo zazingeke zisebenze. Ekupheleni wokubusa u-Alexander I, imizana ngonyaka ukunikeza ruble ayizigidi ezingu-35 imali, kuyilapho yengcebo ichithwa kubo 26. Kodwa kulelizinga yempi ngaphambi kokuphela akukho zindleko mans.

Igama elithi ka ezinhlwini aphansi okuphila

I kabusha abadumile lamalokishi lempi Arakcheev kuchazwe imibandela emisha ka amasosha inkonzo. Umhlali kwemizi esemaphandleni bebengathatha umhlalaphansi emva kweminyaka 45. Uma yena walimala kakhulu ayolwa, indoda waqaphela njengoba izinzuzo abakhubazekile kanye nalabo abangakwazi ukuthola isimo.

Uma isakhamuzi nginezingane ngaphandle ezweni, sebuthweni, wayeyobanika umhlaba, yena ngofuzo isimo. Abantu abanokukhubazeka kusukela phansi imisebenzi badedelwa, kodwa ngathola umsebenzi ofanayo wokusebenza emakhishini ezibhedlela kanye nezinye izikhungo zomphakathi, lapho umsebenzi wabo kungaletha inzuzo emphakathini.

abaphathi kanye amasosha Ubudlelwano

Yini enye kwaphawulwa ukusungulwa nemizana ezempi? AA Arakcheev waphikelela ngokuthi yokuthi izimpilo izakhamuzi zabo kwakudingeka kubhekwe ukusebenza kwezikole zokusoka ngokugcwele. ukwephulwa Iningi ezincane izimiso kanye nezinye iziqondiso wawajezisa kanzima (kugoqela ukusebenzisa kuhlawuliswa).

Zonke ukusebenza ezweni kulawulwa iziphathimandla. Ngakho njengoba abadala ngenxa nesimiso tight akazange abe nesikhathi ukufundisa abantwana, izingane nazo kakhulu engaphansi kwe isimo (ezikoleni kanye nezinye izikhungo ezikhethekile). Ukuba namadodakazi esekhulile ukushada ngokuvumelana nesinqumo iziphathimandla.

Administration nezikhulu kwahluka ukufumbathisa zokungazimiseli lokumba umbuzo yokulima. It nenkinga letindzala. Ukudalwa nemizana lokuqala lezempi ngaphansi kobuholi Arakcheev kwaholela esimweni esinjalo, ngoba akekho Ukubala noma nabasizi bakhe ungazange wahlushwa ukuziphatha okungagunyaziwe abaziphethe. Ngenxa yalokho, amasosha eqala ukukhuluphala ukunganeliseki.

izibhelu

Ukuze izingxabano eziningi kuholele ekusungulweni zasemizaneni lempi. Arakcheev ngo-1831, wathola umyalezo othi ukuvukela waqala esifundazweni Novgorod. Amasosha ngaphambi ukuthi ayenganelisekile neziphathimandla, kodwa manje bangibonile kuyaphikisana izingalo sokuqondisa. Isizathu sokuba yokukhuphuka ukungezwani kwaba ubhubhane lwe nekholera. Iziphathimandla, ukuze kugwenywe ukuthelelana nokwanda kwezifo, bavala nemigwaqo yonkana Europe Russia.

amahemuhemu waqala ekusakazeni kabanzi emizaneni lempi ekuphathweni ngokwayo ithelela ngqo amasosha, ushevu ngesinkwa nangamanzi. Ikholera nezibhelu Kwagqashuka Staraya Russa. Okokuqala, iziphathimandla asabela ngayo sluggishly nesehlakalo, bekholelwa ukuthi amakhanda baleyondawo sibhekane ngokuphumelelayo ukungeneliseki. Empeleni, yilabo kuphela ukuvukela lakhula. Ngo-August 1831 e nokucindezela nezibhelu ukuwo ibutho njalo. Ngemuva kwemibhikisho bevinjelwa foci, waqala amaphoyisa elunywe indlebe. Kuba nabantu abangaphezu kuka yizinkulungwane ezintathu ezilahlwe amacala.

Ukuvela izifunda

U-Alexander I washona ngo-1825, kodwa ukuze angene esikhundleni sakhe nomfowethu omncane, u-Nicholas mina, naphezu kwazo zonke lezi dubiousness ekutjhugululweni, sanquma ukugcina nemizana lempi. Nokho, waqaphela ukuthi idivayisi singenele ngokuphelele nemizana lempi. Ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe ayethunywe ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi lenguquko.

Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1831 (ngokuvumelana esiseqophelweni eliphezulu yombusi), owabe nemizana empi siguqulelwa amasosha District. Baye saphela impahla regiments. Amasosha esezinzile izifunda ngokuvumelana neziqondiso doaleksandrovskim. Ngokwesibonelo: ku Novgorod sifundazwe 14 izifunda entsha. I kabusha ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe wabizela yilo muva lidlule ikholera nezibhelu.

Ukuqedwa kwemijondolo lempi

Ngo-1855 waqala nokubusa u-Alexander II. Umbusi waqala ukubusa ngo-nesimo esinzima. Russia elahlekile iMpi YaseCrimea, futhi kwahlelwa esibucayi sezomnotho ezweni. uyise ka-Alexander uNicholas mina kwakuhlukile olandelanayo kakhulu. Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwengu amathathu wokubusa kwakhe, wacishe akazange shintsha isimo kanye nesakhiwo lempi yezwe. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, le miklamo akhiwa u-Alexander I, akusebenzi. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi lokhu, futhi ilahlekelwe iMpi YaseCrimea.

Phakathi kwalezi inkathi endala agugile izinhlamvu zaziyizindawo lempi Arakcheev. Izinzuzo nezingozi nebubi kohlelo iye ngaphambilini ngempela ukukufunda ngokuningiliziwe lendvuna kanye umbhali Dmitry Stolypin. Ngenxa yalesi, waya eCaucasus, lapho ngaleso sikhathi kwaba enkulu nemizana lempi. U-Inspector wabona isithombe muncu. Bendzawo bephila ngaphansi zincane, abaningi ngisho izinkomo. Izakhiwo oneminyaka engu-udinga ukulungiswa ukuthi uMgcinimafa ababengenamandla okukuthola. Ngamanye amazwi, umnotho amakoloni yempi aba akuzuzisi futhi baba yizindleko. Ukubuyela Petersburg, Stolypin wabelane imibono yakhe kanye nenkosi. Ngo-1857, u-Alexander II wanquma ukuchitha nemizana lempi. Ngakho, Arakcheeva okusalungiswa nemizana lempi likhona iminyaka engu-47.